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British accession to the European Union (EU) had far reaching economic, political and social consequences for New Zealand, forcing New Zealand to transform itself from a dependent subsidiary of Britain to acting as an independent small state for the first time. Although still in its infancy, the contemporary relationship New Zealand has formed with the EU is quite different to that it first established in the 1970s. It has increasing become more institutionalised, with a slowly developing structural framework that facilitates the narrow areas of cooperation. Dominated by the important economic relationship, the main challenges faced are of an economic nature. But the relationship also encompasses areas of political and social cooperation including people-to-people links, the environment, educational linkages, mutual support for multilateral institutions and development in the Pacific. As a small state, New Zealand is expected to display certain foreign policy behaviours in its interaction with bilateral partners. Small state theory forms the theoretical framework that explains New Zealand's behaviour in its foreign policy interaction with the EU. The theory was chosen for both its perceived usefulness in explaining and understanding the foreign policy behaviour of small states and for the apparent weaknesses of the theory, which is revealed in the case study of New Zealand-EU relations. This demonstrates how the theory is useful for its explanation of small state foreign policy behaviour, but also providing an insightful revelation of the theories flaws. This thesis proposes modifications to small state theory in order to strengthen it, and make it more encompassing of the contemporary realities of small state foreign policy, demonstrating that size does matter when exercising a foreign policy.

L’Unione europea ha mosso i primi concreti passi verso l’adesione alla CEDU grazie al Trattato di Lisbona che la prevede esplicitamente. La ricerca esplora il tema dell’adesione, considerando gli elementi che lo caratterizzano e indagandone gli aspetti problematici. Nel percorso di ricerca si esaminano dapprima autonomamente i due sistemi, Unione e Convenzione, rivelandone gli aspetti di interrelazione e reciproca influenza, e si prosegue individuando nodi problematici da sciogliere ai fini della convergenza tra essi. Nella prima parte del lavoro è analizzata, innanzitutto, l’evoluzione dell’opera di tutela della Corte di giustizia, attraverso l’esame della giurisprudenza, al fine di constatare come abbia impiegato i principi sanciti nella CEDU e la prassi giurisprudenziale della Corte di Strasburgo. Successivamente, è esaminato il rapporto tra Convenzione e Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’UE, alla luce dell’adesione. Nella seconda parte è presa in esame l’attività di monitoraggio della Corte di Strasburgo, per verificare l’estensione del suo controllo indiretto sul diritto, primario e derivato, dell’Unione. Nella terza parte sono analizzate diverse ipotesi di soluzione a questioni tecnico-giuridiche legate all’adesione, relative all’interazione tra le due Corti, alle modalità di coinvolgimento dell’Unione nei meccanismi di controllo convenzionali e alle forme di partecipazione dell’UE ai procedimenti innanzi alla Corte di Strasburgo. / The European Union took the first steps towards the accession to ECHR, thanks to the Lisbon Treaty that expressly envisages it. The research explores the accession issue, examining its peculiar elements and investigating its problematic aspects. The research path begins with the analyses of EU system and Convention system, considering both of them autonomously and revealing interrelation and mutual influence aspects. It continues with an investigation of problematic knots to be solved to the purpose of convergence. In the first part, the evolution of Luxembourg Court’s protection activity is examined through case law analysis, so as to establish how the Court itself used ECHR’s rights and Strasbourg Court’s case law. Then, the relationship between ECHR and EU Charter of fundamental rights is investigated in the light of accession. In the second part, Strasbourg Court’s monitoring action is taken into consideration in order to verify the extent of its indirect control above EU primary and secondary law. In the third part, different solutions for accession’s technical and legal issues are taken into consideration, concerning the interaction between the two Courts, the ways of the EU participation in ECHR’s monitoring activities and the involvement of the EU in proceedings before Strasbourg Court.

