Much of the scholarly literature on Indigenous media relations frames Indigenous peoples as passive players in the mainstream media, and focuses on negative elements such as stereotypes. This thesis challenges this view, finding that Indigenous peoples in Canada actively and strategically engage with mainstream and social media as they forward their social and political agendas. This thesis provides an analysis of the counter-colonial narrative in Canada by offering a new perspective on Indigenous media relations, focusing as a case on the Idle No More movement. Emphasizing three dimensions of communication--the mainstream print media, social media, and individuals involved in Indigenous media relations--I examine the ways in which Indigenous agency and empowerment have the potential to change discourses in the media. As sources of insight I draw on a discourse analysis of mainstream news media, a qualitative analysis of social media and on interviews with those who have significant experience in Indigenous media relations. Interviews with prominent media personalities and individuals involved in media relations (including CBC’s Duncan McCue and Janet Rogers; Four Host Nations CEO Tewanee Joseph, and others) illustrate the novel and impactful ways indigenous peoples in Canada are actively and strategically shaping the mainstream media. These representations create a more complex picture of Indigenous peoples as they counter the stereotyped or victimized media narratives within which Indigenous peoples have historically been placed. / Graduate / 0327 / 0708 / 0391 / tiahiltz@uvic.ca

Comprendre le mode d’existence de l’organisation est certainement l’un des plus grands défis que se sont donnés les chercheurs qui s’intéressent à ce domaine d’étude. La littérature nous présente ainsi plusieurs images, métaphores et perspectives qui, combinées, dressent un portrait hybride de ce type de collectif. Je propose, dans cette thèse, de reconnaître et exploiter ce caractère hybride de l’organisation en partant d’une réflexion centrée sur l'espace. En m’inspirant particulièrement des travaux de la géographe Doreen Massey (1999, 2005), le concept d'espace auquel je souscris est celui d’un espace ouvert et dynamique (qui incorpore le temps), basé sur une relationalité matérielle et hétérogène, supposant des acteurs humains et non humains en interaction. L'espace peut donc être compris comme la coexistence d’ontologies hétérogènes, ce que Massey (2005) nomme une coexistence de trajectoires comme stories-so-far. Il s’agit ici d’une vision performative de l’espace organisationnel qui est constitué dans la relation de trajectoires distinctes qui coexistent, se rencontrent, s’affectent, entrent en conflit ou coopèrent (Massey, 1999). Je postule que pour assurer une certaine continuité et cohérence dans la coexistence de trajectoires hétérogènes, un travail d’alignement et d’ordonnancement est mis à l’oeuvre, et ce, par le suivi d’une trajectoire principale — ce que je nomme une trajectoire scriptée. Suivre cette trajectoire permet ainsi à l’organisation de s’étendre, de se rendre présente dans le temps et dans l’espace, sans pour autant perdre son identité : to be here and there at the same time, now and then at the same place. À partir de cette définition de l’espace, je propose d’« espacer l’organisation », et plus particulièrement d’« espacer » Explora, un programme d’éducation non formelle du gouvernement du Chili visant la diffusion et la valorisation de la science et de la technologie. Cette proposition est double : elle renvoie aux pratiques d’espacements — des pratiques hybrides, collectives et situées — des agents organisationnels (dans ce cas, aux pratiques des agents d’Explora impliqués dans l’organisation d’un projet, celui de la Semaine de la science 2006),mais aussi à une pratique de recherche. « Espacer l’organisation » veut donc dire déployer ces espaces pleins, déplier l’organisation, accroître la série des simultanéités-successions pour ainsi créer plus d’espace-temps. / To understand the organization’s mode of being is certainly one of the most important challenges faced by researchers who are interested in this field of study. The literature presents several images, metaphors and perspectives which, combined, draw up a hybrid portrait of this type of collective. In this dissertation, I propose to recognize and exploit this hybrid character by starting from a reflection on space. Inspired especially by the work of the geographer Doreen Massey (1999, 2005), the concept of space to which I subscribe is that of an open and dynamic space (which incorporates time), based on a material and heterogeneous relationality, which supposes human and nonhuman actors in interaction. Space can thus be understood as the coexistence of heterogeneous ontologies, what Massey (2005) calls a “coexistence of trajectories as stories-so-far”. It is then a performative vision of organizational space which is constructed through the relation of distinct trajectories that coexist, meet, affect each other, enter in conflict or cooperate (Massey, 1999). I argue that to guarantee a certain form of continuity and coherence in the coexistence of heterogeneous trajectories, a work of alignment and ordering is put at work, and this, by the following-up of a main trajectory — what I call a scripted trajectory. By following this trajectory the organization can then extend itself, making itself present in time and space, without loosing its identity: it can be “here and there at the same time, now and then at the same place.” Starting from this definition of space, I propose to “space the organization,” and more specifically to “space” Explora, a non formal educational program of the Chilean government, which aims to diffuse and promote science and technology. Spacing an organization implies a double proposal: it refers to the spacing practices — hybrid, collective and situated practices — enacted by organizational agents (in this case, Explora’s agents implicated in the organization of a project, that of the Science week 2006), but also to a research practice. “Spacing the organization” consists of deploying these full spaces, unfolding the organization, and increasing the series of simultaneities-successions in order to create more space-time.

