Darbe analizuojamos moterų galimybės švietime. Empirinio tyrimo pagalba siekiama atsakyti į klausimus: ar karjeros galimybes įtakoja asmens lytis? Ar švietimas laikomas specifine sritimi, kurioje moterims sudarytos labiau (menkiau) palankios galimybės siekti karjeros? Tyrimą aktualizuoja pastaruoju metu itin opus lygių lyčių galimybių klausimas. Nors tarptautiniai ir teisės aktai deklaruoja lygias lyčių galimybes, visgi Lietuvoje išlieka lyčių atskirties problema. Nežiūrint į tai, kad moterų išsilavinimo rodikliai didesni, labai aukšto išsilavinimo moterys retai pasiekia mokslo aukštumų. Taip pat egzistuoja profesinių veiklos sričių skirstymas į tradiciškai moteriškas ir vyriškas. Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti, kaip moterys vertina galimybes švietime, identifikuoti svarbiausias problemas. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad mažiau nei pusė rezpondenčių laiko, kad moterys turi vienodas galimybes siekti karjeros visose srityse. Tai rodo gana didelius socialinės atskirties rodiklius, moterų skeptišką požiūrį į savo galimybes ar nepasitikėjimą savo jėgomis. Beveik ketvirtadalis respondenčių darbe patyrusios diskriminaciją dėl lyties. Respondenčių dauguma (60 proc.) švietimą išskiria kaip labiau ar labiausiai palankią moterų karjerai realizuoti. Beveik pusė respondenčių nurodė egzistuojant tradiciškai moteriškas ir vyriškas profesijas, prie pirmųjų dažniausiai priskiriamas švietimas, prie antrųjų - politika. Tokia padėtis neabejotinai sąlygoja būtinybę visuomenėje optimizuoti lyčių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This paper is conserned with women‘s opportunities in the education. With the help of empirical research it is tried to answer the question if the sex of a person effects caree opportunities. Also, there is a question if education is more or less beneficial sphere for women to achieve caree. The problem of equal rights for both sexes is very urgent nowadays. Although international legitimate acts regulate equal rights for both sexes, it is still a problem in Lithuania. Despite the fact that education of women is better, those with the highest results do not achieve the top of caree in science. There is also a devision between male and female jobs. The aim of the research is to reveal how women evaluate their opportunities in Education ,also, to identify the most urgent problems. The results of the research show that less than half of respondents think that women have the same opportunities for caree prospects in every sphere of life. It can be proved by social separation mark, female sceptical attitude towards caree prospects and self – inconfidence. Almost ¼ of respondents experienced descrimination at work. The majority of respondents 60 per cent assume than education is more beneficial sphere for them. Half of the respondents assume that there is a devision between male and female professions. The most female sphere is education and the most male sphere is politics , according to the respondents. This situation causes necessity to optimise realisation of equal rights... [to full text]

