Problembakgrund: Tidigare studier har visat på att klimatrisker kan innebära att tillgångar behöver skrivas ned. Tillsynsorganet ESMA har för 2022 års finansiella rapporter uppmanat de nationella tillsynsorganen att prioritera tillsyn av klimatrelaterade risker. Nämnden har konstaterat att bolag beskriver klimatrisker i hållbarhetsrapporter men att det inte återspeglas i de finansiella rapporterna.  Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning och vad som påverkar om bolag tar hänsyn till klimatrelaterade risker vid nedskrivningsprövning av tillgångar Metod: Studien har utgått från en kvantitativ innehållsanalys med deduktiv ansats där den avser att testa hypoteser formulerade utifrån en litteraturgenomgång. Datan består av sekundärdata från svenska börsnoterade bolags årsredovisningar för räkenskapsåret 2022.  Resultat: Studiens resultat visar ett signifikant positivt samband mellan bolagsstorlek och om hänsyn tas till klimatrelaterade risker vid nedskrivningsprövningar av tillgångar. Resultatet visar också på ett signifikant positivt samband mellan bolag som ger ut specifika upplysningar med ett prediktivt värde vid nedskrivningsprövning och hänsyn till klimatrelaterade risker.  Kunskapsbidrag: Studien bidrar till ökad förståelse för hur svenska börsnoterade bolag tar hänsyn till klimatrisker vid nedskrivningsprövning av tillgångar. Studiens resultat kan vara av intresse för standardsättare och tillsynsorgan. Studien bidrar med en undersökning inom ett område som kan tänkas vara mer aktuellt inom en snar framtid med tanke på den förväntade implementeringen av CSRD och ESMAs uppmaningar. / Background: Previous studies have shown that climate risks may require asset write-downs. The supervisory authority ESMA has urged national supervisory bodies to prioritize supervision of climate-related risks in the 2022 financial reports. The Swedish supervisory authority has noted that companies describe climate risks in sustainability reports but that it is not reflected in the financial reports.  Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine the extent to which and what influences companies to consider climate-related risks in the impairment testing of assets. Research Method: The study has employed a quantitative content analysis with a deductive approach, aiming to test hypotheses formulated based on a literature review. The data consists of secondary data from the annual reports of Swedish listed companies for the fiscal year 2022.  Results: The study's results indicate a significant positive correlation between company size and the consideration of climate-related risks in asset impairment testing. The results also demonstrate a significant positive correlation between companies providing specific information with predictive value in impairment testing and the consideration of climate-related risks.  Contributions: The study contributes to increased understanding of how Swedish listed companies take climate risks into account when assessing impairment of assets. The study's results may be of interest to standard setters and regulatory bodies. The study contributes with an investigation within a topic that may be more relevant in the near future, given the expected implementation of CSRD and ESMA's urging.

Bakgrund Intresset för hållbarhetsredovisning är något som har ökat under de senaste åren. Enligt Hållbarhetslagen är det krav på att stora företag i Sverige årligen ska upprätta en hållbarhetsrapport antingen integrerat eller som från årsredovisningen en avskild rapport. Idag är det en aktuell diskussion om huruvida hållbarhetsredovisningen ska integrerat eller som en avskild rapport. Syfte Studien syftar till att förklara vilka faktorer som har påverkat svenska börsnoterade bolag att upprätta sin hållbarhetsrapport som integrerad eller som från årsredovisningen en avskildrapport innan och efter kravet om lagstadgad hållbarhetsredovisning. Metod Den kvantitativa tvärsnittsstudien har genomförts med en deduktiv ansats. Empirin har samlats in genom granskning av företags årsredovisningar samt hållbarhetsrapporter. Slutsats Studiens resultat visar att det finns faktorer som påverkar företagens val i att upprätta en integrerad hållbarhetsredovisning. Studien fann positivt signifikanta samband mellan den beroende variabeln Integrerad hållbarhetsredovisning och de oberoende variablerna företagsstorlek, branschtillhörighet samt val av revisionsbyrå. / Introduction The interest in sustainability reporting is something that has increased in recent years. According to the Sustainability Act, large companies in Sweden must annually prepare a sustainability report either integrated or as a separate report from the annual report. There is a current discussion about whether the sustainability report should be integrated or as a separate report. Purpose The study aims to explain what factors have influenced Swedish listed companies to prepare their sustainability report as integrated or as a separate report from the annual report, before and after the requirement for statutory sustainability reporting. Method This quantitative cross-sectional study has been conducted through a deductive approach. Empirical data has been collected through reviews of companies' annual reports and sustainability reports. Conclusion The study's results show that there are factors that influence companies' choices in establishing an integrated sustainability report. The study found a positive significant relationship between the dependent variable Integrated Sustainability Report and the independent variables company size, industry affiliation, and choice of audit firm.