La mise en œuvre d’activités de prévention de la consommation de substances psychoactives (SPA) (tabac, alcool et cannabis) en milieu scolaire est une stratégie couramment utilisée pour rejoindre un grand nombre de jeunes. Ces activités s’inspirent, soit de programmes existant, soit d’innovations dictées par le contexte d’implantation ou l’existence de données de recherche. Dans un cas comme dans l’autre, l’évaluation de ces programmes représente la meilleure voie pour mesurer leur efficacité et/ou connaître comment ceux-ci sont implantés. C’est cet impératif qui a motivé une commission scolaire du Québec a recommandé l’évaluation de l’Intervention en Réseau (IR), un programme développé en vue de retarder l’âge d’initiation et de réduire la consommation problématique de SPA chez les élèves. Ce programme adopte une approche novatrice avec pour principal animateur un intervenant pivot (IP) qui assure le suivi des élèves de la 5e année du primaire jusqu’en 3e secondaire. Inspiré des modèles en prévention de la santé et de l’Approche École en santé (AES), le rôle de l’IP ici se démarque de ceux-ci. Certes, il est l’interface entre les différents acteurs impliqués et les élèves mais dans le cadre du programme IR, l’IP est intégré dans les écoles primaires et secondaires qu’il dessert. C’est cet intervenant qui assure la mobilisation des autres acteurs pour la mise en œuvre des activités. Cette thèse vise à rendre compte de ce processus d’évaluation ainsi que des résultats obtenus. L’approche d’évaluation en est une de type participatif et collaboratif avec des données quantitatives et qualitatives recueillies par le biais de questionnaires, d’entrevues, de groupes de discussion, d’un journal de bord et de notes de réunions. Les données ont été analysées dans le cadre de trois articles dont le premier concerne l’étude d’évaluabilité (ÉÉ) du programme. Les participants de cette ÉÉ sont des acteurs-clés du programme (N=13) rencontrés en entrevues. Une analyse documentaire (rapports et journal de bord) a également été effectuée. Cette ÉÉ a permis de clarifier les intentions des initiateurs du programme et les objectifs poursuivis par ces derniers. Elle a également permis de rendre la théorie du programme plus explicite et de développer le modèle logique, deux éléments qui ont facilité les opérations d’évaluation qui ont suivi. Le deuxième article porte sur l’évaluation des processus en utilisant la théorie de l’acteur-réseau (TAR) à travers ses quatre moments du processus de traduction des innovations (la problématisation, l’intéressement, l’enrôlement et la mobilisation des alliés), l’analyse des controverses et du rôle des acteurs humains et non-humains. Après l’analyse des données obtenues par entrevues auprès de 19 informateurs-clés, les résultats montrent que les phases d’implantation du programme passent effectivement par les quatre moments de la TAR, que la gestion des controverses par la négociation et le soutien était nécessaire pour la mobilisation de certains acteurs humains. Cette évaluation des processus a également permis de mettre en évidence le rôle des acteurs non-humains dans le processus d’implantation du programme. Le dernier article concerne une évaluation combinée des effets (volet quantitatif) et des processus (volet qualitatif) du programme. Pour le volet quantitatif, un devis quasi-expérimental a été adopté et les données ont été colligées de façon longitudinale par questionnaires auprès de 901 élèves de 5e et 6e année du primaire et leurs enseignants de 2010 à 2014. L’analyse des données ont montré que le programme n’a pas eu d’effets sur l’accessibilité et les risques perçus, l’usage problématique d’alcool et la polyconsommation (alcool et cannabis) chez les participants. Par contre, les résultats suggèrent que le programme pourrait favoriser la réduction du niveau de consommation et retarder l’âge d’initiation à l’alcool et au cannabis. Ils suggèrent également un effet potentiellement positif du programme sur l’intoxication à l’alcool chez les élèves. Quant au volet qualitatif, il a été réalisé à l’aide d’entrevues avec les intervenants (N=17), de groupes de discussion avec des élèves du secondaire (N=10) et d’une analyse documentaire. Les résultats montrent que le programme bénéficie d’un préjugé favorable de la part des différents acteurs ayant participé à l’évaluation et est bien acceptée par ces derniers. Cependant, le roulement fréquent de personnel et le grand nombre d’écoles à suivre peuvent constituer des obstacles à la bonne marche du programme. En revanche, le leadership et le soutien des directions d’écoles, la collaboration des enseignants, les qualités de l’IP et la flexibilité de la mise en œuvre