In this work there has been analyzed the States expression to be bound by a treaty as one of the treaty making process stages. A detailed study of the means of the expression to be bound by a treaty provided in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the domestic law of the Republic of Lithuania was accomplished: signature, ratification, accession, acceptance, approval, exchange of instruments. The misalignments of the international law and the domestic law of the Republic of Lithuania in the field of expression to be bound by a treaty and a legal impact of them were highlighted. The treaties were divided from the administrative agreements as well. At the end of the work a repeated expression to be bound by a treaty was discussed, some adjustments for the domestic legal acts were proposed.

This thesis analyzes the impact of Europeanization on domestic policy structures in states which are not European Union (EU) members within the framework of asylum and refugee policies. It focuses on the influence of Europeanization during Turkey&amp / #8217 / s pre-accession process to the EU after 1999. This thesis has three main goals. The first one is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics behind Europeanization of asylum and refugee policies. The second goal is to highlight the institutional, administrative and ideational environment in which these policies take place. Finally, it aims to analyze how the dynamics of European integration through legislative harmonization creates systemic transformation in domestic governance systems in the EU candidate countries in their pre-accession process.

The four essays included in this dissertation are in the field of open economy Macroeconomics. Essays I, II and IV deal with a work-horse model in this field – a two-sector small open economy growth model with traded and nontraded goods. Writing down such a model requires an assumption about the role of traded and nontraded goods in domestic consumption and investments. While several empirical studies have looked at the consumption side, a systematic examination of the role of traded and nontraded goods in investments is missing. Essay I aims to fill this gap. Drawing on extensive empirical evidence, we show that aggregate investment expenditure shares on traded and nontraded goods are very similar in rich and poor countries. Furthermore, the two expenditure shares have remained close to constant over time, with the average nontraded expenditure share varying between 0.54-0.60 over the 1960-2002 period. Combined with the fact that the relative price of nontraded goods correlates positively with income and exhibits large differences across space and time, our findings suggest that investment can be modeled using the Cobb-Douglas aggregator. The results of this essay offer a new restriction for the two-sector growth model, which can alter the conclusions drawn from the model. To demonstrate this, we apply the new restriction to a study by Hsieh and Klenow (2003), which argues that differences in relative productivity between traded and nontraded sectors, i.e., the Balassa-Samuelson effect, is the main cause of higher PPP-adjusted investment rates in rich countries. With the restriction imposed on the model, no more than 25 percent of the differences in PPP-adjusted investment rates between rich and poor counties can be attributed to the Balassa-Samuelson effect. In Essays II and IV the same two-sector growth model is put to the test using the recent economic developments in countries of Eastern and Central Europe. Essay II investigates whether the two-sector growth model can explain the magnitudes and the timing of the trade flows in the Baltic countries. The model is calibrated for each of the three countries, which we simulate as small closed economies that suddenly open up to international trade and capital flows. The results show that the model can account for the observed magnitudes of the trade deficits in the 1995-2001 period. Introducing a real interest rate risk premium in the model increases its explanatory power. According to the model, trade balances will turn positive in the Baltic states around 2010. Essay IV starts by summarizing empirical regularities for the key aggregate real sector variables in the eight countries that joined the EU in May 2004. It is shown that, following the reforms in the early 1990s, real sector developments in all eight countries exhibit remarkable similarities. Interestingly, this is the case despite the fact that different reform policies were pursued in several dimensions (e.g., privatization, nominal exchange rate). Next, we show that a calibrated two-sector small open economy growth model can account for most of the real sector adjustments in early post-reform years. Empirical studies have found rapid traded sector productivity growth in Central and Eastern European countries over the last decade. When traded sector productivity growth is added to the model, it captures the development in all key real sector variables during the post-reform period. Finally, Essay III contributes to the study of financial crises in emerging markets. In contrast to the other essays, this paper develops a highly stylized theoretical model that allows us to study analytically government response to financial crises. In particular, Essay III develops a framework for analyzing optimal government bailout policy in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model where financial crises are exogenous. Important elements of the model are that private borrowers internalize only part of the social cost of foreign borrowing in the emerging market and that the private sector is illiquid in the event of a crisis. The distinguishing feature of our paper is that it addresses the optimal bailout policy in an environment where there are both costs and benefits of bailouts, and where bailout guarantees potentially distort investment decisions in the private sector. We show that it is always optimal to commit to a bailout policy that only partially protects investment against inefficient liquidation, both in a centralized economy and a market economy. Due to overinvestment in the market economy, the government's optimal level of bailout guarantees is lower than in the social optimum. Further, we show that, in contrast to a social planner, the government in the market economy should optimally bail out a smaller fraction of private investments when the probability of a crisis is higher. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2005 S. i-x: sammanfattning, s. 1-187: 4 uppsatser

This article addresses over the regulation of the surface right in the Peruvian Law along with its main points of contact with other important institutions in the field of real estate. The author points the evolution of this figure in the Peruvian legislation and determinates its legal nature and its characteristics, establishing its relation with the principle of real estate accession property and the implications of the transitional division that the surface generates. In other relevant aspects, the article addresses the ways of acquisition of such ownership, the role of inscription in the configuration of the surface, the reimbursement of the value of the buildings and the extinction of this property right. / Este artículo trata sobre la regulación del derecho real de superficie en el Derecho peruano y sus principales puntos de contacto con otras importantes instituciones en el ámbito inmobiliario. El autor aborda la evolución de dicha figura en la legislación peruana y determina la naturaleza jurídica y características del referido derecho, estableciendo su relación con el principio de accesión inmobiliaria y las implicancias de la división transitoria predial que genera la superficie. En otros aspectos relevantes, en este artículo se desarrollan las formas de adquisición de dicha titularidad, el papel de la inscripción en la configuración de la superficie, el reembolso del valor de las edificaciones y la extinción de este derecho real.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:30:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rogerio Troian.pdf: 1860424 bytes, checksum: ba62f125166320434b87b83d216fc4e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-26 / Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a thermodimorphic fungus, is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America. Pathogenicity appears to be intimately related to the dimorphic transition from the hyphal to the yeast form, which is induced by a shift from environmental temperature to the temperature of the mammalian host. To cope with nutrient deprivation during the infection process, a number of pathogens employ the glyoxylate cycle (GC) to utilize fatty acids as carbon sources. The genes which constitute this pathway have been implicated in pathogenesis. An important aspect in the interaction between P.brasiliensis and your host is the ability to adhere to matrix extracelular components. In this work has shown that the isocitrate lyase of P. brasiliensis (PbICL) is located in the cell wall and also in the cytoplasm. PbICL recombinant and polyclonal antibody were able to inhibit the interaction of P. brasiliensis to epithelial cell cultures in vitro. Was also evaluated the ability of PbICL recombinant to connect the components of the extracellular matrix such as laminin, fibronectin, collagen type I and IV. These results suggest that PbICL is necessary to interaction between molecules of the extracellular matrix and P.brasiliensis, and that this interaction is crucial in adhesion and invasion of the fungus to the host cells. The kinetic parameters of PbICLr were determined. The sequence coding for methylisocitrate lyase of P. brasiliensis (PbmeICL) and the recombinant protein PbmeICLr were obtained. / Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, um fungo termodimórfico, é o agente causador da paracoccidioidomicose (PCM), uma micose sistêmica prevalente da América Latina. A patogenicidade aparenta estar intimamente relacionada com a transição dimórfica da fase de micélio para levedura presente no hospedeiro. Para suprir a deficiência de nutrientes durante o processo de infecção, alguns patógenos empregam o ciclo do glioxalato (CG) na utilização de ácidos graxos como fontes de carbono. Os genes que constituem esta via têm sido relacionados à patogênese. Um aspecto importante na interação entre P. brasiliensis e seu hospedeiro é a habilidade do fungo em aderir aos componentes da matriz extracelular. Nesse trabalho foi demonstrado que a isocitrato liase de P. brasiliensis (PbICL) está localizada na parede celular e também no citoplasma. PbICL recombinante (PbICLr) e o seu respectivo anticorpo policlonal foram capazes de inibir a interação de P. brasiliensis às culturas de células epiteliais in vitro. Foi avaliada também a capacidade da PbICLr de se ligar a componentes da matriz extracelular, como laminina, fibronectina, colágeno tipo I e IV. Esses resultados sugerem que PbICL é necessária para interação entre P. brasiliensis e moléculas da matriz extracelular, sendo essa interação fundamental na aderência e invasão do fungo às células do hospedeiro. Os parâmetros cinéticos da PbICLr foram determinados. A sequência que codifica para a metilisocitrato liase de P. brasiliensis (PbmeICL), bem como a proteína recombinante PbmeICLr foram obtidas.

