Traffic accidents prevention must be taught since childhood, because children's behavior will be able to change the statistics of accidents in the long-term. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of edutherapeutic intervention to prevent traffic accidents with children. It is characterized as a randomized controlled trial, conducted with 173 children from public school in northeast region of Brazil, divided into experimental group, EG (n = 90) and control group, CG (n = 83). Data collection took place in four stages in the second semester of 2014, with evaluation of variables: knowledge, attitudes and practices that reveal what children know, feel and how they behave in relation to this issue. Chi-square test was used for analysis of categorical variables. The t test was used in the EG to compare the moments before and after the intervention for the variables knowledge, attitudes and practices in the paired data, as well as the comparison between the moments of initial and final evaluations of CG and to compare EG and CG. The significance level used was 5%. The groups were similar regarding sociodemographic variables, form of transport of children, experience with traffic accidents and prevention. There was no difference in the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices among the groups at initial evaluation. In the final assessment, there was improvement in knowledge of EG (p = 0.027). It was also observed a tendency of improvement in attitudes (p = 0.06), not accompanied by significant increase in practices. Comparing EG before and after the intervention, there was a significant difference (p = 0.003) in relation to knowledge. Regarding CG, the initial and final assessment showed that children’s knowledge had greater number of correct answers at the initial evaluation, but no significant difference (p = 0.085), and there was a reduction in the level of appropriate attitudes and practices with significant difference, respectively (p = 0.033) (p = 0.003). The intervention increased the EG level of knowledge in relation to CG, however, attitudes and practices remained stable. In EG, the intervention increased the level of knowledge and kept the attitudes and practices at the same level. In the control group, the lack of intervention tended to have a negative impact on the level of appropriate attitudes and practices, and knowledge was affected, but not significantly. Thus, the intervention influenced significantly the practices and attitudes in comparison to knowledge. / A prevenção de acidentes de trânsito deve ser abordada desde a infância, pois o comportamento das crianças é que será capaz de mudar as estatísticas dos acidentes a longo prazo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a efetividade de uma intervenção eduterapêutica para prevenção de acidentes de trânsito com crianças. Caracteriza-se como ensaio clínico controlado randomizado, realizado com 173 escolares da rede pública de uma região do nordeste do Brasil, divididos em Grupo Experimental, GE (n=90), e Grupo Controle, GC (n=83). A coleta de dados ocorreu em quatro etapas no segundo semestre de 2014, com avaliação das variáveis: conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas que revelam o que as crianças sabem, sentem e como se comportam em relação a essa temática. Utilizou-se o Teste Quiquadrado para análise das variáveis categóricas. O Teste t foi utilizado no GE para comparação entre os momentos antes e após a intervenção para as variáveis conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas nos dados pareados, assim como na comparação entre os momentos de avaliação inicial e final do CG e na comparação entre o GE e GC. Foi utilizado o nível de significância de 5%. Os grupos mostraram-se semelhantes quanto às variáveis sociodemográficas, maneira de locomoção das crianças, experiência com acidentes de trânsito e prevenção. Não existiu diferença no nível de conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas entre os grupos na avaliação inicial. Na avaliação final, houve melhora no conhecimento do GE (p=0,027). Também foi observada tendência de melhora nas atitudes (p=0,06), não acompanhado de significante incremento nas práticas. Na comparação do GE antes e após a intervenção, houve diferença significativa (p=0,003) em relação ao conhecimento. Em relação ao GC, a avaliação inicial e final evidenciou que o conhecimento das crianças apresentou número de acertos maior na avaliação inicial porém, sem diferença significativa (p=0,085), e houve redução no nível das atitudes e práticas adequadas com diferença significativa, respectivamente (p=0,033) e (p=0,003). A intervenção aumentou o nível de conhecimento do GE em relação ao GC, entretanto, as atitudes e práticas permaneceram estáveis. No GE, a intervenção aumentou o nível de conhecimentos e manteve as atitudes e práticas no mesmo nível. No GC, a falta da intervenção tendeu a repercutir negativamente no nível de atitudes e práticas adequadas, e o conhecimento foi afetado, porém, não de forma significativa. Assim, a intervenção influenciou significativamente nas práticas e atitudes em relação ao conhecimento.