sont identifiés comme des éléments ayant contribué au succès du programme. Les résultats et leur implication pour les programmes et l’évaluation sont discutés. Enfin, un plan de transfert des connaissances issues de la recherche évaluative est proposé. / Implementation of school-based substance use prevention activities is a widespread strategy to reach out to a significant number of young people. These activities are based either on existing programs or innovations dictated by the context of implantation or the existence of research data. In one case or another, evaluation of these programs is the best way to measure their effectiveness and/or to know how they operate. It is this need that motivated a school board in Quebec to recommend the evaluation of the Intervention Network (IR), a program developed to delay the age of substance use onset and to reduce problematic use of substances among students. This program takes an innovative approach with a patient navigator (PN) as the main implementation actor who keeps track of students from grade 5th to 9th. Inspired by such models in the fields of health prevention and the Healthy Schools Approach (HSA), the role of the PN here differs from those fields. S/he serves as an interface between the various stakeholders and students but in the IR program, the PN is integrated in primary and secondary schools involved in the program. The PN is also the one who ensures mobilization of other actors for the implementation of the program activities. This thesis aims to provide an account of the evaluation process and the results obtained. The evaluation approach is participatory and collaborative and combines both quantitative and qualitative data collected through questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, a logbook and meeting notes. Data were analyzed in the framework of three articles, the first being an evaluability assessment (EA) of the program. Participants of this EA are key-informants involved in the program implementation (n=13). A document review (report, logbook) was also conducted. The EA was helpful to clarify the intentions and objectives of the initiators of the program. It helped provide explicit information on the program theory and develop the logic model, two elements that facilitated subsequent evaluation operations. The second article is a process evaluation that uses Actor-Network Theory (ANT) as analytical framework, through the four moments of innovation translation (problematization, interessment, enrollment and mobilization of allies), controversies analysis, and the role of human and non-human actors. After analysis of the 19 interviews and available documents, results showed that the program implementation phases adequately follow the four moments of the ANT, that management of controversies by negotiation and support was needed for the mobilization of some human actors. This process evaluation also highlighted the role of non-human actors in the implementation process. The last article is a combined evaluation of the effects (quantitative component) and the process (qualitative component) of the program. For the quantitative component, a quasi-experimental design was used and data were collected longitudinally by questionnaires from 901 students of 5th and 6th grades and their teachers from 2010 to 2014. Data analysis indicated that the program had no effect on the accessibility and perceived risk, problematic use of alcohol and use of both alcohol and cannabis among participants. On the other hand, results suggest that the program could help reduce the level of consumption and delay the age of onset of alcohol and cannabis. These results also suggest a potentially positive effect of the program on alcohol intoxication among students. As for the qualitative component, stakeholder interviews (N = 17) and focus groups with high school students (N = 10) were conducted. Program documents were also analyzed. Results of this second process evaluation showed that the program is highly viewed and positively appreciated by the different actors involved in the program. However, frequent staff turnover and the number of schools to follow can be obstacles to the smooth running of the program. Nevertheless, the leadership role and support from the principals, teacher’s collaboration, the quality of the PN and flexibility in the implementation process are identified as factors contributing to the success of the program. All the results and their implication for program implementation and evaluation are discussed. Finally, to ensure greater access to the results, this thesis concludes with a plan for transferring knowledge drawn from the evaluation research.