O objeto da dissertação é o estudo de uma classificação das obrigações entre aquelas de meios e as de resultado, as primeiras obrigando o devedor a uma prestação de diligência, as segundas, à realização de uma vantagem para o credor, sem o que não haveria o devedor de exonerar-se. Um estudo histórico abre o trabalho, pesquisando os antecedentes remotos da distinção, até a sua consagração, no Traité de René Demogue, o que tornou famosa a distinção que passou a gerar profundas discussões doutrinárias na França e no resto do mundo. São também tratados os antecedentes mais recentes, o contexto histórico do surgimento da classificação e sua evolução sucessiva, tanto na França quanto em outros países, para, enumeradas algumas das muitas dificuldades envolvidas no estudo do tema, ainda hoje severamente combatido, pesquisar-se, do ponto de vista da estrutura do vínculo obrigacional, como esta classificação se relaciona com a prestação devida. Assim, acredita-se, seria possível dizer se, uma vez que todo vínculo obrigacional surge tendo em vista um resultado, a prestação obrigacional admite uma distinção entre aquelas que implicam uma atividade do devedor limitada por sua diligência (obrigação de meios) e aquelas que somente conduzem a obrigação a seu termo mediante cumprimento uma vez realizado um resultado, ou seja, desde que produzido um benefício específico para o credor (obrigações de resultado). / The purpose of the dissertation is to study the classification of obligations in the ones so called best efforts duty and those referred to as duty to achieve a result, the first imposing to the debtor the duty to act diligently, the second attain a certain benefit to the creditor, without which the debtor would never be exonerated. A historical study initiates the dissertation with the research of the remote antecedents of such classification until its public recognition through the Traité written by René Demogue, which brought it great fame and created deep debates both in France and throughout the world. The recent antecedents of the classification are also pointed out, the historical context of its emergence and successive evolution in France and in other countries, to, after listing some of the many difficulties involved in the study of such subject, strongly criticized even nowadays, research through the scope of the legal relationship how the classification would relate with the duties imposed to the debtor. In doing so, it is believed to be possible to say, since every legal duty emerges to accomplish a certain objective, if would be possible to admit a distinction between duties that imply a conduct limited by diligence (best efforts duty) and those that would only be extinguished by the fulfillment of its purpose, in other words, since a specific result is produce and delivered to the creditor (duty to achieve a result).

Design philosophies in MMOs seem to have seen a shift in recent years. What used to be designs for social dependencies and challenging content seems to have become designs for social independence and casual play. This has not gone by unnoticed by communities of players that have gradually increased in size, hoping to find regression in design philosophies for their favorite games. This study combines the social component of Yee’s (2006) model for motivations for online play with Bradner’s (2001) concept of social affordances, and quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews in order to examine how the social player experience in World of Warcraft has changed in relation to changes made to the game. Some of the findings are that the incentives and necessity for socializing with strangers in the game has generally diminished as a consequence of changes made in the game that focus on practical efficiency. External factors that seems to have played a role in these results are age, technological contexts and life contexts of the respondents.

Envy is a negative, destructive phenomenon for personality and team relations. However, the most controversial question of the stimulating function of envy, which is the motivation for success and competition. As a result, we found a lack of correlation between types of envy and the motivation to achieve / avoid failure, as well as competition. It is noted that the types of envy almost do not differ in the manifestation of aggressiveness and hostility. The hypothesis that envious people tend to experience a motivational conflict as a typical trait has not been confirmed, as well as the assumption that envious people are prone to risk for the sake of what is desired. We revealed the features of aggressive and conflict behavior on the way to the successful result of envious and unenvious students. / Зависть является негативным, разрушительным явлением для личности и ее отношений в коллективе. Однако наиболее спорным остается вопрос о стимулирующей функции зависти, которая заключается в побуждении к успеху и соперничеству. В результате проведенной работы было выявлено отсутствие связи между видами зависти и мотивацией достижения/избегания неудач, а также соперничеством. Было отмечено, что виды зависти практически не различаются в проявлении агрессивности и враждебности. Гипотеза о том, что для завистников свойственно переживание мотивационного конфликта в качестве типичной черты, не подтвердилась, как и предположение о том, что завистники склонны к рискованным поступкам ради желаемого. Были выявлены особенности агрессивного и конфликтного поведения на пути к успешному результату завистливых и независтливых студентов.

