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<p>ASF/SF2 is an essential splicing factor, required for constitutive splicing, and functioning as a regulator of alternative splicing. ASF/SF2 is modular in structure and contains two amino-terminal RNA binding domains (RBD1 and RBD2), and a carboxy-terminal RS domain. The results from my studies show that the different activities of ASF/SF2 as a regulator of alternative 5’ and 3’ splice site selection can be attributed to distinct domains of ASF/SF2.</p><p>I show that ASF/SF2-RBD2 is both necessary and sufficient to reproduce the splicing repressor function of ASF/SF2. A SWQDLKD motif was shown to be essential for the splicing repressor activity of ASF/SF2. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that ASF/SF2 encodes for distinct domains responsible for its function as a splicing enhancer (the RS domain) or a splicing repressor (the RBD2) protein. Using a model transcript containing two competing 3’ splice sites it was further demonstrated that the activity of ASF/SF2 as a regulator of alternative 3’ splice site selection was directional: i.e. resulting in RS or RBD1 mediated activation of upstream 3’ splice site selection while simultaneously causing an RBD2 mediated repression of downstream 3’ splice site usage.</p><p>In alternative 5’ splice site selection, the RBD2 alone was sufficient to reproduce the activity of the full-length protein as an inducer of proximal 5’ splice site usage, while RBD1 had the opposite effect and induced distal 5’ splice site selection. The conserved SWQDLKD motif and the RNP-1 type RNA recognition motif in ASF/SF2-RBD2 were both essential for this induction. The activity of the ASF/SF2-RBD2 domain as a regulator of alternative 5’ splice site was shown to correlate with the RNA binding capacity of the domain.</p><p>Collectively, my results suggest that the RBD2 domain in ASF/SF2 plays the most decisive role in the alternative 5’ and 3’ splice site regulatory activities of ASF/SF2.</p>

ASF/SF2 is an essential splicing factor, required for constitutive splicing, and functioning as a regulator of alternative splicing. ASF/SF2 is modular in structure and contains two amino-terminal RNA binding domains (RBD1 and RBD2), and a carboxy-terminal RS domain. The results from my studies show that the different activities of ASF/SF2 as a regulator of alternative 5’ and 3’ splice site selection can be attributed to distinct domains of ASF/SF2. I show that ASF/SF2-RBD2 is both necessary and sufficient to reproduce the splicing repressor function of ASF/SF2. A SWQDLKD motif was shown to be essential for the splicing repressor activity of ASF/SF2. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that ASF/SF2 encodes for distinct domains responsible for its function as a splicing enhancer (the RS domain) or a splicing repressor (the RBD2) protein. Using a model transcript containing two competing 3’ splice sites it was further demonstrated that the activity of ASF/SF2 as a regulator of alternative 3’ splice site selection was directional: i.e. resulting in RS or RBD1 mediated activation of upstream 3’ splice site selection while simultaneously causing an RBD2 mediated repression of downstream 3’ splice site usage. In alternative 5’ splice site selection, the RBD2 alone was sufficient to reproduce the activity of the full-length protein as an inducer of proximal 5’ splice site usage, while RBD1 had the opposite effect and induced distal 5’ splice site selection. The conserved SWQDLKD motif and the RNP-1 type RNA recognition motif in ASF/SF2-RBD2 were both essential for this induction. The activity of the ASF/SF2-RBD2 domain as a regulator of alternative 5’ splice site was shown to correlate with the RNA binding capacity of the domain. Collectively, my results suggest that the RBD2 domain in ASF/SF2 plays the most decisive role in the alternative 5’ and 3’ splice site regulatory activities of ASF/SF2.