Forskningsproblem Earnings management, i studien uttryckt som resultatmanipulering, handlar om redovisningsval där företagsledningen vilseleder företagets intressenter om dess verkliga ekonomiska prestation. Behov finns att förklara skillnader i användandet av resultatmanipulering mellan länder. Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att förklara resultatmanipulering i nordiska börsbolag utifrån kulturens inverkan på redovisningsvalet. Metod Utifrån en deduktiv ansats härleds en hypotes som sedan prövas genom våra empiriska observationer. Observationerna samlas in genom en dokumentstudie av nordiska börsbolags årsredovisningar. Resultat Studiens resultat visar att resultatmanipulering är mer förekommande i norska än svenska bolag. Vidare visar resultatet att osäkerhetsundvikande kan förklara en del av användandet av resultatmanipulering, men att övriga kulturella dimensioner inte kan göra det. Kunskapsbidrag Studien bidrar till en ökad förståelse av redovisningsval i nordiska börsbolag. / Problem Earnings management is the common expression to explain the management’s use of accounting choices that mislead its stakeholders about the business performance. There are needs to explain differences in the use of Earnings management between different countries. Purpose The aim of this study is to explain the cultural factors impact on the use of Earnings management within Nordic stock exchange companies. Method Based on a deductive approach we have derived one hypothesis that is tested by our empirical observations. The observations are gathered through a document study of Nordic listed companies’ annual reports. Results The results indicate that Earnings management is more frequently used in Norwegian companies compared to Swedish. Uncertainty avoidance seems to explain some of the variation in Earnings management. However the remaining cultural dimensions fail to explain the variation between the Nordic countries. Contribution The contribution of the study is an increased understanding of accounting choices in Nordic listed companies.

Syfte: Under de senaste åren har det skett ett fokusskifte i redovisningslitteraturen, från utgångspunkten att CSR-rapportering bedrivs för att vinna legitimitet och anseende, till att rapporteringen i huvudsak sker för att informera investerarna. Studiens syfte är att undersöka om motivet till CSR-rapportering på samma sätt som för litteraturen har förändrats i praktiken för företag mellan årtalen 2004-2014. Metod: Med grund i den positivistiska forskningsfilosofin har vår studie en hypotetiskt-deduktiv ansats med en deskriptiv-förklarande forskningsdesign och en longitudinell tidshorisont. I studien har vi använt oss av kvantitativ sekundärdata, insamlad från databasen Datastream. Studiens två urval har varit stora företag från å ena sidan USA och Kanada, å andra sidan 17 europeiska länder. Alla statistiska analyser - parade t-test och multipla regressioner - har utförts i statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultat och slutsats: I vår första analys fann vi att det skett en signifikant ökning av CSR-rapporteringen mellan 2004 och 2014 för båda urvalsgrupperna. Våra två andra analyser visade på att legitimitetsmotivet hos företagen är oförändrat, medan styrkan på sambandet mellan CSR-rapportering och marknadsvärde är oförändrat eller har minskat i styrka, beroende på urvalskategori. Att en ökad rapportering inte nödvändigtvis leder till en ökad finansiell nytta, visar även det på att företag i praktiken inte följt samma motivskifte som litteraturen. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Det område som tidigare studiers resultat skiljer sig mest kring är huruvida CSR-rapportering lönar sig ekonomiskt för företagen. Vår studie lämnar bidrag gällande detta, men mer studier behövs göras på området. Uppsatsens bidrag: Våra resultat visade att det fokusskifte som litteraturen genomgått inte motsvaras av ett skifte även i praktiken. Det är därmed lika viktigt för företagen med legitimitet 2014 som 2004. Vår första analys bidrar även med en kartläggning av rapporteringsomfattningen med över 630 observationer för två kontinenter. Slutligen bidrar vi med empiriska resultat som visar att CSR-rapportering korrelerar positivt med företagens marknadsvärde. / Title: CSR-reporting - from legitimacy towards market information? A comparison of the motives for sustainable reporting between accounting research and large corporations Aim: During recent years, there has been a shift in focus among accounting researchers, from the premise that CSR-reporting is primarily used for gaining legitimacy and a better reputation, towards the view that reporting is mainly used to inform investors. The aim of this study was to examine whether the motives for CSR-reporting for large corporations between the years 2004-2014, has shifted in the same way. Method: Our study has its basis in the philosophy of positivism, with a