<p>Infekcije krvnoprenosivim virusima (HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus)<br />predstavljaju veoma aktuelan problem. Iako se primenom op&scaron;tih i specifičnih<br />mera prevencije i postekspozicione profilakse ove infekcije među radnicima u<br />zdravstvu mogu gotovo u potpunosti sprečiti, &scaron;to je i slučaj u razvijenim<br />zemljama, u AP Vojvodini su infekcije krvnoprenosivim virusima među<br />radnicima u zdravstvu i dalje prisutne.<br />Ciljevi istraživanja bili su da se utvrdi učestalost rizičnih i protektivnih faktora za<br />profesionalnu izloženost krvnoprenosivim infekcijama, učestalost profesionalne<br />izloženosti krvnoprenosivim infekcijama, uticaj sprovođenja Programa<br />unapređenja prevencije i kontrole krvnoprenosivih infekcija u zdravstvenim<br />ustanovama na smanjenje izloženosti zdravstvenih radnika potencijalno<br />infektivnom bolesničkom materijalu i unapređenje mera prevencije i kontrole<br />krvnoprenosivih infekcija u zdravstvenim ustanovama i da se identifikuju<br />kritične tačke u sistemu prevencije i kontrole krvnoprenosivih infekcija u<br />zdravstvenim ustanovama.<br />Za potrebe istraživanja je formirana kohorta koja je obuhvatala populaciju<br />radnika u zdravstvu sa područja AP Vojvodine, koji povremeno ili stalno dolaze<br />u kontakt sa potencijalno infektivnim bolesničkim materijalom. Deo kohorte je<br />obuhvaćen Programom unapređenja prevencije i kontrole krvnoprenosivih<br />infekcija, čija je implementacija započeta u septembru 2007. godine (zaposleni u<br />državnom sektoru), a deo nije obuhvaćen ovim Programom (zaposleni u<br />privatnom sektoru). Nakon perioda praćenja od &scaron;est meseci, izvr&scaron;ena je<br />evaluacija rezultata sprovođenja ovog Programa.<br />Preko 80% radnika zaposlenih u državnim i privatnim zdravstvenim<br />ustanovama, povremeno ili stalno dolazi u kontakt sa krvlju ili drugim telesnim<br />tečnostima i u proseku imaju 15,5 izlaganja u toku dana. Svega dve trećine<br />5<br />zaposlenih u zdravstvenim ustanovama, koji dolaze u kontakt sa krvlju i drugim<br />telesnim tečnostima, redovno koriste za&scaron;titne rukavice, manje od 15% za&scaron;titnu<br />masku, dok za&scaron;titne naočare koristi manje od 3% ispitanika u državnom i oko<br />22% ispitanika u privatnom sektoru. Manje od 40% zaposlenih u državnom<br />sektoru i manje od 30% zaposlenih u privatnom sektoru su potpuno vakcinisani<br />protiv hepatitisa B. Manje od dve trećine zaposlenih u zdravstvu pravilno uklanja<br />opasan medicinski otpad. Preko 30% ispitanika imalo je povredu na iglu, 16%<br />povredu na o&scaron;tar predmet, 38% kontakt kože sa krvlju, a skoro 14% imalo je<br />kontakt sluzokoža sa krvlju. Najče&scaron;će dolazi do izlaganja medicinskih<br />sestara/tehničara, nemedicinskog osoblja i učenika srednjih medicinskih &scaron;kola. U<br />većini slučajeva do izlaganja dolazi perkutano, nakon zavr&scaron;etka intervencije,<br />nepravilnim uklanjanjem opasnog medicisnkog otpada. Propusti koji su u<br />potpunosti preventivni (bezbedno uklanjanje medicinskog otpada i nevraćanje<br />za&scaron;titne kapice na iglu) su odgovorni za 59% slučajeva izlaganja.<br />Uvođenjem Programa unapređenja prevencije i kontrole KPI u zdravstvenim<br />ustanovama, broj profesionalnih izloženosti značajno je smanjen &ndash; za 30-40% je<br />bilo manje uboda na iglu i povreda o&scaron;trim predmetom. Tokom 6 meseci praćenja<br />procenjeno je da se u zdravstvenim ustanovama u AP Vojvodini koje su bile<br />obuhvaćene programom sprečilo 2500 uboda na iglu, 3000 povreda o&scaron;trim<br />predmetom, 2000 kontakata krvi sa sluzokožama i 2500 izlaganja kože krvi<br />pacijenta. Dok se pre realizacije programa tek svaka 200-ta izloženost<br />registrovala, nakon 6 meseci realizacije programa registrovana je svaka deseta<br />profesionalna izloženost.</p> / <p>Blood-borne infections (HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis) are an important health<br />problem. Despite those infections are preventable by application of general and<br />specific measures of prevention and control, which is the fact in developed<br />9<br />countries, in AP Vojvodina, those professionally acquired infections are still<br />present,<br />The aims of research were to identify incidence of risky and protective factors for<br />professional exposure to BBI, incidence of professional exposures, influence of<br />program for prevention and control of BBI in health care settings to reduction of<br />exposures of health personnel and to strengthen implementation of measures of<br />prevention and control, as well as to identify critical points in prevention and<br />control.