Abstract According to International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No.100 ¡§ Equal Remuneration Convention ¡¨ (1951),and No.135 ¡§ Workers¡¦Representatives Convention ¡¨ (1971). Both Cleraly regular labors don¡¦t be discriminated against employment, and their work remuneration also don¡¦t be exploited. Nowadays, in the era of global economic depression, more and more enterprise and government in order to reduce the human cost, numerously use ¡§ Dispatched Worker ¡¨ form, debase oneself cost to minimum. However, this form also violate the right of labor largely. Therefore, how to regular the legal system which protects the work right of dispatched worker as well as maintains the order of labour market, is the very important issue. The legal system of dispatched worker over Taiwan-strait is examined herein by the basic methods of administrative law, namely, the five major frameworks, including administrative principles, administrative organization, limitation of administrative power, administrative relief, and administrative supervision from every respect and viewpoint. Meanwhile, bibliography exploration, historical narration, comparative analysis, and generalization analysis are adopted as the principal research approaches to explore whether there¡¦s any improvement required regarding ¡§Legal System of Dispatched Worker over Taiwan-strait¡¨ on the basis of five major frameworks of administrative law. Additionally, practical implementation and suggestions for regulations and actions concerning future the legal system of dispatched worker over Taiwan-strait, are hereby provided to achieve the goal of protecting the work right of dispatched worker and maintaining labour market orders as well. With the exploration by means of five major frameworks of administrative law, the legal system of dispatched worker in China district have already ensured. But nowadays in Taiwan district haven¡¦t regulared yet, it still have more unsuitable institution, uncompleted order, equivocal concept and equivocation. From the basic of legal system, the conflicts and influences of every interest groups are also the main reason, which causes no consensus to the legal system of dispatched worker in Taiwan district. In this situation, will cause the dispatched worker continually face ¡§ Equal Work Unequal Remuneration ¡¨, ¡§ Labour Exploited ¡¨, ¡§ Employment Discriminated ¡¨. The relevant administration bodies should positively survey the problem of five major frameworks of administrative law of the legal system of dispatched worker in Taiwan district, as well as further to review and perform modification. This is exactly the method of radical reformation and solution.

MPM / Oliver Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies

Sexual misconduct in the Army can range from inappropriate behavior to criminal assault. Despite shared Army values, rigorous ethics training, and oversight mechanisms, cases of Army general officers (senior leaders) perpetuating and/or enabling sexual misconduct to continue. In fact, research and statistics indicate that the frequency and severity of sexual misconduct has not decreased over time (Acosta et al., 2021; Office of People Analytics, Department of Defense, 2021). Existing literature suggests several possible contributing factors, including male-dominated, hyper-masculine military culture (Pang et al., 2021) and senior leaders and oversight committees’ failure to observe and/or enforce standards of ethical behavior (O’Keefe et al., 2020; Pang et al., 2021). This qualitative, embedded case study sought to identify and more deeply understand the organizational culture and oversight factors that foster or contribute to senior leaders’ unethical behavior and sexual misconduct in the Army, despite high levels of discipline and training (Whetham, 2021). The study also explored how female officers navigate the risks of victimization. The study included the following methods and sources: publicly available archival documents, individual interviews with retired senior Army leaders, and individual interviews with active and retired Army soldiers. The study’s findings identified the following as organizational culture and oversight factors: institutional dysfunction and ethical deterioration; discrimination against women, and fear of retaliation; inability of senior leaders to balance professional and personal life; ethical dilemmas and abuse of power; challenges in accountability; corruption and military cover ups; and impunity and injustice in the face of misconduct. The study’s findings identified the following as ways in which female officers attempt to cope and navigate risks: by empowering women in a male-dominated environment; supporting survivors of sexual trauma and ensuring justice. Overall, the findings provide insight into why sexual misconduct thrives and oversight fails in the Army and concludes that more research and advocacy are needed to achieve a new model of oversight that promotes ethical leadership guided by Army values.

The purpose of this dissertation is to determine what constitutes the abuse of power by leaders in Christian organisations and how it can be addressed, especially in a multicultural context. The theoretical and empirical research defines the abuse of power, especially in Christian organisations, and outlines the results. It determines the role that culture plays in the abuse of power and presents strategies that can be used effectively to prevent or deal with the abuse of power in different cultural contexts in Christian organisations. The cultures considered in the empirical research are English-speaking Canadians, Germans (from what was formerly West Germany), and white South Africans. In this research, the abuse of power, the aspects that define abusive leaders and the victims, and the effects of the abuse of power on the leaders, victims and the organisations are discussed. The literature and the responses from the research participants clearly confirm the existence of abusive leadership in Christian organisations. The characteristics that constitute an ethical Christian leader are defined and underlined by the responses from the respondents in this research: spiritual transformation, love, servant leadership, accountability, trust and forgiveness. Addressing the abuse of power in Christian organisations, specifically in a multicultural context is challenging. Leaders must be prepared to learn about and understand the cultures represented in the team. They also have a responsibility to challenge their team members to reflect on their cultural characteristics, to have healthy discussions and to form an organisational third culture that profits from the potential that each team member can contribute. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Christian leadership)

