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The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers
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Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
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Showing 141 to 148 of 148 (0.014 seconds)| 141 |
Der Mensch und die 'Künstliche Intelligenz': Eine Profilierung und kritische Bewertung der unterschiedlichen Grundauffassungen vom Standpunkt des gemäßigten RealismusEraßme, Rolf 11 1900 (has links)
After a short introduction concerning the problem of "Artificial Intelligence" (AI) the work continues with a summary of the state of the art.Thereafter, it goes on to profile four different basic scientific views of human beings and AI: symbolism, connectionism, biologism and physicalism. The emphasis is on the elucidation of anthropologically relevant statements to intelligence, spirit, thinking, perception, will, consciousness, self-consciousness, feelings and life.It is demonstrated that the basic views referred to represent greatly abbreviated and distorted pictures of human beings. Theories that do not go beyond the quantifiable level cannot adequately encompass the nature of relevant concepts and capabilities. That is above all because of the fact that generally a philosophical materialism is advocated, which considers the existence of intellectual substances impossible. For this reason a philosophical critique is necessary. The position of moderate and critical realism is advocated, whose anthropological statements are secured by epistemological and metaphysical investigations.The work comes to the conclusion that human beings cannot be understood symbolistically, connectionistically, biologistically or physicalistically. Man is a physical-intellectual entity, endowed with reason, a living social being. He is formed and led by his intellectual and therefore immortal soul, which gives him uniqueness, irreplaceability and the value of personhood. He is capable of thinking and thus of objective, abstract perception, and therefore is intelligent. Humans have an unfettered will, which, led by mental perception, is to be directed toward the good. They are moreover, through reflection, self-conscious. Humans live an intellectually determined life, which essentially differs, despite biological similarity, from that of animals and cannot possibly, due to its substantial superiority, have developed from animal life.All substantial anthropological abilities (such as intelligence, will, consciousness etc.) presuppose spirit. Because it is not within the power of human beings to create a simple substance such as spirit, a thinking, perceptive, intelligent, willing, self-conscious, sentient living being can at best be only technically imitated, modelled or simulated but never be reproduced, copied or created. The relationship of humans to AI is thus determined by an insuperable difference between their natures.
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The Principle of Excluded Middle in AristotleIzgin, Christopher 26 July 2024 (has links)
Aristoteles zufolge gibt es Prinzipien, welche die ontologischen Konfigurationen des Seien-
den sowie deduktives Schließen bestimmen. Das Prinzip vom ausgeschlossenen Dritten
(PAD) ist eines dieser Prinzipien. Das PAD erscheint in zwei Versionen: Laut seiner ontologi-
schen Version muss alles entweder sein oder nicht sein, und laut seiner ‚psycho-linguisti-
schen‘ Version muss alles entweder zu- oder abgesprochen werden. Doch welchen Beitrag
leistet das PAD zu Aristoteles’ Philosophie? Ziel dieser Studie ist es, zu zeigen, dass das PAD
eine fundamentale Stellung in Aristoteles’ Konzeption von Sein und logischem Denken ein-
nimmt: Die ontologische Version des PAD ist eng verknüpft mit Aristoteles’ Kategorienlehre
und seinem Begriff des in Aktualität Seienden, während dessen psycho-linguistische Version
mit Aristoteles’ Auffassung von Wahrheit und syntaktischer Wohlgeformtheit in Zusammen-
hang steht. Bis dato ist jedoch keine umfassende Studie zu Aristoteles’ PAD veröffentlicht
worden. Dagegen hat das verwandte Prinzip vom ausgeschlossenen Widerspruch (PAW) weit-
aus mehr Aufmerksamkeit erlangt – schließlich hält Aristoteles selbst das PAW für grundle-
gender als das PAD. Auch das PAW erscheint in zwei Versionen: Laut seiner ontologischen
Version kann nichts zugleich sein und nicht sein, und laut seiner psycho-linguistischen Versi-
on kann nichts zugleich zu- und abgesprochen werden. Diese Dissertation bietet die wohl ers-
te umfassende Studie zu Aristoteles’ PAD. / Aristotle believes there are principles that both determine the ontological configurations of
things that are (ὄντα) and govern deductive reasoning. The principle of excluded middle
(PEM) is one of them. PEM comes in two versions: its ontological version states that every-
thing must either be or not be, and its ‘psycho-linguistic’ version states that everything must
either be affirmed or denied. But what exactly does PEM contribute to Aristotle’s philosophy?
I aim to show that PEM is fundamental to Aristotle’s views on being and reasoning. Specifi-
cally, I argue that there is an intimate connection between PEM’s ontological version and
Aristotle’s categorial framework and his conception of being in actuality. PEM’s psycho-lin-
guistic version, on the other hand, is intimately connected with Aristotle’s conception of truth
and syntactic well-formedness. To date, however, no comprehensive study has been dedicated
to Aristotle’s PEM. The cognate principle of non-contradiction (PNC), by contrast, has at-
tracted much more scholarly interest. After all, Aristotle himself considers PNC more funda-
mental than PEM. PNC too comes in two versions: its ontological version states that nothing
can simultaneously be and not be, and its psycho-linguistic version states that nothing can si-
multaneously be affirmed and denied. This thesis aims to provide the first comprehensive ac-
count of PEM in Aristotle.