The field of the social economy and of the work integration social enterprises (WISE) in particular, is for many a more or less unknown area. Unlike ordinary enterprises the WISE's are different due to their aim of integrating disadvantaged people through work. In comparison with other small enterprises earlier research has shown that the WISE's are dealing with challenges regarding recruitment, participation, leadership, sustainable business ideas but above all, the access to funding. The purpose of this essay has therefore been to examine and analyze the financial situation of eight WISE's located in the Stockholm County. The results indicate that half of the enterprises perceive their economic situation as very unstable and as an obstacle to their further development. This perception seems to be more common among the younger enterprises which have not differentiated their businesses activities enough, which results in a greater reliance of the purchases of the public sector. The studied WISE's express a desire to reduce their dependence on the revenues from the public sector by increasing the revenues from other business activities, but this is something that has been proven to be both difficult and time consuming. In line with e.g. age, business maturation, expanded areas of business activities and increased knowledge, more funding opportunities seems to occur. A vast majority of the enterprises have a negative attitude towards external funding in terms of external equity capital, due to its presumable intrusion on the determination of the company. The field which WISE's are operating in is undoubtedly an important socioeconomic area since they react to one of the society’s most prominent problems; people in exclusion and all the problems the exclusion causes. The analysis of the examined enterprise's funding opportunities and its consequences are the main contributions of this essay as well as the further suggestions on how the WISE's financial situation can be improved.

Arbetskraftsbrist och en krympande välfärdsstat har ökat fokusen på individer som står långt från arbetsmarknaden såväl som på arbetsintegrerande sociala företag. I den här hermeneutiska studien som baseras på intervjuer med tjänstemän som arbetar gentemot dessa grupper undersöker vi hur tjänstemännen upplever sitt handlingsutrymme och sin roll gentemot klienterna.   För att kunna utföra sitt arbete behöver de handlingsutrymme vilket ligger i linje med Michael Lipskys teori om gatubyråkrater (Lipsky 2010). Sociala företag beskrivs som behövda för att lösa brister på arbetsmarknaden men också problematiska eftersom både de sociala entreprenörerna och klienterna har en bakgrund med bristfällig skolgång vilket leder till problem att navigera i samhället. Tjänstemännen kompenserar för det genom att ta på sig olika roller.   Paradoxen med de sociala företagen analyseras med hjälp av en teori om pre-paradigmatiska fält och isomorfism som för med sig ett tryck på organisationerna att anpassa sig för att uppnå legitimitet och få tillgång till resurser. Med mer kunskap om den roll som tjänstemän kan spela för att förebygga utestängningar från arbetsmarknaden skulle det kunna möjliggöra för resurser att distribueras effektivare inom välfärdssystemet. / Lack of workers and a shrinking welfare state have increased the focus on individuals who are excluded from the labor market as well as social enterprises. In this hermeneutic study, based on interviews with officials working towards these groups, we investigate how officials perceive their discretion and role towards clients. To be able to do their job they need discretion which is in line with Michael Lipsky's theory on street-level bureaucrats (Lipsky 2010).   Social enterprises are described as needed to solve shortcomings in the labor market, but also problematic, as the social entrepreneurs could be lacking skills, as both clients and social entrepreneurs have a background of failed schooling due to disabilities and socio-economic causes. Bourdieu’s concept of doxa is applied to understand how failed schooling lead to shortcomings in navigating society and how officials compensate for this by taking on different roles.   The paradox of the social enterprises is analyzed with a theory on pre-paradigmatic fields and isomorphism which brings a pressure for organizations to conform to gain legitimacy and access to resources. More knowledge on the role the officials can play to prevent exclusion from the labor market could enable resources to be more effectively distributed within the welfare system.