More than twenty years after the independence declaration, Republic of Croatia is facing the second biggest step in its history- entry to the European Union. European Union, the world's trade leader, has recognized Croatia as a reliable partner in the future affairs. Croatia shall become a 28th member of the integration on July 1st, 2013. Croatia has experienced many obstacles on the path to the European Union, trying to align its system with the EU's comprehensive legislation. The aim of this thesis is therefore to provide an extensive analysis of the Croatian path to the European Union and to apply the solutions on the further development not only of Croatia but also the remaining candidate countries of the European Union.

L'obbiettivo della tesi è la ricostruzione del discorso sull'identità europea. Inizialmente vengono rintracciate varie correnti di questo discorso su diversi livelli discorsivi (politico, scientifico e mass mediale). L'analisi empirica si rivolge poi sul dibattito sull'ingresso della Turchia nell'Unione Europea svoltasi nei mass media tedeschi ed italiani. A questo scopo vengono analizzati articoli di respettivamente tre grandi quotidiani per ogni area discorsiva (Germania ed Italia) che trattano la questione dell'ingresso della Turchia nell'UE. Il quadro metodologico si rifa alla analisi del discorso foucaultiano.:1 INTRODUZIONE 3 2 DEFINIZIONE E DELIMITAZIONE DELL’OGGETTO DI RICERCA 8 2.1 Il discorso sull’identità europea – un tentativo di ricostruzione 8 2.1.1 Identità – un concetto chiave della ricerca sociale contemporanea 8 2.1.2 Il discorso politico sull’identità europea a livello comunitario 12 2.1.3 Il discorso accademico sull’identità europea 20 2.1.4 Il discorso pubblico sull’identità europea 30 2.2 Il dibattito sull’ingresso della Turchia nell’Unione Europea 33 2.2.1 La Turchia e l’Unione Europea – una breve sintesi storica 33 2.2.2 Il dibattito sull’ingresso della Turchia nell’Unione Europea 36 2.2.3 Il dibattito in Italia 38 2.2.4 Il dibattito in Germania 40 3 I FONDAMENTI TEORICI E METODOLOGICI 43 3.1 L’analisi del discorso come programma di ricerca 43 3.1.1 La teoria del discorso di Foucault 45 3.1.2 Approcci discorsivi nell’ambito degli Studi Europei 49 3.1.3 L’analisi del discorso nella sociologia della conoscenza di Keller 55 3.2 Identità Europea come oggetto di un’analisi del discorso: la realizzazione pratica della ricerca 62 4 ANALISI DEL MATERIALE EMPIRICO 67 4.1 Supposizioni a priori del dibattito 68 4.1.1 La classificazione basale: Europa – Turchia 68 4.1.2 La classificazione basale: Eurocrati – Cittadini europei 78 4.1.3 La definizione della situazione: lo scontro delle civiltà 82 4.2 Correnti discorsive 89 4.2.1 La corrente tradizionalistica 90 4.2.2 La corrente modernistica 93 4.3 Concetti d’Europa 96 4.3.1 L’Europa come continente 96 4.3.2 L’Europa come erede dell’Occidente cristiano 98 4.3.3 L’Europa: arte e cultura 101 4.3.4 L’Europa come comunità di valori 