Please read the abstract on pp342-345 (11summary) of this document / Thesis (D Com (Accounting Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Accounting / unrestricted

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我國金融商品之推出一直面臨著賦稅課徵之挑戰，也因而引起徵納雙方之爭議，使得資本市場之流動性受到影響。是以，新金融商品分割債券之推行，其賦稅課徵之合理性及公平性與否，亦會重大影響債券市場之效益。然而國內學者對於分割債券的研究相當少，主要是聚焦於我國制度的介紹及分割前後之附息債券與零息債券課稅方式之差異；國外學者則發現課稅方式的改變使得分割公債交易有巨額成長（Livingston and Gregory, 1989），以及交易方式及課稅方式之差異使得債券分割前後產生套利空間，導致市場無效率（Halpern and Rumsey, 2000）。 　　因此本研究主要係探討台灣分割債券現行賦稅規範，並探討其與利率連動之結構型債券商品，以及其與債券市場效率之相互影響。本研究以參考國外分割債券課稅方式，及引用財會理論及租稅理論為分析原則，且輔以我國最高行政法院及高等行政法院實際案例，探討其賦稅課徵的公平性及合理性；並依據所探討之問題提出建議以供稅務主管機關參考。 / We have been facing the taxation challenge while every new financial product comes out to market. In that case, we find the disputations between tax collector and taxpayer, which also affect the liquidity of the capital market. Similar to the existing disagreements of the taxation for financial instruments, stripped bonds also have same problems and we could see how important it is to evaluate the rationality and fairness. However, prior local researchers on stripped bonds did not focus a lot about its taxation problems. Still, they found the different taxation after the bond is stripped, which may cause some unfair treatments between the coupon bonds and the zero-coupon bonds. On the other hand, the prior foreign studies found out the transaction amount of the stripped treasury bonds increased (Livingston and Gregory, 1989) and market efficiency occurred (Halpern and Rumsey, 2000) when they differentiated the taxation between the coupon bonds and the zero-coupon bonds 　　The main purposes of this research are to study the current regulations of stripped bonds in our country, find out the problems in practical operations, connect the linkage with stripped bonds and structured bonds and realize what is the effect brought to the bond market. For the mentioned purposes, we refer to foreign documents, apply both accounting and tax theories to be our main principles, and review some practical law cases from our high and supreme administrative courts while evaluating the rationality and fairness of stripped bond taxation. Therefore we could provide a reference for the authority in determining the future tax regulations.

För att uppnå harmonisering och skapa en överenstämmelse av redovisningsstandarder i de europeiska länderna beslutade Europaparlamentet år 2002 att tillämpa IASB standarder. IFRS blev ett obligatoriskt regelverk för börsnoterade företag inom EU från och med januari 2005. Upprättandet av finansiella rapporter enligt ett gemensamt och internationellt accepterat regelverk skulle underlätta för investerare att värdera företag i olika länder. Införandet av IFRS 2005 har inneburit att goodwill och andra immateriella tillgångar inte längre skulle skrivas av utan istället årligen testas för nedskrivningsbehov, enligt IAS 36. Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns svårigheter med implementeringen av IAS 36 sedan IFRS har antagits som regelverk för börsnoterade företag inom EU. Det finns inga särskilda regler för hur företagen bör göra när de prövar goodwill för nedskrivningen, vilket gör att företagsledningen får större möjligheter att påverka nedskrivningen av goodwill. Syftet med denna studie är identifiera faktorer som påverkar goodwillnedskrivningar i svenska börsnoterade bolag inom IT- och telekombranschen. En kvantitativ metod och en deduktiv ansats har använts i denna studie. Datainsamlingen baserades på årsredovisningar från börsnoterade företag inom IT- och telekombranschen på Stockholmsbörsen OMX NASDAQ under perioden 2009–2015. Studiens resultat har visat att det finns ett signifikant positivt samband mellan byte av verkställande direktör och goodwillnedskrivningar. Detta resultat har visat att det finns incitament hos företagsledningen att agera i eget intresse vid redovisningsval, vilket kan ge en felaktig bild av företagets finansiella ställning. / In order to achieve harmonization and create a conformity of accounting standards in the European countries, the European Parliament in 2002 applied IASB standards and IFRS became mandatory regulations for listed companies in the EU from January 2005. Preparation of financial statements in accordance with a common and internationally accepted regulations would facilitate investors to evaluate companies in different countries. The introduction of IFRS in 2005 has meant that goodwill and other intangible assets are no longer amortized, but instead are tested annually for impairment, in line with IAS 36. Previous research has shown that there are difficulties with the implementation of IAS 36 since IFRS has been adopted as regulations for listed companies within the EU. There are no specific rules on how companies should do when they test goodwill for impairment which provides the management greater opportunities to influence the impairment of goodwill. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting goodwill impairment in Swedish listed companies in the IT- and the telecommunications industry. A quantitative method and deductive approach has been used in this study. Data collection was based on the annual reports of listed companies in the IT- and the telecommunications industry on the Stockholm Stock Exchange, NASDAQ OMX during the period 2009–2015. Studies results have shown that there is a significant positive correlation between the change of CEO and goodwill impairment. This result has shown that there is an incentive for management to act in their own interest at the accounting choices and this can give a misleading picture of the company´s financial position.