This is an ethnographic case-study of research and development practices taking place in an interdisciplinary project between education and computer sciences. The Ensemble-project, part of the Technology Enhanced Learning programme (2008-12), has studied case-based learning in a number of diverse settings in Higher Education, working to develop semantic technologies for supporting that learning. Focussing on one of the six research settings, the discipline of archaeology, the current study has had three purposes. By opening up to scrutiny the practices of research and development, it has firstly sought to understand how a shared research question is answered in practice when divergent research approaches are brought to bear upon it. Secondly, the study has followed the emergence of a piece of semantic technology through these practices. The third aim has been to assess the advantages and disadvantages of Actor-Network Theory (ANT) in studying unfolding, open-ended processes in real time. Through critical ethnographic participation, multiple ethnographic research methods, and by drawing on ANT as theoretical practice, the study has shown the precarious and unpredictable nature of research and development work, the political nature of research methods and how multiple realities can be produced using them, and the need for technology development to flexibly respond to changing circumstances. We have also seen the mutual adoption and extension of practices by the two strands of the project into each others’ domains, and how interdisciplinary tensions resolved, while they did not disappear, through pragmatic changes within the project. The study contributes to the interdisciplinary fields of Science and Technology Studies (STS) where studies on the ‘soft sciences’, such as education, are few, and a new field of Studies in Social Science and Humanities (SSH) which is emerging alongside and from within the STS. Interdisciplinary endeavours between fields pertaining largely to the natural and the social sciences respectively have not been studied commonly within either field.

Comprendre le mode d’existence de l’organisation est certainement l’un des plus grands défis que se sont donnés les chercheurs qui s’intéressent à ce domaine d’étude. La littérature nous présente ainsi plusieurs images, métaphores et perspectives qui, combinées, dressent un portrait hybride de ce type de collectif. Je propose, dans cette thèse, de reconnaître et exploiter ce caractère hybride de l’organisation en partant d’une réflexion centrée sur l'espace. En m’inspirant particulièrement des travaux de la géographe Doreen Massey (1999, 2005), le concept d'espace auquel je souscris est celui d’un espace ouvert et dynamique (qui incorpore le temps), basé sur une relationalité matérielle et hétérogène, supposant des acteurs humains et non humains en interaction. L'espace peut donc être compris comme la coexistence d’ontologies hétérogènes, ce que Massey (2005) nomme une coexistence de trajectoires comme stories-so-far. Il s’agit ici d’une vision performative de l’espace organisationnel qui est constitué dans la relation de trajectoires distinctes qui coexistent, se rencontrent, s’affectent, entrent en conflit ou coopèrent (Massey, 1999). Je postule que pour assurer une certaine continuité et cohérence dans la coexistence de trajectoires hétérogènes, un travail d’alignement et d’ordonnancement est mis à l’oeuvre, et ce, par le suivi d’une trajectoire principale — ce que je nomme une trajectoire scriptée. Suivre cette trajectoire permet ainsi à l’organisation de s’étendre, de se rendre présente dans le temps et dans l’espace, sans pour autant perdre son identité : to be here and there at the same time, now and then at the same place. À partir de cette définition de l’espace, je propose d’« espacer l’organisation », et plus particulièrement d’« espacer » Explora, un programme d’éducation non formelle du gouvernement du Chili visant la diffusion et la valorisation de la science et de la technologie. Cette proposition est double : elle renvoie aux pratiques d’espacements — des pratiques hybrides, collectives et situées — des agents organisationnels (dans ce cas, aux pratiques des agents d’Explora impliqués dans l’organisation d’un projet, celui de la Semaine de la science 2006),mais aussi à une pratique de recherche. « Espacer l’organisation » veut donc dire déployer ces espaces pleins, déplier l’organisation, accroître la série des simultanéités-successions pour ainsi créer plus d’espace-temps. / To understand the organization’s mode of being is certainly one of the most important challenges faced by researchers who are interested in this field of study. The literature presents several images, metaphors and perspectives which, combined, draw up a hybrid portrait of this type of collective. In this dissertation, I propose to recognize and exploit this hybrid character by starting from a reflection on space. Inspired especially by the work of the geographer Doreen Massey (1999, 2005), the concept of space to which I subscribe is that of an open and dynamic space (which incorporates time), based on a material and heterogeneous relationality, which supposes human and nonhuman actors in interaction. Space can thus be understood as the coexistence of heterogeneous ontologies, what Massey (2005) calls a “coexistence of trajectories as stories-so-far”. It is then a performative vision of organizational space which is constructed through the relation of distinct trajectories that coexist, meet, affect each other, enter in conflict or cooperate (Massey, 1999). I argue that to guarantee a certain form of continuity and coherence in the coexistence of heterogeneous trajectories, a work of alignment and ordering is put at work, and this, by the following-up of a main trajectory — what I call a scripted trajectory. By following this trajectory the organization can then extend itself, making itself present in time and space, without loosing its identity: it can be “here and there at the same time, now and then at the same place.” Starting from this definition of space, I propose to “space the organization,” and more specifically to “space” Explora, a non formal educational program of the Chilean government, which aims to diffuse and promote science and technology. Spacing an organization implies a double proposal: it refers to the spacing practices — hybrid, collective and situated practices — enacted by organizational agents (in this case, Explora’s agents implicated in the organization of a project, that of the Science week 2006), but also to a research practice. “Spacing the organization” consists of deploying these full spaces, unfolding the organization, and increasing the series of simultaneities-successions in order to create more space-time.