<br />The cohort of population of health personnel from AP Vojvodina was formed,<br />including those who are in contact with potentially infectious fluids. Part of the<br />cohort was covered by program for strengthen prevention and control of BBI,<br />which implementation started in September 2007 (public health sector), and was<br />not (private health sector). After six months since the program started, we<br />evaluated its results.<br />More then 80% of health personnel in private and public sector is in contact with<br />potentially infectious body fluids with average 15.5 exposures daily. Only two<br />thirds of them use protection gloves regularly, less than 15% protection mask,<br />and less than 3% in public and around 22% in private sector use protection<br />glasses. Less than 40% in public and 30% in private sector are vaccinated against<br />hepatitis B. Less than 2/3 disposes dangerous medical waste properly. More than<br />30% had needle stick injury, 16% other sharp injuries, 28% skin contact with<br />blood, and almost 14% mucosal contact with blood. Nurses and non medical staff<br />are exposed mostly, as well as medical students. The most of the exposures are<br />percutaneous, after medical intervention, due to wrong practices of waste<br />disposal. Completely preventable practices (waste disposal, recapping of needles)<br />are responsible for 59% exposures.<br />Due to program of strengthening prevention and control of BBI in health care<br />institutions, number of professional exposures declined - 30-40% less needle<br />stick and sharp object injuries. During 6 months of follow up, it is estimated that<br />10<br />2500 needle stick injuries, 3000 sharp object injuries, 8000 skin exposures and<br />2500 mucosal exposures were prevented. Comparing with every 200th exposure<br />reported before start of the program, during 6 months every 10th exposure was<br />reported.</p>

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In the study, I explored how to achieve sustained road-traffic accidents reduction in Zimbabwe. Road traffic accidents are indiscriminant and each year hundreds of people lose their lives in road traffic accidents in Zimbabwe. A mixed methods research approach was used to conduct the study. The study was therefore done in two phases. Phase 1 was a quantitative survey using questionnaires, and phase 2 was a qualitative case study using semi-structured interviews. A sample of 500 road-users drawn at random from internet databases formed the respondents for the quantitative phase of the inquiry. A further 20 snowball selected participants, formed the qualitative inquiry group. The key findings from the study were that effective intervention planning, timely measurement, adequate resourcing, and inclusive organization development interventions were the key drivers of successful road safety programmes. Additionally, critical interventions for sustainable road traffic safety in Zimbabwe included; community consultation and involvement in road traffic safety strategy formulation and implementation, mainstreaming road traffic safety education in the schools’ curricula, behavioral changes, financial, and engineering interventions. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of safety and protection of children's health. It namely disserts on the occurrence of accidents among children, their prevention and provision of first aid in case of an accident or sudden damage to one's health . The aim of this thesis is to map the current state of accident occurrence among children and the scope of assertion of permanent active prevention with selected primary school pupils. The theoretical part contains epidemiological data concerning accident occurrence among children, types of accidents from the point of view of physical and psychological development of a child and the environment in which these accidents occur and selected preventive measures. Most attention is paid to school accident occurrence, safety and protection of pupils and incorporation of this issue in the Framework educational programme for basic education. It also provides a summary of legal aspects and recommended practices of first aid provision, including the current trends and introduction of educational programmes and courses intended for lay public. The practical part maps the awareness of safe behaviour as the primary form of accident prevention among ninth grade primary school pupils as well as their knowledge, skills and attitudes to first aid provision. These findings...