Komponentavskrivning är ett relativt nytt redovisningssätt för den offentliga sektorn. 2014 kom Rådet för kommunal redovisning med nya direktiv om att införa komponentavskrivning i de kommunala verksamheterna. Harmonisering har visat sig vara en grund till de nya direktiven, vilket påverkar de svenska kommunerna. Syftet med studien är att försöka identifiera om det finns faktorer som påverkar om en kommun har implementerat komponentavskrivning eller inte. Den teoretiska referensramen, innehållandes av relevanta teorier och begrepp, har hjälpt till att uppnå syftet. Det huvudsakliga metodvalet var att samla in data från årsredovisningar på samtliga 290 kommuner. För att komplettera svaren utfördes en telefonenkät som 57 kommuner svarade på. Resultatet visade att endast ett fåtal faktorer påverkar implementeringen av komponentavskrivning. Något som tydligt påverkar valet att implementering är den fria strukturen och ekonomichefernas eget intresse. Studiens resultat antyder att kommunerna inte följer lagen och det finns indikationer på att alla kommuner inte kommer följa lagen fullt ut i framtiden. Resultatet visade även att det finns en osäkerhet i vad för nytta komponentavskrivning skulle ge. Studien ökar förståelsen kring den offentliga sektorns redovisning med inriktning på hur i vilken utsträckning kommuner har implementerat komponentavskrivning. Enkätundersökningen visade att teorin och praktiken inte överensstämmer med varandra. Studien gav även indikationer på att det finns osäkerhet hos kommunerna vilket bidrar till att de gärna tar lärdom av varandra. Framtida forskning skulle kunna ge djupare kunskaper i varför komponentavskrivning inte har införts. / Component depreciation is a relatively new accounting method for the public sector. 2014, the Swedish Council of Municipal Accounting introduced new directives about component depreciation in municipalities. Harmonization has proved to be the basis for the new directives, which affects the Swedish municipalities. The purpose of the study is to identify if there are factors that affect whether a municipality has implemented component depreciation or not. The theoretical framework, containing relevant accounting theories and concepts, has helped to achieve the purpose. The main methodology was to collect data from annual reports in all 290 municipalities. To complete the answers, a telephone survey was performed, where 57 municipalities responded. The result showed that only few factors affect the implementation of component depreciation. Something that clearly affects the choice of implementation is the accounting choice and the CFOs own interest. The results of this study indicate that municipalities do not comply with the law and there are evidence that all municipalities will not fully comply with the law in the future. The results also showed that there is uncertainty about what benefits component depreciation would provide. The study increases the understanding of the public sector accounting, focusing on in which extent municipalities have implemented component depreciation. The survey showed that the theory and practice did not match. The study provided indications that there are uncertainties in the municipalities, which means they would like to learn from each other. Future research could provide deeper knowledge of why component depreciation has not been introduced.