A distinguishing characteristic of the current world economy is the decline in the number of industrial job opportunities which is also affecting South Mrica. The multi-ethnical and multicultural society of South Africa is also experiencing low economic growth rates, high population growth rates and an unacceptably high unemployment rate. Entrepreneurship currently plays an important role in the successful economies of the world. The small business can make important contributions to economic growth, job creation and social development. For this reason it is important that entrepreneurial behaviour be promoted in South Mrica. In previous research studies, researchers isolated different variables of entrepreneurial behaviour such as the environment, personal characteristics, values and personal background of individuals. Of these variables, only personal characteristics may be manipulated to advance entrepreneurial behaviour. The objectives of this study were to indicate whether certain biographical and demographical factors are related to an individual's behaviour towards the formation of a new enterprise and to indicate whether certain personal characteristics, namely achievement motivation and locus of control, are related to an individual's behaviour in the formation of a new enterprise. It was decided to compare four groups, namely white non-entrepreneurs, black nonentrepreneurs, white entrepreneurs and black entrepreneurs. Three factors of achievement motivation and three factors of locus of control were identified by means of factor analysis, and statistical analyses were done on the four different groups. To establish the above-mentioned relationships, the researcher made use of sophisticated statistical analyses. The following conclusion were drawn from the results: The models of achievement motivation and locus of control seem to predict membership of the group black entrepreneurs better than the group white entrepreneurs. Using the locus of control scales, membership of the group black entrepreneurs can be predicted well. The study revealed that there are differences between black groups and white groups (entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs) in South Africa. It is clear from the present study that there have to be additional factors, other than achievement motivation and locus of control, that influence entrepreneurial behaviour. The ethnic and cultural situation in South Africa also influences entrepreneurial behaviour in this country. / Business Management / D.Com. (Business Management)

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This assignment provides a description of the cognitive, social and emotional developmental tasks of adolescence. In addition a summary of the most prevalent social, emotional and behavioural problems reported during this developmental phase is provided. With this information as a context, a school-based, curricula-integrated prevention programme is then introduced as a possible tool to facilitate the development of positive mental health among adolescents. The programme discussed, namely Programme Achieve (2nd ed.) by Dr. M.E. Bernard of California State University, is unique in its aim to both enhance academic achievement and social-emotional well-being. Programme Achieve (2nd ed.) is based on Bloom's school learning theory, rational-emotive therapy and rationalemotive education and various cognitive-behavioural and socialleaming research findings. With its sound theoretical and research base Programme Achieve (2nd ed.) offers students the opportunity to learn a mindset that will help them develop their full academic, emotional and interpersonal potential. Within the South African "Draft Revised National Curriculum Statement" (2001), provision is made for lessons pertaining to the students' personal development. In response to this, the author explores the suitability of Programme Achieve (2nd ed.) as a means to attain the specific Learner Outcomes and Assessment Standards as specified in the "Draft Revised National Curriculum Statement" (2001). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die werkstuk gee 'n beskrywing van die kognitiewe, sosiale en emosionele ontwikkelingstake kenmerkend van adolessensie. Verder word 'n oorsig gegee van die belangrikste sosiale, emosionele en gedragsprobleme, kenmerkend van hierdie ontwikkelingsfase. Teen hierdie teoretiese agtergrond word 'n skool-uitkoms, kurrikula-geïntegreerde voorkomingsprogram voorgestel as 'n moontlike hulpmiddelom die ontwikkeling van geestesgesondheid onder adolessente te fasiliteer. Programme Achieve (2de ed.) is uniek in sy doelwit om akademiese prestasie sowel as sosiale-emosionele welsyn te bevorder. Programme Achieve (2de ed.) is gebaseer op Bloom se skoolleer teorie, rasioneel-emosionele terapie en rasioneel-emosionele onderrig en verskeie ander kognitiewe gedrags- en sosiale-leer navorsingsbevindinge. Programme Achieve (2de ed.), met sy stewige teoretiese en navorsingsbasis, gee leerders die geleentheid om 'n denkpatroon aan te leer wat hul sal help om hulle volle akademiese, emosionele en interpersoonlike potensiaal te bereik. Voorsiening word in die Suid Afrikaanse "Draft Revised National Curriculum Statement" (200 1) gemaak vir onderrig ten opsigte van leerders se persoonlike ontwikkeling. Met verwysing hierna, word die toepaslikheid van Programme Achieve (2de ed.) ondersoek as 'n middelom spesifieke Leerder-Uitkomste en Evalueringstandaarde, soos vervat in die "Draft Revised National Curriculum Statement" (200 1), te bereik.