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SayonaraAM.pdf: 1044063 bytes, checksum: d1b95ad1d99c6054fef5cfc1ae612b07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In Natal/RN, 68% of the population uses some kind of individual system for their domestic sewers treatment, being that the most used it is septic tank, followed by sumidouro. Every treatment system of sewers, usually used, generates a by-product denominated sludge. That residue presents some components, in its constitution, undesirable under the environmental and sanitary point of view. In such case, to assure that the system treatment has satisfactory results, it is necessary to do the adjusted disposition of the sludge sewage. Several countries are looking for technical alternatives for the use and disposition of residues. Under technical and environmental conditions appropriate, these materials can be used, decreasing the consumption of the natural resources and the treatment need, storage or elimination of the wastes, what decrease the risks created. Some of the alternatives of recycling of the sludge sewage are: the application in the agriculture, in the production of energy and as raw material in the civil construction. This study evaluated asphalt mixtures behavior that partially substituted conventional aggregates by septic tank sludge. The septic tank sludge gave origin to two raw materials called raw sludge and sludge ash. The raw sludge was put as a small aggregate and the sludge ash as filler. In the first experiment it was made a comparison between the mixture with conventional aggregates and the mixtures that replaced sand by raw sludge in the proportions from 5% to 40%. In the second experiment, it was made comparison between mixtures with 1%, 2% and 3% of sludge ash and cement. The stages developed along the study were: physical characterization of the conventional materials; physical, chemistry, thermal, mineralogical characterizations and analysis of environmental risk of the raw sludge; physical characterization and analysis of environmental risk of the sludge ash; analysis of the mixtures performance through its volumetric and mechanical characteristics; forecast of the mixtures susceptibility in the moisture presence. For the grain size composition used and with the percentage asphalt adopted, the mixtures with up to 7,5% of raw sludge in his composition attend to the National Department of Transports Infrastructure (DNIT) specifications. However, in agreement with the mixtures susceptibility in the moisture presence, the mixtures with addition of raw sludge don't present satisfactory acting. In such case, they could be used in arid and semi-arid areas. The raw sludge application in mixtures increased their voids volume and their stability. However, it damaged mixtures adhesiveness. Mixtures with sludge ash and with cement presented similar behavior. However, mixtures with sludge ash presented a better performance than mixtures with cement as for their stability and their tensile strength ratio. The mixture with 1% of sludge ash is better. The wastes studied don't represent environmental risk / Em Natal/RN, 68% da popula??o adotam algum tipo de sistema individual para o tratamento dos seus esgotos dom?sticos, sendo que a mais empregada ? a do tipo tanque s?ptico, seguido de sumidouro. Todo sistema de tratamento de esgotos, usualmente empregado, gera um subproduto denominado lodo. Esse res?duo apresenta alguns componentes, em sua constitui??o, indesej?veis sob o ponto de vista ambiental e sanit?rio. Sendo assim, para garantir que o sistema de tratamento tenha resultados satisfat?rios, ? necess?rio fazer a disposi??o final adequada do lodo de esgoto. V?rios pa?ses v?m buscando alternativas t?cnicas para o aproveitamento e disposi??o de res?duos. Sob condi??es t?cnicas e ambientais adequadas, estes materiais podem ser empregados, diminuindo assim o consumo dos recursos naturais e a necessidade de tratamento, armazenamento ou elimina??o dos rejeitos, tendo-se, como conseq??ncia, a redu??o dos riscos gerados. Algumas das alternativas de reciclagem do lodo de esgoto s?o: a aplica??o do mesmo na agricultura, na produ??o de energia e como insumo na constru??o civil. Este trabalho avalia o comportamento de misturas asf?lticas que substituem parcialmente os agregados convencionais por lodo de tanque s?ptico. O lodo de tanque s?ptico originou duas mat?rias-prima denominadas lodo in natura e lodo calcinado. O lodo in natura foi empregado como um agregado mi?do e o lodo calcinado como um filler. No primeiro experimento, fez-se a compara??o entre a mistura que empregou somente agregados convencionais e as misturas que substitu?ram a areia por lodo in natura nas propor??es de 5% a 40%. No segundo experimento, fez-se a compara??o entre as misturas com 1%, 2% e 3% de lodo calcinado e de cimento. As etapas desenvolvidas ao longo do estudo foram: caracteriza??o f?sica dos materiais convencionais; caracteriza??o f?sica, qu?mica, t?rmica, mineral?gica e an?lise de risco ambiental do lodo in natura; caracteriza??o f?sica e an?lise de risco ambiental do lodo calcinado; an?lise do desempenho das misturas que incorporaram os res?duos, atrav?s de seu comportamento volum?trico e mec?nico; previs?o da susceptibilidade das misturas estudadas na presen?a de umidade. Para a composi??o granulom?trica utilizada e com o teor de asfalto adotado, as misturas