Para a qualificação do processo de implantação do protocolo de quedas de uma instituição hospitalar, houve a necessidade de escutar a equipe de enfermagem em relação à como percebe o protocolo, suas qualidades, dificuldades e desafios. Estudo qualitativo descritivo desenvolvido num hospital público federal de Porto Alegre/RS, com o objetivo de descrever a opinião da equipe de enfermagem sobre o uso do protocolo de prevenção de quedas. A coleta das informações ocorreu em junho de 2015, por meio de questionário aberto, através de pergunta descritiva, tendo um total de 26 participantes. As informações foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo, resultando nas categorias temáticas “A importância do protocolo”, “A melhor maneira de prevenir quedas”, “Pontos a serem melhorados no protocolo” e “Pontos fortes do protocolo”, sendo a categoria temática “Pontos a serem melhorados no protocolo” a mais evidenciada, tendo sido abordada por todos os participantes do estudo. Os profissionais trouxeram que percebem o protocolo como importante, mas que precisa ser adaptado ao contexto institucional e ao contexto dos diferentes setores, expandindo a responsabilidade da realização do mesmo para além da equipe de enfermagem. Os resultados possibilitam inferir que para ampliar a qualidade da assistência através da cultura de segurança do paciente e da otimização da prevenção de quedas nos ambientes hospitalares, torna-se importante a participação dos profissionais na implantação dos protocolos. / To qualify the process of implementation of accidental falls protocol from an institutional hospital, there was the necessity to listen to the nursing staff, concerning how they perceive the protocol, its qualities, difficulties and challenges. This is a qualitative and descriptive study, which was developed at a public hospital in Porto Alegre/RS. It aimed to describe the nursing team’s opinion about using the protocol falls prevention. Data collection was carried out in June 2015 through opened questionnaire and descriptive questions, from which 26 persons participated. Data was submitted to content analysis, from which resulted thematic categories: “The protocol importance”, “The best way to prevent accidental falls”, “Protocol: things to be improved” and “Protocol: real strength”, being the thematic category “Protocol: things to be improved” the most evidenced, which was also approached by all participants. Professional brought up that they notice the protocol as important, but it has to be adapted to the institutional context and to the different sectors’ context either, expanding the responsibility to beyond the nursing staff. The results enabled to infer that the participation of professionals to implementing the protocols is important, in order to extend the quality of assistance through the culture of patient’s safety and optimization of fall prevention in hospitals. / Para la cualificación del proceso de implantación del protocolo de caídas de un hospital, hubo la necesidad de escuchar el equipo de enfermería en relación a como se lo percibe el protocolo, sus calidades, dificultades y desafíos. Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, desarrollado en un hospital público federal de Porto Alegre/RS. El objetivo del estudio fue describir la opinión del equipo de enfermería sobre el uso del protocolo de prevención de caídas. La recolecta de datos fue llevado a cabo en junio de 2015, por medio de cuestionario abierto, a través de pregunta descriptiva, teniendo un total de 26 participantes. Las informaciones fueron sometidas al análisis de contenido, resultando en las categorías temáticas “La importancia del protocolo”, “La mejor manera de prevenir caídas”, “Puntos a serien mejorados en el protocolo” y “Puntos fuertes del protocolo”, siendo la categoría temática “Puntos a serien mejorados en el protocolo” la más evidenciada, teniendo sido abordada por todos los participantes de estudio. Los profesionales trajeran que perciben el protocolo como importante, más que precisa ser adaptado al contexto institucional y al contexto de los distintos sectores, expandiendo la responsabilidad de la realización del mismo para además del equipo de enfermería. Los resultados posibilitan inferir que para ampliar la calidad de la asistencia a través de la cultura de seguridad del paciente y de la optimización de la prevención de caídas en los hospitales, se torna importante la participación de los profesionales en la implementación de los protocolos.