hypothetical-deductive approach and a descripto-explanatory purpose and a longitudinal time horizon. We have used quantitative secondary data from the database Datastream, from large companies in the US and Canada in one sample, and 17 European countries in the other sample. All our analyses - paired t-tests and multiple regressions - have been made using the statistical program SPSS. Result and conclusions: In our first analysis, we found that the CSR-reporting of the companies had increased significantly between the years 2004 and 2014. Our other two analyses showed that the companies’ motive for legitimacy was unchanged, while the strength of the correlation of the CSR-reporting and market value was unchanged or weakened, depending on the sample. Since an increase in reporting did not necessarily equal financial gain, these results also supported that the companies’ motive for reporting was not primarily about informing the market. Suggestions for future research: The area where the results of most previous studies differ most is whether CSR-reporting has any financial benefit for the company. Therefore, that area is still the one most in need of further studies. Contribution of the thesis: Our results showed that the accounting researcher’s shift in focus concerning the motives for CSR-reporting, did not correspond with a similar shift in the companies’ motives for reporting. Our first analysis also contributes with over 630 observations showing the extent of CSR-reporting in North America and Europe. Lastly, our study contributes with empirical data showing a positive correlation between CSR-reporting and market value.

A tese investiga controle gerencial como prática social e organizacional a partir de três paradigmas de pesquisa. Foi realizada etnografia em empresa brasileira, utilizando-se de shadowing, teoria fundamentada, entrevistas, observação, análise retórica, de documentos e visuais. No paradigma neofuncionalista, desenvolve teoria fundamentada construcionista para entender como controles sociotécnicos interagem com socioideológicos. Apesar de possuir tecnologias sociotécnicas, tais como \"custeio baseado em atividades\", \"balanced scorecard\", \"orçamento empresarial\", \"planejamento\", elas não são utilizadas como previsto na literatura gerencialista. Ao invés disso, formas sutis de controles socioideológicos, como retórica, políticas de recrutamento, controles sociais, liderança carismática, combinadas com tecnologia de controle híbrida desenvolvida pela empresa, fazem com que funcionários avaliem, implicitamente, custos e viabilidade econômica de suas ações. Essa tecnologia foi apresentada, inicialmente, como ferramenta de inovação, mas no estudo revelou-se como um controle totalizante, mais rígido do que os existentes na literatura. O papel gerencial da contabilidade é fornecido pela demonstração de resultados societária sintética para análise da participação nos lucros. Desse modo, controles socioideológicos substituem contabilidade gerencial. Desenvolveram-se três categorias conceituais para explicação dos achados: equifinalidade de custos e gestão econômica, tecnologia de controle híbrida e estruturas de consciência econômica. Os paradigmas remanescentes estudam a tecnologia híbrida. No interpretativista, a teoria da prática de Schatzki, investiga como funcionários realizam as práticas, identificando-se aprendizado, arranjos, memórias, regras e direcionamento para a ação. No crítico, o paradigma pós-estruturalista analisa política, história, instituições, poder e conflito, com a teoria pós-estruturalista do discurso de Laclau e Mouffe, baseada em psicanálise lacaniana, linguística, ideologia, estruturalismo, desconstrução, genealogia e teoria crítica. Através da lógica da explicação crítica de Glynos e Howarth, desenvolvem-se três grupos de lógicas. Nas lógicas políticas, identifica-se como a empresa converteu um canal de comunicação na década de 1980, em tecnologia de controle nos anos 2000. Desenvolve-se o conceito de instituições políticas de controle, para relatar o cenário político, macroeconômico, institucional e regulatório do Brasil entre 1980 a 2010. Identificou-se sua relação com controle gerencial e como gestores utilizaram discursos universais como \"qualidade\" e \"inovação\", em ações para legitimar a tecnologia híbrida, tornando-os significantes vazios. Nas lógicas sociais, emergiram as lógicas da coletividade, produtividade criativa, controle descentrado, competição e econômica. Nas lógicas fantasmáticas, as fantasias do consumo, fetiche dos prêmios, modismos gerenciais, do herói, família, cuidados e atenção pelos superiores explicam o porquê da tecnologia ser bem-sucedida. Ao final, realiza-se intertextualidade entre paradigmas. O trabalho acrescenta à literatura internacional lacunas de abordagens institucionais e da prática, como a teorização do sujeito e o relacionamento entre universal e particular, introduzindo novas