The first part of the doctoral thesis approaches its topic from the historical point of view: firstly, it summarises the history of the Diocese of Litoměřice from the erection of the Chapter of Canons in 1057; secondly, it briefly describes the history of the Diocese from its foundation in 1655 to 1989; thirdly, the events from 1989 to 2010 are discussed in detail, i.e. the episcopacy of Msgr. Josef Koukl after 15 years of vacant see in the context of the reconstruction of the Diocese after the fall of the communist regime, the situation in the Diocese during the episcopacy of Bishop Pavel Posád, the following period when the Diocese was administered by Dominik Duka and finally the time after Bishop Jan Baxant took canonical possession. The second part of the doctoral thesis is divided into six chapters and approaches the chosen period thematically according to the branches of the Canon Law. It tackles the governance of the Diocese, personnel and territorial-administrative matters, the exercise of the legislative, administrative and judicial power within the establishment and application of the Canon Law from 1990 to 2010. The thesis investigates activities of the Diocesan Bishops, of the Vicars General and Episcopal Vicars and of the Diocesan Curia; it deals with the exercise of the judicial power...

Ten einde arbitrere uitoefening van die diskresionere bevoegdhede waarmee staatsarnptenare beklee word, te voorkom en te beperk, is beheer van sodanige bevoegdhede noodsaaklik. In die verhandeling word die rol wat die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1993 (Wet 200 van 1993) kan vervul in die uitoefening van beheer oor die diskresionere bevoegdhede van staatsarnptenare ontleed. Sodanige ontleding geskied met verwysing na die Handves van Menseregte en instellings en ampte wat hulle gesag en bevoegdhede aan die 1993-Grondwet ontleen. Bykomend hiertoe, word ondersoek ook ingestel na die belang en relevansie van konstitusionalisme binne die konteks van publieke administrasie. / In order to prevent and to limit the arbitrary exercise of discretionary powers with which public officials are endowed, it is necessary to control such powers. This dissertation explores the role which the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 (Act 200 of 1993) can fulfil in the exercise of control over the discretionary powers of public officials. Analysis of the role of the 1993-Constitution in this regard, is done with reference to the Bill of Rights and institutions and offices which derive their authority and powers from the Constitution. In addition hereto, the importance and relevance of constitutionalism within the context of public administration is also explored. / Public Administration / M.A.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 52821.pdf.jpg: 17549 bytes, checksum: 9bd749c96b87e8174e352afbb6184c31 (MD5) 52821.pdf: 833178 bytes, checksum: 2bac9d88c662171956cfeb20ef600715 (MD5) 52821.pdf.txt: 304482 bytes, checksum: 487cc0c15566d4c7d13206bb33a86219 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-17T00:00:00Z / Esta tese busca investigar de forma exploratória os relacionamentos que se desenvolvem entre os agentes do canal de distribuição de alimentos no Brasil, descrevendo e explicando o estágio atual desses relacionamentos. Na condução do trabalho, foram examinados os diversos conceitos relacionados ao tema canais de distribuição/marketing, bem como a influência do macroambiente e as dimensões comportamentais do comportamento em canais, com ênfase em conflito e poder. Adicionalmente, foram investigados aspectos sobre o marketing de relacionamento e a evolução das trocas de transações para relacionamentos, bem com a revisão de cinco importantes modelos de relacionamento. Foi conduzida uma pesquisa empírica, sendo que a metodologia utilizada foi a Grounded Theory. O estudo conclui que os relacionamentos no canal de distribuição de alimentos no Brasil são conflituosos, predominando um processo constante de negociação entre os diversos agentes. Indica ainda evidências e que o poder no canal esteja migrando na direção dos consumidores e, portanto, na direção dos intermediários, sejam eles atacadistas ou varejistas. Oferece algumas indicações e especulações que podem contribuir para a explicação dos relacionamentos conflituosos e que estariam ligadas à estrutura e organização dos canais, a aspectos culturais e do ambiente institucional. / This thesis comprises an exploratory research on the relationship development process that takes place among the actor on the food distribution channel in Brazil. The main objective of this work is to describe and explain those relationships at their present state. In order to conclude this work, many the author revised the existent literature on marketing channels, its behavioral dimensions, with emphasis in power and conflict, and the macro environmental aspects that can influence the channel development. Additionally, some relationship marketing aspects were reviewed together with five important relationship models. The empirical research used a Grounded Theory approach. The main conclusion of this research is that the relationships are adversarial with the prevalence of conflict, fueled by the a continuous negotiation process that encompasses all agents. The research also suggests that channel power is moving from the producer towards the consumer, through the intermediaries. It also offers some insights some specific issue about the Brazilian channels environment that can help in explaining such relationships.