在民國50年代興建的臺北市整建住宅社區（簡稱整宅）歷經近50年的超值使用及增建、違建的超負荷累贅，已使整宅更新改建議題，成為都市統理者與追求社會公平正義的都市計畫研究學者關注的焦點，自民國70年代就取得整宅更新迫切需求的共識，為何又歷經近30年的整宅更新研究與推動，遲遲不見整宅更新的明顯成效，令無數關心社會邊緣弱勢族群整宅住戶的研究學者苦研其癥結，思謀對策提供都市統理者發揮統合公權力，展現整宅更新決策執行的有效方法。 本研究鑑於整宅更新議題的學術研究，有從公私協力方向做實施思考者，有從容積獎勵的提高思考者，有從政府強制公權力排除整宅更新障礙思考者，其思考方向都在以整宅之外部因素做思量，欠缺由整宅住戶社會網絡結構思考者。而本研究除了關注整宅更新的外部因素，更注重整宅住戶的內部因素，也就是摒棄外部與內部的區隔，融洽內外部的更新因素，統合思考整宅更新的全面因素。 本研究就臺北市整建住宅社區全體23處做研究母體，以臺北市信義區吳興街二期整建住宅社區為研究樣本，做社區個案全體住戶普查，以住戶基本社經資料、社區內外部統合社會網絡互動關係，社區住戶關注的影響更新關鍵因素為問卷調查內容，加上對整宅更新研究學者、更新主管機關承辦人員、更新實施建築業者、更新規劃諮詢推展機構、不動產估價師、建築師及稅務、法律等整宅更新有深入鑽研的相關產、經、學界做全面深度訪談，探尋整宅更新現階段的法令規範，實施推展狀況，研究成果與心得，求出整宅更新現階段的阻礙難行癥結，藉資本研究主題的深入瞭解，使整宅更新的困境較清晰浮現，俾以謀求解決對策。 本研究結論：一、整建住宅社區更新有集體行動困境 二、關鍵行動者有信任危機與道德風險 三、不確定風險的承擔機制薄弱 四、選配房屋意願不容易滿足 五、建築融資責任主體有爭議 六、期待利益超越現實 七、政府對整宅社區更新輔導態度消極 本研究提出建議：一、政府依法展現公權力，強制排除非理性反對更新者，積極參與更新推展過程 二、建立社區強聯結管道，透明更新作業系統，爭取社區認同與支持 三、建立風險管控機制 / The Taipei Resettled Tenement Communities were formed in the early years, However; Resettled projects are stalled mostly by reasons of － over usage, increasing buildings and buildings constructed without licenses. Those reasons make resettled tenement communities become to be a new issue to a lot of researchers and scholars. Renewal and /or reconstruction are urgent needed in these communities nowadays. According to academic researches of renewal issue, there are thinking points from public and private interests and bonus regulation, but there is no taking point from the social network of reconstruction. Not only the renewal elements of resettled tenement, but also the residents are the focus of my research. Through those elements deliberate the impacts of renewal. The research takes 21 resettled tenement communities of Taipei city as a population. During the communities the second period of the resettled tenement community in Wu-Xing St as a research sample carries out a census. From those residential backgrounds, interaction of social network in communities and the impacts of renewal as the questionnaire and makes an in-depth interview from people of industry, economy and academy. The key of the questionnaire consists of residential background, interaction of social network in communities, the impacts of renewal and the interview of specialists in industry, economy and academy. Finally, we can understand the bottleneck of renewal and the strategy for solution. It concluded in seven points: (1) the dilemma of collective actor. (2) the crisis from key actor. (3) the weak mechanism to uncertainly risk. (4) the unsatisfied willing of chosen house. (5) the debt in reconstructed finance. (6) the overtaking interests. (7) the passive attitude from government. It provided several suggestions that one is government should exclude irrational against in forced and positively to participate the process of renewal. The other is to build up connection in community, to purify the work of renewal, and to strive for support and identification in community. Thirdly is to build up mechanism to carry on risk.