tipologias e questionando a capacidade destas abordagens de explicar processo. Além disso, adiciona conceitos à literatura e contesta pesquisas anteriores sobre o tema. Contribui com a pesquisa no Brasil, discutindo paradigmas alternativos ao positivismo e funcionalismo, permitindo o desenvolvimento de linhas de pesquisa. Os conceitos e categorias gerados possibilitam generalização teórica a partir da noção de \"semelhanças de família\" de Wittgeinstein. Desenvolvem-se três tipologias para pesquisas. O estudo demonstra a necessidade da academia se engajar em debate crítico sobre modismos gerenciais, teoria da contabilidade gerencial, gerencialismo dos livros-textos e aspectos humanos e sociais da contabilidade. / The thesis investigates management control as social and organizational practice from three paradigms of research. Ethnography in a Brazilian company was carried out by using shadowing, grounded theory, interviews, observation, rhetoric analysis, documents and visual analysis. In the neo-functionalist paradigm develops grounded theory on constructionist in order to understand how socio-technical controls interact with socio-ideological. Despite having socio-technical technologies, such as \"activity-based costing\", \"balanced scorecard\", \"budget\", \"strategic planning\", which are not used as provided in managerial literature. Instead, subtle forms of socio-ideological controls, like rhetoric, recruiting policies, social controls, charismatic leadership, aligned with technology of hybrid control developed by company, enables employees to evaluate implicitly costs and economic feasibility of their actions. This technology was first introduced as an innovation tool; nevertheless, no study has revealed as a totalizing control, more rigid than the ones existing in literature. The management role of accounting is given by corporate statements results summarized for the analysis of participation over profits. Thus, socio-ideological controls replace management accounting. Three conceptual categories were developed to explain the research findings: equifinality of costs and economic management, hybrid control technology and structures of economic consciousness. The remaining paradigms study the hybrid technology. In the interpretivist paradigm, the theory of Schatzki´s practice investigates how employees perform the practices, by identifying the learning, arrangements, memories, rules and guidance for action. In the critical, the post-structuralist paradigm analysis political, historical, institutions, power and conflict with the post-structuralist discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe, based on Lacan´s psychoanalysis, linguistics, structuralism, deconstruction, genealogy and critical theory. Three groups of logics were developed through the logic of Glynos and Howarth critical explanation. In the political logics, it is possible to identify how a company converted a channel of communication in the 1980s into technology of control in the 2000s. The concept of political institutions of control is being developed, as to relate to political, macroeconomics, institutional and regulatory Brazilian scenario between 1980 to 2010. Its relation with management control was identified and, as managers, used universal discourses such as \"quality\" and \"innovation\", in actions to legitimate the hybrid technology, turning them significantly without meaning. In social logics, the logics of collectivity, creative productivity, decentralized control, competition and economic came up. In the fantasmatic logics, consume fantasy, awards fetishes, management fashions, of the hero, family, care and attention by the superiors explain the reason why technology is well-succeed. Summarizing, intertextuality among paradigms is accomplished. The thesis also adds to international literature gaps of institutional and practice approaches, such as theorization of the subject and the relationship between universal and particular, introducing new typologies and questioning the capacity of those process explanation approaches. Besides that, it adds up the concepts to literature and challenges previous studies on the subject. It contributes with the research in Brazil, discussing alternative paradigms to positivism and functionalism, allowing the development of research lines. The concepts and categories generated enable theoretical generalization from the notion of \"family resemblances\" of Wittgeinstein. Three typologies for researches are developed. The study illustrates the need of the academia to engage in a critical debate about management fashions, theory of management accounting, the managerialism of textbooks as well as social and human aspects of the accounting.