com at? 7,5% de lodo in natura em sua composi??o atendem as especifica??es do Departamento Nacional de Infra-estrutura de Transportes DNIT. No entanto, de acordo com o ensaio de susceptibilidade ? umidade, as misturas com adi??o de lodo in natura n?o apresentam desempenho satisfat?rio. Sendo assim, elas poderiam ser empregadas em regi?es ?ridas e semi-?ridas. A incorpora??o de lodo in natura aumenta o volume de vazios e a estabilidade das misturas. No entanto, prejudica a adesividade das mesmas na presen?a de ?gua. As misturas com lodo calcinado apresentam comportamento semelhante ?s misturas com cimento. No entanto, apresentam melhor desempenho quanto ? estabilidade e a rela??o de resist?ncia ? tra??o. A mistura com 1% de lodo calcinado ? a que apresenta melhor desempenho, segundo os crit?rios estudados. Os res?duos estudados n?o representam risco ambiental, de acordo com a an?lise preliminar feita

The thesis deals with the design of digital I/O card with USB connectivity for Honeywell spol. s r.o. – HTS CZ o.z. company. The main objective is the delay elimination between reading the current state of the inputs and outputs setting which occurs on the actual used commercial card. Further initial analysis outlines possible solutions at the beginning of the work. One of chapters describes USB communication interface, including its com- munications protocol and USB driver implementation on the operating system Microsoft Windows. The digital card has four I/O ports consisting of eight lines. All ports have built-in protection against overcurrent and ESD protection. Digital isolator is used for USB. Power is supplied via USB, but it is optionally possible to connect an external power source. The last part of the thesis is focused on the card driver design.

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Inledning: Arbetsintegrerande sociala företag (ASF) fyller många betydelsefulla samhällsfunktioner och deras insatser bidrar till samhällsekonomisk nytta, som dessvärre inte inräknas i det traditionella bokslutet. Det interna bokslutet hos företaget kan visa förlust medan samhället gör en ekonomisk vinst till följd av dess existens. Genom socioekonomiska bokslut kan den samhällsekonomiska nyttan värderas i monetära termer. Syfte: Syftet med vår studie är att genom ett socioekonomiskt bokslut skapa förståelse om hur arbetsintegrerande sociala företag bidrar med samhällsekonomisk nytta samt identifiera vilka externa aktörer som påverkas av dessa, för att slutligen undersöka vilka av de identifierade aktörerna som påverkas minst/mest ekonomiskt av arbetsintegrerande sociala företag. Metod: Denna kvalitativa fallstudie har utförts med en abduktiv forskningsansats. För att upprätta det socioekonomiska bokslutet samt uppfylla studiens syfte har vi genomfört 18 semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer från ett arbetsintegrerande socialt företag. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att arbetsintegrerande sociala företag bidrar med samhällsekonomisk nytta genom minskad kontakt med myndigheter, minskad vårdkonsumtion samt upphörande/minskade bidrag, då människor i utanförskap integreras i arbete. De externa aktörer som identifierades var landsting, kommun, Arbetsförmedlingen samt Försäkringskassan. Den aktör som gynnades mest ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv var landstinget respektive Arbetsförmedlingen som gynnades minst. / Introduction: Work integration social enterprises (WISE) fulfill many important social functions and their efforts contribute to socio-economic benefits, which unfortunately are not included in the traditional final accounts. The internal final accounts of the company can show loss while society makes a financial profit as a result of its existence. The socio-economic benefits can be valued in monetary terms through socio-economic accounts. Purpose: The purpose of our study is to investigate, through a socio-economic account, how WISE contribute with socio-economic benefits and also identify which external actors are affected by them, in order to finally examine which of the identified actors are least/most economically affected by work integration social enterprises.  Method: This qualitative case study has been conducted with an abductive research approach. In order to establish the socio-economic account and to fulfill the purpose of the study, have 18 semi-structured interviews with people from a WISE been conducted. Result: The study’s results show that work integration social enterprises contribute to socio-economic benefits through reduced contact with authorities, reduced healthcare consumption and cessation/reduction of contributions, as peole in exclusion are integrated into work. The identified external actors were county councils, municipalities, the employment service and the Swedish social insurance agency. The actor who benefited the most from an economic perspective was the county council. The employment service benefited the least.