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Unfair Contract Terms in European Contract Law : Legal consequences for and beyond Swedish Contract Law / Oskäliga avtalsvillkor inom den Europeiska Avtalsrätten : Rättsföljder för svensk avtalsrättGarrido Huidobro, Mattias January 2014 (has links)
Recent case law from the ECJ on one of the most important EU contract law legislation has left questions open about the compatibility of Swedish contract law with the Unfair Contracts Term Directive. The case law on Article 6 (1) in the directive seem to have changed the view on how to deal with the legal consequence of an unfair term in consumer contracts; namely that unfair terms cannot be adjusted but need to be declared invalid. This essay examines how the effects from the ECJ case law provide new light upon Swedish contract law. The effect creates a clash of ideas and rationalities between Union law and Swedish contract law. Unfair terms cannot be adjusted as the relevant Swedish legislation provides. An unfair term needs to be invalid, and if necessary, such an unfair term can in certain circumstances be complemented with default rules from national contract law. This does not only seem to change the interpretation and application of the Swedish law, but it also form an underlying tension between the instrumental market-functional Union law and the more justice oriented Swedish private law. Furthermore, as we move towards a new European civil code, perhaps these tensions and clashes may say something about where the discipline of European Private Law is headed.
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Tomášův komentář k Etice Nikomachově / The Thomas commentary on the Nicomachean EthicsMOUČKOVÁ, Pavlína January 2011 (has links)
The thesis focuses on Aristotelian-Thomist ethics system. In mainly deals with the differences in concept of beatitude, good and related issues, like the science of virtues. The emphasis is placed on understanding and covering the differences in aproach of St. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotele to these ethical topics. Firs the thesis characterises the main issue in Nicomachean Ethics, then outlines the thoughts and ideas of St. Thomas Aquinas in his Commentary, with emphasis on its diference from Aristoteles teachings. First three chapters are therefore the more descriptive part of the thesis, which is based on both primary and secondary textual sources. The fourth chapter is, then, the crucial, practical part, that summarizes St. Thomas theses and ideas concerning beatitude, good and happiness, coming from his unrivaled Commentary on the Ethics.
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Heterodoxní mistři svobodných umění a jejich diskuze s Tomášem Akvinským / Heterodox Masters of Liberal Arts and Their Discussions with Thomas AquinasSevera, Miroslav January 2015 (has links)
Heterodox master of liberal arts and theirs discussions with Thomas Aquinas Mgr. Miroslav Severa Summary: The proposed thesis deals with two important issues discussed by Tomas Aquinas in connection with the averroistic controversy that occurred in the second half of the thirteenth century in Paris. The topics are On the eternity of the world and On the unity of intellect. Its author defends the position that concerning the problem On the eternity of the Word is the solution proposed by Thomas Aquinas closer to the position of heterodox masters of liberal arts then to the attitude of some orthodox theologians. The heterodox teaching On the unity of intellect is by Thomas sufficiently disproven. The doctrine of Thomas Aquinas doesn't need to always constitute an irreconcilable antithesis against the attitude of heterodox masters as it is described by some authors. The thesis also deals the two topics on the historical background of the condemnations issued by the Parisian bishop Stephan Tempier in the years 1270 and 1277. Although the heterodox masters of liberal arts are in their philosophizing strongly influenced by the Arab philosopher Averroes theirs position concerning the relationship between fides and ratio is different. Averroes says that when the conflict between reason and revelation occurs than...
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Reflexe hodnot v sociální práci se zaměřením na práci v Charitě / Reflection of Values in Social Work focused on Charity Work.BAZALOVÁ, Eva January 2012 (has links)
The diploma thesis deals with an analysis of a concept of a value on the basis of the selected literature. It tries to point out a connection of ethical theories with a practical human behaviour. It has been structured from an explanation of key concepts as ethics, morality, manners; it examines a word of the value and fundamental philosophical theories which are associated with values. In detail it analyses the values in terms of so called philosophy of the material and formal subjectivism. It focuses on representatives of the phenomenology - Max Scheler, Nikolai Hartmann and Dietrich von Hildebrand. It specifies approaches to the values as well as in terms of a human personality, especially from a perspective of the analytical psychology. The thesis shows an importance of the values in the practical application - in the professional ethics of social work, where ethical codes provide an orientation for employees. Caritas Czech Republic was chosen as a model organization. That is also why a theological perspective on the values has been mentioned and basic values and principles of the Code of Caritas Czech Republic as well. This study should be a stimulus for a further exploration of the concept of the value and its significance for human beings. It considers the values to be a fundamental motivation that will lead mankind to a good behaviour (virtues) in the future.