Dados os resutados de pesquisa bibliométrica que demonstram escassez de pesquisas sobre avaliação em Estudos de Futuros, esta tese tem como objetivo propor um método de avaliação em Estudos de Futuros de setores industriais fundamentado em elementos da Teoria Ator-Rede. A revisão bibliográfica mostra que, no contexto dos Estudos de Futuro, o conceito de ontologia atribuído às imagens e visões de futuro permite propor o conceito de tradução do futuro. Com o conceito de tradução e a partir da observação de projetos prospectivos dos Observatórios da Indústria do Sistema FIEP, se definiram três etapas fundamentais do processo de tradução do futuro que devem ser consideradas: a tradução dos futuros esperados onde se analisa a produção, o consumo e o descarte de futuros esperados, a tradução dos futuros planejados onde se planejam os futuros dos setores industriais a serem articulados e a tradução dos futuros avaliados, objeto desta tese. Para realizar esta última etapa, o passo metodológico executado foi o desenho e a realização de um painel de especialistas com foco na avaliação do projeto prospectivo do setor de energia do estado do Paraná, a partir de conceitos da Sociologia da Expectativa, da Prospectiva Estratégica e da teoria Ator-Rede. As abordagens metodológicas da teoria Ator-Rede, especialmente o método Assemblage, embasaram a análise dos resultados do painel. Aplicado o processo de tradução à avaliação, esta se adensa olhando não apenas para resultados e impactos, mas também para questões de constituição do processo a ser avaliado. A avaliação se expande ao se considerar todas as fases do método prospectivo. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi atingido na medida em que se apresentou como resultado o método Fundamentos Ontológicos Utilizados em Redes de Mediadores Industriais (FOURMI) para avaliações traduzidas em projetos de prospectiva estratégica. O método FOURMI propõe três etapas: a avaliação externa, para convocação dos atores que irão constituir o ator-rede, a avaliação interna para construção dos processos de formação e desenvolvimento do ator-rede e a avaliação relacional para avaliação das consequências políticas daquilo que se realizou. Da proposta do método também surgem os conceitos de expressão máxima dos atores e de avaliação traduzida que é a avaliação onde os actantes no processo de tradução do futuro têm a sua expressão garantida e registrada. / As it is difficult to find many researches and publications about future studies evaluation, this thesis has as its objective the proposal of a future studies evaluation method for industrial sectors based on some elements of the actor-network theory. The bibliographic review shows that, in the context of future studies, the concept of ontology given to future images and visions allow the proposal of the concept of future translation. With the translation concept and observing the prospective projects of the Industry Observatory of the FIEP System, three fundamental steps of the future translation process must be considered: the expected future translation where the production, consume and discharge of expected future are analyzed, the planned future translation where the sectorial industry futures are planned and will be implemented, and the evaluated futures translation, object of this thesis. In order to accomplish this last step, the next methodological step was the design and realization of an expert panel focused on the evaluation of the prospective project of Paraná energy sector, using the sociology of expectation, strategic prospective and actornetwork theory. The actor-network methodological approaches, specially the Assemblage method were used to analyze the panel results. As the translation process was applied to the evaluation, it became dense, looking not only to the results and impacts, but also to the constitution questions of the process that will be evaluated. The evaluation expands as considering all the steps of the prospective method. The general objective of the research was accomplished as the (in the sense that was presented the) FOURMI (Ontological Fundaments Used in Industrial Mediators Networks) method was presented to produce translated evaluation in strategic prospective projects. The FOURMI method brings forward three stages: the external evaluation to summon actors that will form the actor-network, the internal evaluation to construct the formation and development processes of the actor-network, the relational evaluation to evaluate the political consequences of what was accomplished. From the method proposal, the concepts of maximum expression of actors and translated evaluation can also be extracted. Translated evaluation is the evaluation where the actants in the future translation process have their manifestations guaranteed and registered.