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal demonstrar que parcela da base de depositantes de instituições financeiras que se utilizam de depósitos (a prazo e a vista) como fonte de financiamento das suas atividades, identificada pelos depósitos estáveis, representa um ativo intangível da instituição depositária. Esse ativo intangível decorrente dos depósitos estáveis, quando passível de identificação específica, explica parte do goodwill da instituição depositária, pelo fato do goodwill ser um ativo residual dependente principalmente da avaliação da empresa como um todo. Sendo o valor do goodwill determinado pela diferença entre o fair value da entidade como um todo, como um ativo único em continuidade, e a soma algébrica dos fair values dos ativos líquidos identificáveis dessa entidade, à medida que novos ativos antes não contabilizados são identificados, está-se explicado a natureza do goodwill, assim como está-se auxiliando na sua atribuição de valor. Portanto a identificação de mais um ativo intangível das instituições financeiras implica na identificação de parcelas componentes do goodwill, que englobava esse ativo intangível antes da identificação do ativo intangível, assim como também implica na explicação econômica de parte do goodwill. Para que o objetivo pudesse ser alcançado, comparou-se as características econômicas e contábeis dos ativos, dos ativos intangíveis e do goodwill com as características econômicas e contábeis dos depósitos estáveis, chegando-se à conclusão de que tais depósitos representam um ativo intangível, identificável em separado e passível de registro contábil. O registro contábil desse ativo intangível nas demonstrações contábeis utilizadas para fins de publicação é atualmente possível somente quando a instituição depositária tiver sido objeto de compra por outra entidade. Caso isso não tenha ocorrido, alternativamente pode-se fazer uso do ativo intangível para fins de controle gerencial. O trabalho também apresenta um caso real de avaliação dos depósitos estáveis como forma de corroborar a possibilidade de identificação e avaliação do ativo intangível decorrente desses depósitos. / The main objective of the present work is to demonstrate that a part of the depository base of financial institutions that make use of (time and demand) deposits as a source of funding for their activities, which is identified by stable deposits, represents an intangible asset of the depositary institution. When its specific identification is possible, this intangible asset, which results from the stable deposits, explains a part of the goodwill of the depositary institution, considering that goodwill is a residual asset that mainly depends on the valuation of the company as a whole. As the value of goodwill is determined by the difference between the fair value of the entity as a whole, that is, as a unique asset in a going concern, and the algebraic sum of the fair values of the entity’s identifiable net assets, to the extent that new assets are identified, which were not recorded before, the nature of goodwill is explained and its value attribution is enhanced. Hence, the identification of another intangible asset in the financial institutions implies the identification of new parts of the goodwill, which incorporated this intangible asset before the identification of the intangible asset, as well as the explanation of the economic nature of goodwill. To achieve this goal, the economic and accounting characteristics of assets, intangible assets and goodwill were compared to the economic and accounting characteristics of the stable deposits, which led to the conclusion that those deposits represent an intangible asset, which can be identified separately and can be registered in the accounting records. The accounting record of this intangible asset in the financial statements, which are used for publication, is only possible nowadays when the depositary institution has been the target of a purchase by another entity. In case this has not happened, the intangible asset can alternatively be used for management control. The present work also presents a real case of stable deposit valuation, so as to corroborate the possibility of identification and valuation of intangibles resulting from the stable deposits.

Sedan år 2005 har det varit obligatoriskt för börsnoterade företag i EU att följa den internationella redovisningsstandarden IFRS 3 vid företagsförvärv. Vid ett företagsförvärv ska förvärvaren allokera kostnaden för förvärvet genom att först värdera de materiella tillgångarna till verkligt värde, sedan de immateriella tillgångarna och till sist allokera det som eventuellt blir över till goodwill. Att identifiera immateriella tillgångar och därmed skilja dem från goodwill anses vara en svår och komplex uppgift. Företagen har kritiserats för att generellt undervärdera immateriella tillgångar och övervärdera goodwill vid företagsförvärv, för att inte lämna tillräcklig information om hur de kommit fram till goodwillbeloppet och för att inte ta uppgiften att identifiera immateriella tillgångar på allvar. Om denna kritik är riktig, vilket mycket talar