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Rhetorik in der Corona Pandemie –Appell oder Diktatur der Vernunft? : Wie drei demokratische Staatsoberhäupter, Merkel in Deutschland, Ardern in Neuseeland und Löfven in Schweden, in ihren Reden die Maßnahmen als Reaktion auf die Covid-19 Pandemie im März 2020 verbalisierenAuf der Strasse, Alexandra January 2022 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit will den Fokus auf die angewandte Rhetorik (Aristoteles & Krapinger 2019) in einer Krise lenken, da von ihrer Effektivität die Rettung von Menschenleben abhängig ist (Ernst. 2004. S.247). Der Impuls für diese Arbeit kam deshalb von zwei Richtungen: zum einen ist es die aktuelle, durch die Corona Pandemie und Klimakrise geprägte gesellschaftliche Realität, in der die Autorin sich selbst bewegt und die es besser zu verstehen gilt. Zum anderen bezweifelt die Autorin die von Szymon Wròbel (2015) gemachte Behauptung, dass die heutigen, politischen Reden sich fast ausschließlich des Pathos bedienen und vor allem an die Emotionen der Zuhörer appellieren. Für die rhetorische Analyse wurde deshalb zunächst die sprachwissenschaftliche Theorie der Textpragmatik (Ernst 2004. S. 265) mit den Grundbegriffen von Logos, Ethos und Pathos (Aristoteles 2019. S.78) verknüpft und anschließend auf die drei ausgewählten Reden strukturell angewandt. Es konnte dadurch bewiesen werden, dass sich Ethos und Pathos ausgewogen in den ausgewählten Reden vorfinden lassen. Es bleibt die Frage, ob politische Reden ohne emotionelle Wirkung überhaupt Sinn machen würden. Von dem Ergebnis der Analyse ließen sich ebenfalls Rückschlüsse zu den jeweiligen Vertrauensverhältnissen zwischen Sprecher (Regierung) und Hörer (Bürger) ableiten und eine Verbindung zur sprachlichen Machtausübung herstellen. Demnach schlägt die Autorin am Ende vor, die Reden Merkels und Arderns als Diktaturen der Vernunft zu definieren und die Rede von Löfven als Appell der Vernunft. Es wurde deutlich, welch wichtigen Einfluß Vertrauen und die umfassende Interpretation und Auswahl von wissenschaftlichem Wissen als Vorbereitung auf die Ausarbeitung von politischen Reden haben und das unterschiedliche Kulturen in diesem Sinne ihr Krisenmanagement und sprachlichen Appelle auf unterschiedliche Voraussetzungen, mit unterschiedlichen Wirkungsfunktionen aufbauen. So stimmt die Autorin am Ende Wróbels Interpretation von Nietzsches Idee bezüglich der Rationalität und Rhetorik zu: Power does not limit itself, however, to simply defining a given interpretation or view of reality, rather, power defines and creates concrete social reality. (Wróbel 2015, 410)
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Die Rezeption des Buches Lambda der Metaphysik des Aristoteles und dessen PrinzipienlehreGarcía de la Garza, Enrique Jose 13 May 2015 (has links)
Eine belangvolle Transformation ist das zwölfte Buch (Lambda) der „Metaphysik“ des Aristoteles durch verschiedene Interpretationen im Laufe der Jahrhunderte widerfahren, sodass es als eine theologische Schrift bis heute überliefert ist (1. Kapitel). Dabei waren sowohl der ursprüngliche Sinn des Autors als auch die Struktur des Textes kaum erkennbar geworden. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine historische Rekonstruktion der verschiedenen Interpretationen des Textes seit den ersten peripatetischen Denkern bis zur Gegenwart, insbesondere die von Michael Frede (2. Kapitel), Lindsay Judson (3. Kapitel) und Stephen Menn (4. Kapitel). Frede behauptet, das Buch Lambda sei eine Untersuchung der Substanz (Ousiologie); Judson denkt, dass es die erste Philosophie vorlegt; Menn argumentiert, es sei eher eine Forschung der ersten Prinzipien (Archäologie). Hier wird eine weitere Meinung vertreten, nämlich, dass Lambda die Untersuchung der Prinzipien der Substanz ist und somit verkörpert es Aristoteles’ Verständnis der Sophia (5. Kapitel). Überdies löst diese neuartige Lesart des Textes das Problem der Stelle des zwölften Buches innerhalb der „Metaphysik“ dank der Abfassung einer Karte, die seine Struktur verdeutlicht (Anhänge). / The twelfth book (Lambda) of the “Metaphysics” of Aristotle has undergone a crucial transformation through the diverse interpretations over the centuries. Thus it has been transmitted up to today as a theological writing (chapter 1). But this made hardly recognizable both the original intention of the author and the structure of the text. The present work is a historical reconstruction of the various interpretations of the text since the first Peripatetic thinkers until today, especially those by Michael Frede (chapter 2), Lindsay Judson (chapter 3) and Stephen Menn (chapter 4). Frede states that the book Lambda is an inquiry into the substance (ousiology); Judson thinks that it presents the first philosophy; Menn argues that it is rather an investigation about the first principles (archaeology). A different opinion is set forth here, namely, that the book Lambda explores the principles of the substance, and in doing so it embodies Aristotle’s understanding of the sophia (chapter 5). Moreover, this new reading of the text solves the problem of the position of the twelfth book in the “Metaphysics” thanks to the composition of a map, which clarifies its structure (appendix).
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