Det finns inte mycket forskning kring hur ett nytt redovisningssystem börjar i en organisation. Forskning kring hållbarhet och hållbarhetsredovisning har bidragit till en nyfikenhet att studera det tidiga skedet av ett eventuellt nytt system för redovisning av hållbarhet. Detta har bidragit till ett ökat intresse av att studera nätverk och relationer mellan aktörer där vi ställer oss i mitten av handlingarna i en organisation för att möjligtvis ta del av det tidiga skedet. Syftet med denna studie är att studera hur hållbarhetsredovisningen konstrueras, med konstrueras menar vi hur ett nytt hållbarhetsredovisningssystem möjligtvis kan tas fram.Vi har genomfört kvalitativa intervjuer med anställda som arbetar med sociala och miljömässiga frågor i Borås Stad. Studien har en fallstudiedesign med ett snöbollsurval. Totalt har vi intervjuat åtta anställda i kommunen varav fyra tjänstemän och fyra politiker. I empirin och analysen har vi arbetat utifrån en induktiv ansats med ett etnografiskt perspektiv. Vi har skapat egna kategorier med inspiration från Actor-network theory som metodteori. Vi har analyserat empirin utifrån metodteorin och strukturerat upp det empiriska materialet i syfte att tydliggöra våra observationer under kategorierna involverade aktörer, aktörers intressen, konflikter och hinder samt översättning.Vi har observerat att kommunen befinner sig i processen av att möjligtvis utveckla ett nytt system för redovisning av hållbarhet. Kommunen behöver fokusera på att integrera de tre hållbarhetsdimensionerna med varandra samt hur kommunen ska beräkna sociala och miljömässiga effekter uttryckta i ekonomiska termer. Studien visar på att den finansiella redovisningen har en betydande roll i kommunen och att förändringsarbete inte är förespråkat. För att bryta gamla arbetsmönster och tankesätt bör kommunen uppmärksamma sin situation och identifiera problem. Studien pekar på verkligheten där vi uppmärksammar kommunens situation. Sammantaget drar vi slutsatsen att kommunen bör bilda ett nätverk. När ett nätverk bildas integrerar aktörer med varandra där de blir aktörer i ett nätverk och får värde genom interaktion, därmed kan komplexiteten i organisationen reduceras. Bildandet av ett nätverk kan möjligtvis bidra till rekonstruktion av kommunens system för redovisning av hållbarhet. / There is not much research on how a new accounting system begins in an organization. Scientific research concerning sustainability and corporate sustainability reports has contributed to a curiosity of studying the early stages of a new possible sustainability accounting system. This has contributed to an increased interest in studying networks and relationships between actors by putting ourselves in the middle of the actions in an organization to possibly take part of the early stages. The purpose of this study is to study how corporate sustainability reports are constructed, with construction we mean how a new sustainability accounting system may be developed.We have conducted qualitative interviews with employees who work with social and environmental issues in Borås municipality. The study applies a case study design and a snowball selection. In total, we have interviewed eight employees in the municipality, four of whom are officials and four are politicians. During the empirics and analysis, we have applied an inductive approach with an ethnographic perspective. We have created our own categories with inspiration from Actor-network theory as method theory. We have analyzed the empirics based on the method theory and structured the empirics in order to clarify our observations under the categories involved actors, actors interests, conflicts and obstacles as well as translation.We have observed that the municipality is in the process of possibly developing a new sustainability accounting system. The municipality need to focus more on integrating the three dimensions of sustainability with each other and also how the municipality is to calculate social and environmental effects expressed in economic terms. The study shows that the financial accounting has a significant role in the municipality and that change is not advocated. To break old work patterns and ways of thinking the municipality should pay attention to its situation and identify problems. The study points towards the reality where we focus on the situation of the municipality. Altogether, we conclude that the municipality should create a network. When a network is created actors integrates with each other as they become actors in a network and gain value through interaction, thus reducing the complexity of the organization. The creation of a network may possibly contribute to a reconstruction of the municipality's sustainability accounting system.This paper is written in Swedish.