för, innebär det rimligen att företagsledningarna har ett intresse av att övervärdera goodwill. Detta intresse kan vara helt oegennyttigt, och enbart för företagets bästa, men det kan också vara egennyttigt. Två teorier som utgår från att företagsledningen agerar egennyttigt, och försöker maximera sin egennytta, är Principal/Agent-teorin och Positive Accounting Theory (PAT). Eftersom övervärdering av goodwill relativt immateriella tillgångar är ett sätt att driva upp resultatet, vilket anses gynna företagsledningen, är det intressant att undersöka om dessa båda teorier kan erbjuda förklaringar till övervärderingen av goodwill. Denna studie försöker bringa klarhet i vilken av dessa två teorier som bäst förklarar hur IFRS 3 tillämpas i praktiken, vad avser den relativa fördelningen mellan goodwill och immateriella tillgångar. Vi studerar hur alla förvärvande företag på Stockholmsbörsen år 2010 har gjort fördelningen, och gör regressionsanalyser för att bedöma om det finns något samband mellan den relativa fördelningen och företagens storlek och skuldsättningsgrad, två faktorer som är centrala för företagsledningens beteende enligt såväl PAT som Principal/Agent-teorin. Sammanfattningsvis går det inte att styrka något sådant samband, varken till stöd för PAT eller för Principal/Agent-teorin. Det är intressant, eftersom flera tycker sig se ett samband, men kanske inte förvånande, eftersom PAT och Principal/Agent-teorin motsäger varandra helt i frågan om sambanden är positiva eller negativa. Vi har dock svaga indikationer på att PAT kanske förklarar bättre hur IFRS 3 tillämpas på mycket stora företag, medan Principal/Agent-teorin kanske kan förklara bättre upp till en viss storleksgräns.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effect of two specific external, to the principal-agent relationship, influences on executive pay practices in the UK, namely pay consultants and the introduction of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The thesis consists of three essays. In the first essay, I examine the role of pay consultants in UK CEO pay practices. The results illustrate that their role is not consistent with the predictions of the managerial power theory. More specifically, pay consultants do not try to help managers towards the expropriation of shareholders' wealth; on the contrary I show strong indications that pay consultants urge firms towards the adoption of more incentive based CEO compensation. Moreover, I report that economic characteristics (e.g. firm size, complexity of the contract) rather than CEO power explain the firm's choice to hire a compensation consultant. These results are robust to selection bias controls. The results of this essay indicate that pay consultants play a less "sinister" role than what the managerial power theory suggests and that their advice and expertise can assist firms design an optimal executive pay contract. In the second essay, I examine the existence of managerial opportunism at the switch from UK GAAP to IFRS. I find strong indications that the restatements from UK GAAP to IFRS have not been manipulated by managers. I examine the existence of such behaviour under different specifications and for different types of CEOs that one would expect to engage in opportunistic behaviour to maximise the expected personal wealth. The research design that I adopt makes the results less prone to methodological issues common in studies in this area. Positive Accounting Theory literature has established that managerial opportunism seriously affects accounting choice. The results of this essay imply that with respect to IFRS restatements, where managers had strong incentives to manage future earnings, I find no signs of manipulation. This essay thus puts into question the Positive Accounting Theory Paradigm. In the third essay, I examine the effect of IFRS on the use of performance measures for evaluating and rewarding managers. This essay illustrates that firms make less use of accounting based performance measures due to the introduction of IFRS. I explain these results based on the predictions of optimal contacting theory. I claim that IFRS adds unnecessary "noise" to accounting numbers not relevant to the managers' actions. This is mainly due to the adoption of "fair value" accounting, which makes accounting earnings more value relevant and therefore useful for firm valuation purposes; however, "fair value" accounting also makes accounting numbers more volatile and sensitive to market movements. If this increase in volatility is related to events outside the managers' control, this makes the use of accounting based performance measures less useful for evaluating and rewarding managers. The results of this essay imply that IFRS might have made accounting earnings more useful for stock market purposes, e.g. firm valuation, but this has happened at the expense of other purposes that accounting serves, e.g. contracting.