Bakgrund: Resultatmanipulering inträffar när bolagets ledning väljer att vilseleda intressenterna om bolagets ekonomiska ställning. När revisionsplikten för mindre bolag avskaffades 2010 valde övervägande del av bolagen bort revisor. Trots att forskning visar att revisorns granskning fyller en viktig roll för bolagets intressenter. Detta ledde till behovet av att förklara sambandet mellan resultatmanipulering och revisor. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att förklara sambandet mellan resultatmanipulering och valet att anlita en revisor i mindre bolag. Metod: Denna uppsats är en kvantitativ studie som utgår från en deduktiv ansats. En hypotes har sedan prövas genom våra observationer. Observationerna har samlats in genom årsredovisningar från mindre bolag. En tvärsnittsdesign har använts för att studera resultatmanipulering vid en given tidpunkt. Resultat: Studiens resultat visar att det inte finns något negativt samband mellan resultatmanipulering och revisor i mindre bolag. / Background: Earnings management occur when firm's reported economic performance by insiders to mislead stakeholders. When the mandatory audit was abolished in 2010, the majority of companies chose to not have an auditor. Although research shows that the auditor fulfills an important role for the stakeholders. This led to the need to explain the association between earnings management and auditor. Purpose: The aim of this study to is to explain the relationship between earnings management and the choice to hire an auditor in small limited companies Method: This quantitative study is based on a deductive approach, were we have derived one hypothesis that is tested by our observations. The observations are gathered through annual reports. Cross – sectional design is used to study earnings management at a given time. Results: The results indicate that there is not a significant negative association between the choice of having an auditor and earnings management in small limited companies

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erica Posch de Carvalho Correa.pdf: 6417504 bytes, checksum: 5567a0a340ea2edd2f3b9f337749ba6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-03 / This study aims at evaluating the hypothesis of market efficiency for the private education sector in Brazil. This analysis is based on an evaluation of the return that stocks have over the disclosures of material facts and quarterly results, using the hypothesis of semi-strong informational efficiency of the market, developed by Fama (1970). From historical data of stock prices of four companies listed on the Bovespa Index, it is possible to assess whether this market meets the specific market efficiency requirements of the theory, or on the other hand, it has inefficiencies that market players could use to obtain abnormal returns. We evaluated acquisitions and releases of quarterly results, in order to have an overview of corporate information. The conclusion is that one cannot reject the efficient market hypothesis, as the market reacted to new information published, and the reaction was absorbed by the price of assets, after the event window / Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a hipótese de eficiência de mercado para o setor de educação privada brasileiro. Esta análise está fundamentada na avaliação do retorno que as ações tiveram durante as divulgações de fatos relevantes e resultados trimestrais, utilizando a hipótese semi-forte de eficiência informacional do mercado, elaborada por Fama (1970). A partir de dados históricos do preço das ações de quatro companhias listadas na BOVESPA, é possível avaliar se este mercado em específico atende aos requisitos de eficiência da teoria, ou se, por outro lado, possui ineficiências que os agentes de mercado poderiam se utilizar para obter retornos anormais. Foram avaliadas divulgações de aquisições e de resultados trimestrais, de modo que se tenha um panorama geral de informações das empresas. A conclusão é que não se pode rejeitar a hipótese de mercado eficiente, uma vez que o mercado reagiu às novas informações publicadas, e a reação foi absorvida pelo preço dos ativos, após a janela do evento

Esta tese tem o objetivo principal de demonstrar empiricamente que as companhias abertas brasileiras "gerenciam" os seus resultados contábeis como resposta a estímulos do mercado de capitais. Inicialmente, é elucidado o significado de alguns conceitos, tais como "gerenciamento" dos resultados contábeis e acumulações discricionárias. Discute-se o perfil do mercado de capitais brasileiro e as circunstâncias ambientais nas quais são gerados os relatórios contábeis financeiros das companhias abertas brasileiras, enfatizando-se o papel dos órgãos reguladores e da legislação comercial e tributária. A seguir, depois da revisão da literatura brasileira e estrangeira na área de "gerenciamento" dos resultados contábeis, documentaram-se evidências para as companhias abertas brasileiras do "gerenciamento" dos resultados contábeis para: a) Evitar reportar perdas, b) Sustentar o desempenho recente e c) Reduzir a variabilidade dos resultados. O período de estudo foi os anos entre 1995 e 1999, tendo como base de dados principal a Economática. Empiricamente, foi implementado um modelo de regressão múltipla para estimar as Acumulações Discricionárias, que são proxy do valor discricionariamente alterado dos resultados contábeis. Com base na pesquisa, verificou-se que as empresas brasileiras com resultados muito ruins os manejam de maneira a piorá-los ainda mais, visando melhores resultados no futuro. Em termos de desempenho no mercado, constatou-se que empresas que manejam "artificialmente" os resultados conseguem no curto prazo seduzir os investidores; entretanto, no longo prazo, o mercado identifica o procedimento e essas ações são penalizadas com os piores desempenhos acumulados. Nos apêndices, é estudada a influência da Governança Corporativa e da Auditoria Independente na propensão à prática do "gerenciamento" dos resultados contábeis, bem como é estimado o coeficiente de resposta dos retornos das companhias abertas brasileiras aos resultados contábeis. / This thesis has the main purpose to present empirical evidence that Brazilian public companies practice earnings management as a response to capital market incentives. Initially, some important concepts are elucidated, such as earnings management and discretionary accruals. In addition, specific aspects of Brazilian capital market, as well as its financial reporting environment are briefly discussed. After a literature review in this area of Earnings management, it will be documented evidences that Brazilian public companies manage their earnings to: a) Avoid reporting losses; b) Sustain recent performance and c) Income smoothing. The study period of the empirical analysis is between 1995 and 1999, and the most important source of information is Economática. As part of the research, It was implemented a multiple regression model to estimate discretionary accruals, that are used as proxies for the amount of earnings management. Among several observations, it was verified that Brazilian companies practice big bath accounting, so in case of bad results, the companies manage their earnings to report even worse losses, in order to have better future earnings. In terms of performance in the stock market, it was documented that companies that artificially manage their results, towards income decreasing or income increasing, can fool the market in the short run, but in the long run the investors realize the procedure, and their stocks will underperform the market. In the appendixes of this thesis some factors that can reduce earnings management are discussed, such as Corporate Governance and Independent Auditing. Other short analysis is the estimation of the earnings response coefficient for Brazilian public companies.