102 4.3.5 L’Europa: progresso tecnico e benessere economico 108 4.3.6 L’Europa come comunità della memoria storica 110 4.3.7 L’Europa come costruzione collettiva 112 4.4 Il confronto dei due campi discorsivi 114 5 CONCLUSIONE 118 6 BIBLIOGRAFIA 122 7 APPENDICE 130 7.1 Elenco delle sigle 130 7.2 Elenco degli articoli 131 7.2.1 Il Corriere della Sera 131 7.2.2 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 132 7.2.3 Il Manifesto 133 7.2.4 La Repubblica 133 7.2.5 Süddeutsche Zeitung 134 7.2.6 die tageszeitung 135 / Gegenstand der Diplomarbeit ist die Rekonstruktion des Diskurses zur europäischen Identität untersucht am Beispiel der Türkeibeitrittsdebatte in Deutschland und in Italien. Dazu wurden Beiträge aus jeweils drei überregionalen Tageszeitungen im Zeitraum 2005 einer wissenssoziologischen Diskursanalyse unterzogen.:1 INTRODUZIONE 3 2 DEFINIZIONE E DELIMITAZIONE DELL’OGGETTO DI RICERCA 8 2.1 Il discorso sull’identità europea – un tentativo di ricostruzione 8 2.1.1 Identità – un concetto chiave della ricerca sociale contemporanea 8 2.1.2 Il discorso politico sull’identità europea a livello comunitario 12 2.1.3 Il discorso accademico sull’identità europea 20 2.1.4 Il discorso pubblico sull’identità europea 30 2.2 Il dibattito sull’ingresso della Turchia nell’Unione Europea 33 2.2.1 La Turchia e l’Unione Europea – una breve sintesi storica 33 2.2.2 Il dibattito sull’ingresso della Turchia nell’Unione Europea 36 2.2.3 Il dibattito in Italia 38 2.2.4 Il dibattito in Germania 40 3 I FONDAMENTI TEORICI E METODOLOGICI 43 3.1 L’analisi del discorso come programma di ricerca 43 3.1.1 La teoria del discorso di Foucault 45 3.1.2 Approcci discorsivi nell’ambito degli Studi Europei 49 3.1.3 L’analisi del discorso nella sociologia della conoscenza di Keller 55 3.2 Identità Europea come oggetto di un’analisi del discorso: la realizzazione pratica della ricerca 62 4 ANALISI DEL MATERIALE EMPIRICO 67 4.1 Supposizioni a priori del dibattito 68 4.1.1 La classificazione basale: Europa – Turchia 68 4.1.2 La classificazione basale: Eurocrati – Cittadini europei 78 4.1.3 La definizione della situazione: lo scontro delle civiltà 82 4.2 Correnti discorsive 89 4.2.1 La corrente tradizionalistica 90 4.2.2 La corrente modernistica 93 4.3 Concetti d’Europa 96 4.3.1 L’Europa come continente 96 4.3.2 L’Europa come erede dell’Occidente cristiano 98 4.3.3 L’Europa: arte e cultura 101 4.3.4 L’Europa come comunità di valori 102 4.3.5 L’Europa: progresso tecnico e benessere economico 108 4.3.6 L’Europa come comunità della memoria storica 110 4.3.7 L’Europa come costruzione collettiva 112 4.4 Il confronto dei due campi discorsivi 114 5 CONCLUSIONE 118 6 BIBLIOGRAFIA 122 7 APPENDICE 130 7.1 Elenco delle sigle 130 7.2 Elenco degli articoli 131 7.2.1 Il Corriere della Sera 131 7.2.2 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 132 7.2.3 Il Manifesto 133 7.2.4 La Repubblica 133 7.2.5 Süddeutsche Zeitung 134 7.2.6 die tageszeitung 135