In the late 1990s, NASA conducted a study of the Interplanetary Internet (IPN) architecture. In order to build and deploy IPN infrastructure, the network technology had to be able to cope with long radio signal propagation delays and frequent radio link disruptions. The concept of a Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) emerged after recognizing that such a networking paradigm can also be applicable for terrestrial use. DTN technology can be applied, for instance, in disaster situations, military battlefields, economically developing areas, and remote regions.This thesis follows the process of applying DTN technology to a remote, communication-challenged area in the Arctic part of Sweden. The aim of the DTN deployments in the remote villages of Sarek and Padjelanta National Parks, between 2008 and 2011, was to provide a basic set of ICT services to the nomadic Sami population. Therefore, the research presented here acknowledges and considers the specific geographical, technical, and cultural conditions of these areas, and how these conditions profoundly shaped the development of the deployed technology as well as the research methodology. As a result, this thesis makes scientific contributions to several research topics, spanning the fields of DTN routing, DTN service development, DTN evaluation methodologies, and ICT deployments.The first contribution in this thesis is the proposal of a new and improved version of the PRoPHETv2 routing protocol. The development of this routing protocol was driven by actual protocol use and the results of experiments conducted during the course of the DTN deployments.Secondly, this thesis proposes an alternative DTN routing objective for a typical remote village DTN scenario. Weaknesses of a conventional DTN routing research objective are exposed by outlining concrete geographical, social, and technical conditions discovered in DTN deployments on the field. When these conditions are overlooked, they can profoundly affect DTN deployments.Thirdly, this thesis discusses the development and deployment of the Not-So-Instant-Messaging (NSIM) DTN service. The NSIM service was designed to leverage from the decentralized DTN infrastructure. Its success in the field demonstrates the importance of localized DTN services. Fourthly, using qualitative reading of DTN routing related papers, this thesis describes shortcomings of established DTN routing evaluation methodologies. Extensive use of simulated environments and scarce real-world experiments in the DTN research field often leads to usage of specific hypothetical scenarios. These scenarios are difficult to compare or relate to each other. Additionally, DTN research that does contextualize itself in remote, extreme, and challenging scenarios performs evaluations of proposed routing schemes in urban or academic environments. The DTN evaluation model that is proposed here tries to improve the readability, comparability, and validity of DTN routing evaluations. This thesis also pays attention to the issue of how to evaluate the complex interplay that occurs between researchers, users, technology and environment throughout the deployment process. The suggested method highlights the dynamics of resistance, as conceptualized within Actor Network Theory (ANT). It illustrates how employment of the concept of resistance facilitates the recognition of different driving forces in the design process that emerge from the events in the deployment.Ultimately, the thesis contributes with the PRoPHET routing protocol specification in the "Request for Comments" (RFC) document series that is the official publication channel for the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) and other Internet communities. The protocol specification published as the RFC6693 document allows for actual protocol implementation and assures interoperability. The discussion that follows the RFC document in this thesis focuses on the process of transferring scientific findings gained from the experiments on the deployment field into the Internet draft document that was finally recognized as an experimental RFC within the IRTF. / Godkänd; 2014; 20140407 (samo); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Samo Grasic Ämne: Arbetsvetenskap/Human Work Science Avhandling: Development and Deployment of Delay Tolerant Networks: An Arctic Village Case Opponent: Professor Lars Wolf, Institut für Betriebssysteme und Rechneverbund, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Tyskland Ordförande: Docent Maria Udén, Avd för arbetsvetenskap, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Måndag den 12 maj 2014, kl 10.00 Plats: A109, Luleå tekniska universitet För Tekniska fakultetsnämnden / Networking for Communications Challenged Communities: Architecture, Test Beds and Innovative Alliances

Enos John Nganani Mabuza's life and work is used as a case study to highlight the conceptual and methodological theories and challenges in academic biographical writing regarding history, memory and legacies. This thesis answers the question: Who was Mabuza and what is his place or relevance in South Africa's history? We over-simplify and stereotype people because it is convenient. We judge others but there is no saint without a past or a sinner without a future. Mabuza reconciled with the main liberation movements and moved from a maligned position on the political fringes to a respectable one within the emerging black economic elite. History, like reference systems and values is not calcified or static. It is prone to interpretation, adaptation, modification, invention, manipulation, decomposition and re-composition. Bourdieu's habitus-field analysis, theory or logic of practice, notions of capital (symbolic, political, social, cultural and economic) is used together with Latour's actor-network theory as the basis of analysis of the social contracts and trust bonds that Mabuza was able to create and which enabled him to navigate South Africa's socio-political and economic milieus during apartheid and the transition in the early 1990s. As people or actors, we believe in the mantra, nothing ventured, nothing gained. We exercise agency and take risks every day. We make choices and those choices have consequences. Mabuza's choices in the fields of education, politics and business had implications for how he is perceived or has been written into history. His choices put notions of identity, citizenship, power, legitimacy, ambition, elite accommodation, class, personal and professional networks, popular struggles, agency and structure under the spotlight. Mabuza's involvement in Bantustan politics, for instance, is contextualised in terms of a historical overview of the unpopular role played by traditional authorities in South Africa before and during colonialism and apartheid. His later foray into the world of business, however, was facilitated in part, by the personal and professional contacts that he made whilst he was in politics and the opportunities which opened up during the country's political transition. Mabuza adapted to changing circumstances and demonstrated a level of versatility which other Bantustan functionaries did not or could not exercise.