Syftet med denna studie var att utforska nautiska befäls attityder till larmen de kan ställas inför på sin brygga och den eventuella kausaliteten. Tidigare forskning inom larm och forskning inom optimering av brygglayouter presenterade ett problematiskt fenomen vilken av Papastavrou och Lehto kallas för cry-wolf. Detta fenomen beskriver att operatörer av system med larm, till exempel sjöfartsofficerare, tenderar att ignorera larmen om de utsätts för en hög frekvens av larm, denna höga frekvens kallar Al-Dabbagh och Tongwen för alarm-floods. Denna studie kommer fram till att cry-wolf fenomenet existerar ombord det fartyg studien utfördes på. Datainsamlingen utfördes med den kvalitativa forskningsmetodiken, främst genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Dessa intervjuer kompletterades sedan med ostrukturerade observationer vilka utfördes under en nio dagar lång fältstudie. Studiens primärdata analyserades genom innehållsanalyser och detta gjordes ur det hermeneutiska perspektivet. Studien fann att befälen tenderar att ignorera larmen om larmen inte klassas som nödlarm. Vidare presenteras två potentiella lösningar som ämnar ge tillbaka den tyngd larmen borde associeras med. Utöver detta presenteras också en hypotes vilken syftar till att ta reda på om ett givet fartyg påverkas av cry-wolf fenomenet. Denna hypotes måste valideras innan den kan godtas som gångbar för sjöfarten som helhet. / The main purpose of this thesis was to explore nautical officer’s attitudes towards the alarms they may encounter on the bridge and the eventual causality between the officers and their actions concerning the alarms. Earlier research into alarms and research regarding optimization of bridge-layouts presented a problematic theory which Papastavrou and Lehto call cry-wolf. Wherein the operators of systems, or ships, with advanced alarms tend to ignore the alarms if they are subjected to a high frequency of alarms, or alarm-floods as Al-Dabbagh and Tongwen calls it. This study shows that, on board the vessel which the study was conducted, the cry-wolf phenomena exist. The study was conducted on board a Swedish vessel from the hermeneutical perspective. The data collection was done with the qualitative method, primarily through semi-structured interviews and these were then enriched with data from unstructured observations which were made during a nine-day stay aboard said vessel. The collected data has been analysed through content analysis from the hermeneutical perspective and the study reveals that the officers tend to ignore the alarms, unless they are classified as emergency alarms. This study proposes two potential fixes for how to make the alarms less overwhelming and how to give back the importance of the alarms. Furthermore, the study presents a hypothesis which aims to find whether or not a given vessel is subject to the cry-wolf phenomena. This hypothesis needs to be proven in future research before it can be proclaimed as a valid hypothesis.

Sun Yehuan. / "September 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 213-223). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

As international travel is rapidly increasing, more people are being exposed to potentially more antibiotic resistant bacteria, a changed infectious disease epidemiology, and an increased risk of accidents and crime. Research-based advice is needed to adequately inform travellers about these risks. We studied travellers who sought advice from the Travel Medicine Clinic at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Umeå University Hospital, as well as university students from Umeå, Stockholm, and Gothenburg travelling abroad for study, research, and clinical exchange programs. From retrospective data at the Travel Medicine Clinic, we found that pre-existing health problems were rare among travellers from Umeå seeking pre- travel health advice and vaccinations. In addition, we found that the travel destination and the sex of the traveller affected vaccination levels. Although hepatitis A is endemic to both Thailand and Turkey, compared to travellers to Thailand few travellers to Turkey visited the clinic for hepatitis A vaccination. The data also revealed that more women than men were vaccinated against Japanese encephalitis despite comparable trips. A prospective survey study showed that travellers felt that the pre-travel health advice they received was helpful. Two-thirds of the travellers followed the advice given although they still fell ill to the same extent as those who were not compliant with the advice. Factors outside the control of travellers likely affect the travel-related morbidity. Compared to older travellers, younger travellers were less compliant with advice, fell ill to a greater extent, and took greater risks during travel. In a prospective survey study, we found that healthcare students had higher illness rates and risk exposure when abroad compared to students from other disciplines. This difference was mainly due to the fact that healthcare students more often travelled to developing regions during their study period abroad. When abroad, half of all students increased their alcohol consumption and this was linked to an increased risk of theft and higher likelihood of meeting a new sex partner. The healthcare students participating in the survey study also submitted stool samples before and after travel. These samples were tested for the presence of antibiotic resistance, both by selective culturing for ESBL-PE (Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae) as well as by metagenomic sequencing. About one-third (35%) of the students became colonised by ESBL-PE following their study abroad. The strongest risk factor for colonisation was travel destination; for example, 70% of students who had travelled to India became colonised. Antibiotic treatment during travel was also a significant risk factor for colonisation. The stool samples from a subset of study subjects were analysed using metagenomic sequencing. From this we learned that although the majority of resistance genes in the gut microbiome remained unchanged following travel, several clinically important resistance genes increased, most prominently genes encoding resistance to sulphonamide, trimethoprim, and beta-lactams. Overall, taxonomic changes associated with travel were small but the proportion of Proteobacteria, which includes several clinically important bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae), increased in a majority of the study subjects. Clearly, there are risks associated with international travel and these risks include outside factors as well as the personal behaviour of travellers. We believe our results can be used to develop better pre-travel advice for tourists as well as university students studying abroad resulting in safer travel.