Mit zunehmender Globalisierung wird es für deutsche Unternehmen als notwendig angesehen, deutsches Bilanzrecht zu Gunsten internationaler Regeln aufzugeben, um Zugang zu den internationalen Kapitalmärkten zu erhalten. Aber ist das deutsche Bilanzrecht tatsächlich schlechter als internationale Bilanzierungsstandards und sollte es demzufolge an diese ange-paßt werden? Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wird versucht, die Ökonomische Theorie des Rechts auf Bilanzierungsregeln anzuwenden, wobei § 249 HGB als typisches Beispiel dient. Es wird ein einfaches Unternehmensmodell in einer neo-institutionalistischen Welt eingeführt, dessen Schwerpunkt auf den Finanzierungsbeziehungen der Unternehmung liegt. Es wird unter-schieden zwischen den finanziellen Beziehungen der Anteilseigner, die das Unternehmen gegründet haben, den Beziehungen zwischen gegenwärtigen und potentiellen Anteilseignern und schließlich der Beziehung von Unternehmung und Banken. Während traditionelle Bilanztheorien oder -ansätze nicht einmal geeignet sind, den § 249 HGB in seiner Gesamtheit zu erklären, gelingt es den neueren Ansätze, die Agency Theorie bzw. die Theorie des Marktver-sagens mit Bilanztheorien verbinden, die Funktionen des § 249 HGB in einzelnen finanziellen Beziehungen zu erklären. Jedoch ist keiner dieser Ansätze in der Lage, die Funktionen des § 249 HGB in allen Beziehungen des Modells auf einmal zu erklären. Durch Anwendung der jüngst entwickelten Neuen Institutionenökonomie, die verschiedene Ansätze miteinander verbindet, gelingt es unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ökono-mischen Vertragstheorie alle finanziellen Beziehungen in der Unternehmung und zwischen der Unternehmung und den Finanzmärkten als Verträge zu interpretieren. Dadurch erhalten juristisches Denken und Bilanztheorien einen gemeinsamen Nenner. Verschiedene Ansätze können zu einem umfassenden System verknüpft werden, in welchem die Funktionen des § 249 HGB in den verschie-denen finanziellen Beziehungen positiv analysiert werden können. Die positive Analyse beantwortet jedoch nicht die Frage wie Bilanzierungsregeln ausgestaltet sein sollten. An dieser Stelle kann die Konstitu-tionenökonomie das fehlende Bindeglied darstellen. Sie faßt sämtliche Beziehungen als Ergebnis individueller Verträge zwischen Individuen auf. Alle Regeln können dann normativ analysiert werden, indem gefragt wird, ob sich die Betroffenen für oder gegen die Regel ausgesprochen hätten, wenn sie vorher gefragt worden wären. Hätten sie sich für eine Regel entschieden, dann dient diese Regel ihren Interessen. Ist mehr Wissen verfügbar, kann die Befragung wiederholt werden, und das Ergebnis kann sich zugunsten einer besseren Regel ändern. Es wird als ausreichend angesehen, wenn sich die Betroffenen freiwillig auf abstrakte Regeln einigen, wie die Verfassung. Vergleicht man den Gesellschaftsvertrag, den die Unternehmensgründer schließen, mit der Verfassung, läßt sich zeigen, daß Unterneh-mensgründer unter bestimmten Umständen freiwillig bereit wären, sich auf Regeln wie den § 249 HGB zu einigen. Ob die Einigung zustande kommt, hängt davon ab, wie die Unternehmung finanziert werden soll. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, daß die Besonderheiten des deutschen Bilanzrechts, die der § 249 HGB repräsentiert, nicht einfach aufgegeben werden sollten, nur um Forderungen internationaler Märkte zu folgen. Für bestimmte Unternehmen erfüllen deut-sche Bilanzierungsstandards ihren Zweck und sollten für diese als Option erhalten bleiben. / With the world turning into a global village it is generally considered necessary for German companies to abandon German accounting rules in favor of international standards in order to access money markets. But is German accounting law as laid down in the Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB) really inferior to international standards and should it consequently be adjusted to international rules? To answer these questions it is attempted to apply economic theory of law to accounting rules, using § 249 HGB as a typical example. To this purpose a simple business model in a in a neo-institutional world is introduced where the emphasis is put on different kinds of financial relations. A distinction is made between the financial relations between the shareholders that founded the company, the financial relations between new shareholders and the founders of the company and finally the relationship between the company and banks financing the business. Whereas traditional accounting theories or approaches even fail to fully explain the set of rules put down in § 249 HGB, newer approaches combining agency theory and/or the theory of market failure with accounting theory are able to explain the function of § 249 HGB in one financial relation at a time. However, none of these approaches is applicable to all financial relations as depicted in the model. Using new institutional economics, a recently developed theory combining different other approaches in economics, and putting the emphasis on (economic) contract theory, it is possible to understand all financial relations within a company as well as the financial relations between a company and the money markets as contracts. This way legal thinking and newer accounting theories have a common denominator. Different approaches can be combined to form a comprehensive system. Within this system the functions of § 249 HGB in the model´s different financial relations can be positively analyzed. However, positive analysis does not provide the answer to the question of how German accounting rules should be. This is where constitutional economics may provide the missing link. Constitutional economics interpret all kinds of relationships as individual contracts between human beings. Then any given rule can be normatively analyzed by simply asking the people if they would have voted for or against the rule if they had been asked in advance. If they had voted for the rule then the rule is made the way it serves peoples´ interests best. However, if more knowledge is available the questioning can be repeated and the outcome may change in favor of better rules. It is considered sufficient that people voluntarily agree to a rule on a very abstract level, e.g. to the constitution. If the contract the founders of a company have to agree to is compared to the constitution, it can be shown that the founders of the company might under certain circumstances voluntarily agree to the rules as they are laid down in § 249 HGB. If agreement can be reached depends on the financial plans they have for the company. Therefore it can be concluded that specifics of German accounting law as represented in § 249 HGB should not simply be given up to follow the demands of the international money markets. For certain classes of companies German accounting rules serve their purpose and should at least be kept as an option for these companies.

本研究先探討各種廣告費用會計處理之理論基礎（即：選擇性資本化、全部資本化、全部費用化）及其對財務報表及財務比率之影響（以統一企業公司之財務資料為例），並簡介美國之廣告費用會計處理的沿革及美國會計師協會(AICPA)之會計準則理事會(AcSEC)在1994年12月29日發布之SOP No. 93－7，Reporting on Advertising Costs，再以實證方式來研究目前國內廣告費用之會計處理有無不妥之處。研究主題如下： 　　1.廣告支出是否具有經濟效益？ 　　2.廣告支出對銷貨收入之影響是否具有遞延效果？ 　　3.廣告支出的遞延效果之持續期間大約有多久？ 　　資料年份（期間）從民國75年1月1日到民國82年12月31日止之上市公司半年報財務資料，共計十六期。本研究以第ｔ期之銷貨收入為因變數，以第ｔ期到第ｔ-ｎ期之廣告費用為自變數，即視銷貨收入為廣告費用之函數。樣本選取標準為民國75年1月1日到民國82年12月31日止，上市公司半年報之全部銷貨收入及廣告費用。 　　本研究之實證結果彙總如下： 　　1.廣告支出之多寡為行業特性之表徵。 　　2.廣告費用具有經濟效益。 　　3.廣告費用對銷貨收入具有遞延之影響力。 　　4.就全體上市公司自75年到82年之財務資料而言，廣告費用並不是構成及解釋銷貨收入之重要因素；但就食品業而言，廣告費用是行業特性之表徵，而在「續繼經營」與「企業在可預見的未來將持續地廣告」的兩個假設下其對銷貨收入之影響力約為二到三期（一年到一年半）。