A distinguishing characteristic of the current world economy is the decline in the number of industrial job opportunities which is also affecting South Mrica. The multi-ethnical and multicultural society of South Africa is also experiencing low economic growth rates, high population growth rates and an unacceptably high unemployment rate. Entrepreneurship currently plays an important role in the successful economies of the world. The small business can make important contributions to economic growth, job creation and social development. For this reason it is important that entrepreneurial behaviour be promoted in South Mrica. In previous research studies, researchers isolated different variables of entrepreneurial behaviour such as the environment, personal characteristics, values and personal background of individuals. Of these variables, only personal characteristics may be manipulated to advance entrepreneurial behaviour. The objectives of this study were to indicate whether certain biographical and demographical factors are related to an individual's behaviour towards the formation of a new enterprise and to indicate whether certain personal characteristics, namely achievement motivation and locus of control, are related to an individual's behaviour in the formation of a new enterprise. It was decided to compare four groups, namely white non-entrepreneurs, black nonentrepreneurs, white entrepreneurs and black entrepreneurs. Three factors of achievement motivation and three factors of locus of control were identified by means of factor analysis, and statistical analyses were done on the four different groups. To establish the above-mentioned relationships, the researcher made use of sophisticated statistical analyses. The following conclusion were drawn from the results: The models of achievement motivation and locus of control seem to predict membership of the group black entrepreneurs better than the group white entrepreneurs. Using the locus of control scales, membership of the group black entrepreneurs can be predicted well. The study revealed that there are differences between black groups and white groups (entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs) in South Africa. It is clear from the present study that there have to be additional factors, other than achievement motivation and locus of control, that influence entrepreneurial behaviour. The ethnic and cultural situation in South Africa also influences entrepreneurial behaviour in this country. / Business Management / D.Com. (Business Management)

Объектом исследования явилась личностная тревожность. Предметом исследования стала связь личностной тревожности с мотивацией достижения, прокрастинацией и копинг-стратегиями у мужчин и женщин зрелого возраста. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (121 источник) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 120 страниц, на которых размещены 7 рисунков и 12 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также научная новизна исследования. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме тревожности, мотивации достижения, прокрастинации и копинг-стратегий. Представлены разделы, посвященные исследованию связи личностной тревожности с мотивацией достижения, прокрастинацией и копинг-стратегиями у мужчин и женщин зрелого возраста. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: тесту Шкалы личностной тревожности Спилбергера-Ханина (State-Trate Anxiety Inventory, STAI), опроснику «Способы совладающего поведения» Р. Лазаруса и С. Фолкман, опроснику А. А. Реана «Мотивация успеха и боязнь неудачи», тесту Шкалы общей прокрастинации С. H. Lay. Также в главе представлены сравнительный и корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of the study was personal anxiety. The subject of the study was the relationship between personal anxiety and achievement motivation, procrastination and coping strategies in men and women of mature age. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (121 sources) and an appendix that includes the forms of the applied methods. The volume of the master's thesis is 120 pages, which contain 7 figures and 12 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the elaboration of the problematics, the goal and objectives of the research are set, the object and subject of the research are determined, hypotheses are formulated, the methods and empirical base, as well as the scientific novelty of the research, are indicated. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of anxiety, achievement motivation, procrastination, and coping strategies. The sections devoted to the study of the relationship between personal anxiety and achievement motivation, procrastination and coping strategies in men and women of mature age are presented. Conclusions for the first chapter represent the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It presents a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all the methods used: the Spielberger-Hanin Personal Anxiety Scale test (State-Trate Anxiety Inventory, STAI), the Coping Behavior Methods questionnaire R. Lazarus and S. Folkman, A. A. Rean's questionnaire "Motivation for success and fear of failure", the test of the General Procrastination Scale S. H. Lay. The chapter also presents a comparative and correlation analysis of the research results. Conclusions from Chapter 2 include the main findings of the empirical study. In the conclusion, in a generalized form, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for the further development of this problem are described.