Ten einde arbitrere uitoefening van die diskresionere bevoegdhede waarmee staatsarnptenare beklee word, te voorkom en te beperk, is beheer van sodanige bevoegdhede noodsaaklik. In die verhandeling word die rol wat die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1993 (Wet 200 van 1993) kan vervul in die uitoefening van beheer oor die diskresionere bevoegdhede van staatsarnptenare ontleed. Sodanige ontleding geskied met verwysing na die Handves van Menseregte en instellings en ampte wat hulle gesag en bevoegdhede aan die 1993-Grondwet ontleen. Bykomend hiertoe, word ondersoek ook ingestel na die belang en relevansie van konstitusionalisme binne die konteks van publieke administrasie. / In order to prevent and to limit the arbitrary exercise of discretionary powers with which public officials are endowed, it is necessary to control such powers. This dissertation explores the role which the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 (Act 200 of 1993) can fulfil in the exercise of control over the discretionary powers of public officials. Analysis of the role of the 1993-Constitution in this regard, is done with reference to the Bill of Rights and institutions and offices which derive their authority and powers from the Constitution. In addition hereto, the importance and relevance of constitutionalism within the context of public administration is also explored. / Public Administration and Management / M.A.

Si la science politique et l’histoire ont su montrer les effets de l’expansion de la bureaucratie sur la présidence et le Congrès en assez grands détails, la vision du pouvoir judiciaire dans sa relation avec l’État américain moderne reste singulièrement appauvrie. Un examen de l’historiographie de l’État et du pouvoir judiciaire montre que la question de l’impact du fait administratif sur le fonctionnement de ce dernier n’a finalement jamais été clairement posée. Cette thèse entend démontrer que les relations entre le judiciaire et l’État fédéral se sont jouées non sur un conflit de principe quand au rôle et à la place de la bureaucratie fédérale dans le schéma constitutionnel américain mais plutôt dans le cadre du processus de reconstruction du judiciaire fédéral initié à la fin du dix- neuvième siècle avec le Evarts Act de 1891. / Even though political scientists and historians have been able to make sense of the impact of bureaucracy on the Congress and the Presidency, the question of the relation of the federal judiciary with the federal state remains largely untouched, as if the constitutional confrontation of 1937 had settled the issue once and for all, with the traditional narrative of judicial restraint and executive triumph firmly in place. This work aims to suggest and explore another avenue for research, by underlining the importance of earlier, turn-of-the-century developments regarding the institutional evolution of the federal judiciary itself and the development of early administrative law. By shifting the focus of attention away from the New Deal crisis, we show that the complicated relation between the federal judiciary and the federal state did not primarily concern the place of administrative power in the constitutional structure, but rather the institutional identity of a federal judiciary which underwent profound changes before the New Deal. In other words, the federal judiciary has a history, and this has to count for something.

La théorie des prérogatives de contrat administratif transplantée du droit administratif français a invoqué un débat de longue période dans la communauté judiciaire qu’une législation nationale unifiée a toujours été absente même aujourd’hui. En fait, dans le droit administratif français lié qui se compose principalement par la jurisprudence dans ce domaine, il y a non seulement une série de conditions préalables pour réaliser chaque prérogative, mais aussi un mécanisme de protection qui maintient un équilibre financier du contrat pour la justice finale. Or, sur la base d’une préférence pour les pouvoirs publics enracinée dans les traditions juridiques et le régime politique de la Chine, combinés certaines situations actuelles contemporaines, les chercheurs chinois ont partiellement mis en évidence la première, mais ignoré la seconde, conduisant à l’échec de cette transplantation juridique. En fait, comme une sorte de pouvoir administratif, la prérogative ne doit pas être considérée dans le propre système de contrat qui se compose par les droits et obligations consensuels, mais se réfère à la compétence légale de l’administration qui doit être contrôlée par la responsabilité légale. De plus, cela peut s’interpréter aussi comme la rupture de contrat, de sorte que l’administrateur doive prendre la responsabilité contractuelle fondée sur la théorie de la responsabilité sans faute, la relativité de contrat et la force de contrat, au lieu de la Légalité au sens étroit; la responsabilité administrative dans ce domaine devrait par conséquent être attribuée à la rupture de contrat, à l’endommagement et à l’illégalité. Peu importe quel modèle serait suivi par la législation à l’avenir, un système judiciaire indépendant et influant dans la pratique sociale sera la protection ultime de tous les systèmes juridiques incluant le contrat administratif en Chine. / The theory of prerogatives of administrative contract transplanted from the French administrative law has triggered such a longtime debate in the judicial community that a unified national legislation has been absent even today. Actually, in the French administrative law, composed mainly by Case Law in this domain, there is not only a series of conditions to enforce each prerogative, but also a protective mechanism to keep a financial balance of contract for the final justice. However, based on a preference to the Power rooted from the legal traditions and the political regime of China, combined with certain contemporary facts, Chinese researchers have partially highlighted the former but ignored the latter, leading to the failure of this legal transplant. Actually, as a type of administrative power, the prerogative should not be considered into the proper system of contract composed by the conventional rights and obligations, but refers to the legal authority of administration that should be controlled by the legal responsibility. In addition, it could be considered as the breach of contract too, so that the administrator should take the contractual responsibility based on the Theory of no-fault, on the Relativity of contract and on the Force effect of contract; thus the administrative responsibility hereof could be assumed for the breach of contract, for the quasi-tort out of contract and for the illegality. No matter which pattern would be followed by the future legislation in China, an independent and influential judicial system should be the final protection of all legal systems including the administrative contract.