A tese investiga controle gerencial como prática social e organizacional a partir de três paradigmas de pesquisa. Foi realizada etnografia em empresa brasileira, utilizando-se de shadowing, teoria fundamentada, entrevistas, observação, análise retórica, de documentos e visuais. No paradigma neofuncionalista, desenvolve teoria fundamentada construcionista para entender como controles sociotécnicos interagem com socioideológicos. Apesar de possuir tecnologias sociotécnicas, tais como \"custeio baseado em atividades\", \"balanced scorecard\", \"orçamento empresarial\", \"planejamento\", elas não são utilizadas como previsto na literatura gerencialista. Ao invés disso, formas sutis de controles socioideológicos, como retórica, políticas de recrutamento, controles sociais, liderança carismática, combinadas com tecnologia de controle híbrida desenvolvida pela empresa, fazem com que funcionários avaliem, implicitamente, custos e viabilidade econômica de suas ações. Essa tecnologia foi apresentada, inicialmente, como ferramenta de inovação, mas no estudo revelou-se como um controle totalizante, mais rígido do que os existentes na literatura. O papel gerencial da contabilidade é fornecido pela demonstração de resultados societária sintética para análise da participação nos lucros. Desse modo, controles socioideológicos substituem contabilidade gerencial. Desenvolveram-se três categorias conceituais para explicação dos achados: equifinalidade de custos e gestão econômica, tecnologia de controle híbrida e estruturas de consciência econômica. Os paradigmas remanescentes estudam a tecnologia híbrida. No interpretativista, a teoria da prática de Schatzki, investiga como funcionários realizam as práticas, identificando-se aprendizado, arranjos, memórias, regras e direcionamento para a ação. No crítico, o paradigma pós-estruturalista analisa política, história, instituições, poder e conflito, com a teoria pós-estruturalista do discurso de Laclau e Mouffe, baseada em psicanálise lacaniana, linguística, ideologia, estruturalismo, desconstrução, genealogia e teoria crítica. Através da lógica da explicação crítica de Glynos e Howarth, desenvolvem-se três grupos de lógicas. Nas lógicas políticas, identifica-se como a empresa converteu um canal de comunicação na década de 1980, em tecnologia de controle nos anos 2000. Desenvolve-se o conceito de instituições políticas de controle, para relatar o cenário político, macroeconômico, institucional e regulatório do Brasil entre 1980 a 2010. Identificou-se sua relação com controle gerencial e como gestores utilizaram discursos universais como \"qualidade\" e \"inovação\", em ações para legitimar a tecnologia híbrida, tornando-os significantes vazios. Nas lógicas sociais, emergiram as lógicas da coletividade, produtividade criativa, controle descentrado, competição e econômica. Nas lógicas fantasmáticas, as fantasias do consumo, fetiche dos prêmios, modismos gerenciais, do herói, família, cuidados e atenção pelos superiores explicam o porquê da tecnologia ser bem-sucedida. Ao final, realiza-se intertextualidade entre paradigmas. O trabalho acrescenta à literatura internacional lacunas de abordagens institucionais e da prática, como a teorização do sujeito e o relacionamento entre universal e particular, introduzindo novas tipologias e questionando a capacidade destas abordagens de explicar processo. Além disso, adiciona conceitos à literatura e contesta pesquisas anteriores sobre o tema. Contribui com a pesquisa no Brasil, discutindo paradigmas alternativos ao positivismo e funcionalismo, permitindo o desenvolvimento de linhas de pesquisa. Os conceitos e categorias gerados possibilitam generalização teórica a partir da noção de \"semelhanças de família\" de Wittgeinstein. Desenvolvem-se três tipologias para pesquisas. O estudo demonstra a necessidade da academia se engajar em debate crítico sobre modismos gerenciais, teoria da contabilidade gerencial, gerencialismo dos livros-textos e aspectos humanos e sociais da contabilidade. / The thesis investigates management control as social and organizational practice from three paradigms of research. Ethnography in a Brazilian company was carried out by using shadowing, grounded theory, interviews, observation, rhetoric analysis, documents and visual analysis. In the neo-functionalist paradigm develops grounded theory on constructionist in order to understand how socio-technical controls interact with socio-ideological. Despite having socio-technical technologies, such as \"activity-based costing\", \"balanced scorecard\", \"budget\", \"strategic planning\", which are not used as provided in managerial literature. Instead, subtle forms of socio-ideological controls, like rhetoric, recruiting policies, social controls, charismatic leadership, aligned with technology of hybrid control developed by company, enables employees to evaluate implicitly costs and economic feasibility of their actions. This technology was first introduced as an innovation tool; nevertheless, no study has revealed as a totalizing control, more rigid than the ones existing in literature. The management role of accounting is given by corporate statements results summarized for the analysis of participation over profits. Thus, socio-ideological controls replace management accounting. Three conceptual categories were developed to explain the research findings: equifinality of costs and economic management, hybrid control technology and structures of economic consciousness. The remaining paradigms study the hybrid technology. In the interpretivist paradigm, the theory of Schatzki´s practice investigates how employees perform the practices, by identifying the learning, arrangements, memories, rules and guidance for action. In the critical, the post-structuralist paradigm analysis political, historical, institutions, power and conflict with the post-structuralist discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe, based on Lacan´s psychoanalysis, linguistics, structuralism, deconstruction, genealogy and critical theory. Three groups of logics were developed through the logic of Glynos and Howarth critical explanation. In the