Este trabalho procura compreender as práticas e ações dos movimentos de moradia e sem-teto em São Paulo e seus integrantes, na década de 1990, inseridos no contexto do desmanche. Este contexto modificou e transubstanciou as categorias, os diagramas e a forma como os movimentos sociais fazem a experiência e incidem no debate público, alterando os termos da ação política. A experiência circula, mas num campo de encolhimento do possível. A tese pretende mostrar que nesse contexto a política aparece como um excesso. Num contexto de encolhimento do possível a política só pode aparecer necessariamente no seu fundamento, o excesso democrático. A alteração desse contexto demanda uma reinterpretação dos movimentos sociais a partir da leitura das histórias narradas por seus participantes e pelos atores que os circundam. Para empreender a exposição escolhemos três movimentos de moradia e semteto em São Paulo que conformaram suas ações ao longo da década de 1990. A partir das histórias narradas procuramos traçar um mapeamento desses movimentos, suas práticas e os sentidos das nomeações estabelecidas. / This work intends to understand the practices and actions of the social movements which fight for housing projects and the sem-teto and its members in São Paulo, in the 1990 decade, inserted into the deconstruction context. This context has modified and transformed the categories, diagrams and the way which social movements experienced and fell upon public debate, changing terms of political action. The experience spreads, but in a field of possible shrinkage. The thesis intends to show that in this context politics appears as an excess. In a context of the possible shrinkage, politics can only appears necessarily on its principle, the democratic excess. The change of this context demands a re-interpretation of social movements starting from the observation of stories reported by its members and actors that surrounds them. Three movements that fight for housing projects and the sem-teto in São Paulo, which had their actions configured through the 1990 decade, were chosen to explore the thesis. Starting from the reported stories we focus on drawing a mapping of these social movements, its practices and the meanings of the established nominations.

Este trabalho procura compreender as práticas e ações dos movimentos de moradia e sem-teto em São Paulo e seus integrantes, na década de 1990, inseridos no contexto do desmanche. Este contexto modificou e transubstanciou as categorias, os diagramas e a forma como os movimentos sociais fazem a experiência e incidem no debate público, alterando os termos da ação política. A experiência circula, mas num campo de encolhimento do possível. A tese pretende mostrar que nesse contexto a política aparece como um excesso. Num contexto de encolhimento do possível a política só pode aparecer necessariamente no seu fundamento, o excesso democrático. A alteração desse contexto demanda uma reinterpretação dos movimentos sociais a partir da leitura das histórias narradas por seus participantes e pelos atores que os circundam. Para empreender a exposição escolhemos três movimentos de moradia e semteto em São Paulo que conformaram suas ações ao longo da década de 1990. A partir das histórias narradas procuramos traçar um mapeamento desses movimentos, suas práticas e os sentidos das nomeações estabelecidas. / This work intends to understand the practices and actions of the social movements which fight for housing projects and the sem-teto and its members in São Paulo, in the 1990 decade, inserted into the deconstruction context. This context has modified and transformed the categories, diagrams and the way which social movements experienced and fell upon public debate, changing terms of political action. The experience spreads, but in a field of possible shrinkage. The thesis intends to show that in this context politics appears as an excess. In a context of the possible shrinkage, politics can only appears necessarily on its principle, the democratic excess. The change of this context demands a re-interpretation of social movements starting from the observation of stories reported by its members and actors that surrounds them. Three movements that fight for housing projects and the sem-teto in São Paulo, which had their actions configured through the 1990 decade, were chosen to explore the thesis. Starting from the reported stories we focus on drawing a mapping of these social movements, its practices and the meanings of the established nominations.