political logics, it is possible to identify how a company converted a channel of communication in the 1980s into technology of control in the 2000s. The concept of political institutions of control is being developed, as to relate to political, macroeconomics, institutional and regulatory Brazilian scenario between 1980 to 2010. Its relation with management control was identified and, as managers, used universal discourses such as \"quality\" and \"innovation\", in actions to legitimate the hybrid technology, turning them significantly without meaning. In social logics, the logics of collectivity, creative productivity, decentralized control, competition and economic came up. In the fantasmatic logics, consume fantasy, awards fetishes, management fashions, of the hero, family, care and attention by the superiors explain the reason why technology is well-succeed. Summarizing, intertextuality among paradigms is accomplished. The thesis also adds to international literature gaps of institutional and practice approaches, such as theorization of the subject and the relationship between universal and particular, introducing new typologies and questioning the capacity of those process explanation approaches. Besides that, it adds up the concepts to literature and challenges previous studies on the subject. It contributes with the research in Brazil, discussing alternative paradigms to positivism and functionalism, allowing the development of research lines. The concepts and categories generated enable theoretical generalization from the notion of \"family resemblances\" of Wittgeinstein. Three typologies for researches are developed. The study illustrates the need of the academia to engage in a critical debate about management fashions, theory of management accounting, the managerialism of textbooks as well as social and human aspects of the accounting.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal demonstrar que parcela da base de depositantes de instituições financeiras que se utilizam de depósitos (a prazo e a vista) como fonte de financiamento das suas atividades, identificada pelos depósitos estáveis, representa um ativo intangível da instituição depositária. Esse ativo intangível decorrente dos depósitos estáveis, quando passível de identificação específica, explica parte do goodwill da instituição depositária, pelo fato do goodwill ser um ativo residual dependente principalmente da avaliação da empresa como um todo. Sendo o valor do goodwill determinado pela diferença entre o fair value da entidade como um todo, como um ativo único em continuidade, e a soma algébrica dos fair values dos ativos líquidos identificáveis dessa entidade, à medida que novos ativos antes não contabilizados são identificados, está-se explicado a natureza do goodwill, assim como está-se auxiliando na sua atribuição de valor. Portanto a identificação de mais um ativo intangível das instituições financeiras implica na identificação de parcelas componentes do goodwill, que englobava esse ativo intangível antes da identificação do ativo intangível, assim como também implica na explicação econômica de parte do goodwill. Para que o objetivo pudesse ser alcançado, comparou-se as características econômicas e contábeis dos ativos, dos ativos intangíveis e do goodwill com as características econômicas e contábeis dos depósitos estáveis, chegando-se à conclusão de que tais depósitos representam um ativo intangível, identificável em separado e passível de registro contábil. O registro contábil desse ativo intangível nas demonstrações contábeis utilizadas para fins de publicação é atualmente possível somente quando a instituição depositária tiver sido objeto de compra por outra entidade. Caso isso não tenha ocorrido, alternativamente pode-se fazer uso do ativo intangível para fins de controle gerencial. O trabalho também apresenta um caso real de avaliação dos depósitos estáveis como forma de corroborar a possibilidade de identificação e avaliação do ativo intangível decorrente desses depósitos. / The main objective of the present work is to demonstrate that a part of the depository base of financial institutions that make use of (time and demand) deposits as a source of funding for their activities, which is identified by stable deposits, represents an intangible asset of the depositary institution. When its specific identification is possible, this intangible asset, which results from the stable deposits, explains a part of the goodwill of the depositary institution, considering that goodwill is a residual asset that mainly depends on the valuation of the company as a whole. As the value of goodwill is determined by the difference between the fair value of the entity as a whole, that is, as a unique asset in a going concern, and the algebraic sum of the fair values of the entity’s identifiable net assets, to the extent that new assets are identified, which were not recorded before, the nature of goodwill is explained and its value attribution is enhanced. Hence, the identification of another intangible asset in the financial institutions implies the identification of new parts of the goodwill, which incorporated this intangible asset before the identification of the intangible asset, as well as the explanation of the economic nature of goodwill. To achieve this goal, the economic and accounting characteristics of assets, intangible assets and goodwill were compared to the economic and accounting characteristics of the stable deposits, which led to the conclusion that those deposits represent an intangible asset, which can be identified separately and can be registered in the accounting records. The accounting record of this intangible asset in the financial statements, which are used for publication, is only possible nowadays when the depositary institution has been the target of a purchase by another entity. In case this has not happened, the intangible asset can alternatively be used for management control. The present work also presents a real case of stable deposit valuation, so as to corroborate the possibility of identification and valuation of intangibles resulting from the stable deposits.