Artificial intelligence, AI, is widely acknowledged to have atransformative impact on various industries. However, thistechnology is not without its limitations. One such limitationis the potential reinforcement of human biases withinmachine learning systems. After all, these systems rely ondata generated by humans. To address this issue, theEuropean Union, EU, are implementing regulationsgoverning the development of AI systems, not only topromote ethical decision-making but also to curb marketoligopolies. Achieving fair decision-making relies on highquality data. The performance of a model is thussynonymous with high-quality data, encompassing breadth,accurate annotation, and relevance. Previous researchhighlights the lack of processes and methods guiding theeffort to ensure high-quality training data. In response, thisstudy aims to investigate the limitations and opportunitiesassociated with claims of data quality within the domain ofdata collection research. To achieve this, a research questionis posed: What factors constrain and enable the creation of ahigh-quality dataset in the context of AI fairness? The studyemploys a method of semistructured interviews withindustry experts, allowing them to describe their personalexperiences and the challenges they have encountered. Thestudy reveals multiple factors that restrict the ability tocreate a high-quality dataset and, ultimately, a fair decisionmaking system. The study also reveals a few opportunities inrelation to high quality data, which methods associated withthe research landscape provides. / Att artificiell intelligens är något som kommer vända uppoch ned på många branscher är något som många experter äröverens om. Men denna teknik är inte helt befriad frånbegränsningar. En av dessa begränsningar är att ett systemsom använder maskininlärning potentiellt kan förstärka defördomar vi människor besitter. Tekniken grundar sig trotsallt i data, data som skapas av oss människor. EU harbestämt sig för att tackla denna problematik genom att införaregler gällande huruvida system som tillämpar AI skallutvecklas. Både för att gynna det etiska beslutsfattandet menockså för att hämma oligopol på marknaden. För att uppnåett så rättvist beslutsfattande som möjligt krävs det data avhög kvalitet. En modells prestanda är således synonymt meddata av hög kvalitet, där bredd, korrekt annotering ochrelevans är betydande. Tidigare forskning pekar påavsaknaden av processer och metoder för att vägleda arbetetmed att säkerställa högkvalitativa träningsdata. Som svar pådetta syftar denna studie till att undersöka vilkabegränsningar och möjligheter som gör anspråk pådatakvalitet i delar av forskningsområdet Data collection.Detta görs genom att besvara forskningsfrågan: Vilkafaktorer begränsar och möjliggör skapandet av etthögkvalitativt dataset i kontexten rättvis AI? Metoden somtillämpas i studien för att besvara ovanstående ärsemistrukturerade intervjuer där yrkesverksamma experterfår beskriva sina personliga upplevelser gällande vilkautmaningar de har ställts inför. Studien resulterar i ett antalfaktorer som begränsar förutsättningarna för att skapa etthögkvalitativt dataset och i slutändan ett rättvistbeslutsfattande system. Studien resulterar även i att peka påett antal möjligheter i relation till högkvalitativa data, sommetoder associerade med forskningslandskapet besitter

This thesis revolves around social dance movements in the form of raving and clubbing in Berlin, and how this performative scene is affected by social distancing measures due to the current situation of Covid-19. As an important moment in history, online body performances and virtual spaces aim to complement and substitute social experiences in physical environments. The field of study relating digital technology to club cultures is timely, as virtual raving is changing social bodies’ interactions. Life has gone online for the sake of upholding socialization, as people find themselves in isolation – in a hybrid experience of the digital and material. To assess these changes in social life, this thesis uses an auto ethnographical case study on virtual raving and interviews with rave participants, and deploys Affordance Theory. The affordances accounted for are those of ‘settings’, ‘socialization’, ‘entertainment’, and ‘mobility’. The analysis demonstrates the possibilities and problems of transferring the meditative and social bodily experiences associated with raving, to virtual environments. The resulting discussion addresses issues of global accessibility, virtual raves, and what these mean for a techno raving sub culture, and the people who participate in it.

This study researches communication 2020-2021 via the Tinder dating app in Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic, using a framework of mediatization, uses and gratification theory and affordance theory. Data collection was performed using qualitative interviews via Zoom video calls with respondents based in Sweden and findings were analyzed using thematic analysis.  Results of the study discusses phenomena when the physical world and a mediatized one interlock: even though the Tinder app afforded people to connect during the COVID-19 pandemic, the worlds are not independent of each other. Uncertainty and stress could seep into the dating app practice and create a hindrance to easy communication, even though the Tinder app was trying to accommodate the changing times. The study explores that the dehumanizing aspect of reducing a person to a single attribute and deleting that person is connected to a heightened affordance of gamification of relationships that is connected to deep mediatization, moments of our everyday practices immersed in new kinds of mediated communication. Steered behaviour from the app occurs in the Tinder interface which this paper explores, connected to data-driven decision making, a critical tool allowing mobile app developers to not only figure out customer behaviour but also to design customised products. Connected here is the mediatized interplay between humans and technology. If the Tinder app was hard to set up or navigate, the different needs and gratifications would not be met and users would simply vanish.  This paper argues the Tinder app design encourages speed and has coded distractions to actually work against the perceived gratification of meeting a partner and ultimately rendering the service redundant. The COVID-19 pandemic, this thesis explores, has spurred different generations to adapt to new practices and technologies but that these affordances do not always correlate to new dating app practices such as video dating. A mediatized way of meeting physically has been brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. An additional step has been added to online dating practices, the walk, which has 2 lowered the threshold of the initial date by being perceived as an easier option. A direct consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic connected to online dating. This paper also argues intimacy through media sharing, such as humour and jokes via technology in a mediatized world. Lastly, this paper explores the safety aspects of the Tinder app, connected to catfishing and also gender blindness.

A rising problem exists regarding the ownership of memes. This research proposes a solution consisting of an IT artefact that solves this problem by utilising design science research in combination with affordance theory and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). This artefact is designed by identifying the problem areas and creating affordances that guide the design process, using the design science research methodology by Peffers et al. (2007). The artefact is evaluated and considered a potential solution to the problem with meme ownership. The affordances are connected to the designed features and offer contributions in the form of a novel artefact and documented design processes. By using affordance theory as a lens to help the design, further research can build upon this idea and expand research by combining design science with affordances. The practical implementation of NFTs gives insights into how NFTs can be applied in the case of tokenising digital goods and allows people without knowledge of blockchains to participate.

ABSTRACTObjectification of especially women have often been mentioned in connection to discussions concerning negative body image wherein individuals have been claimed to evaluate their body and look based on standardized societal ideals (Nash:2015, Hodgkinson, Wittkowski & Smith:2014). Studies have also shown that newspapers, magazines, and movies routinely present post-pregnancy bodies as something temporarily that women should strive to improve (Breda et al.:2015, Roth et al.:2012, Williams et al.:2017). Although, it has been stated that social media can work as a supportive and inspirational tool for this specific group of women (Baker & Yang:2017, Jarvis:2017) as well as platform of expression where users can shape and spread their own beauty standards (Cwynar-Horton:2016a, Guha:2014, Earl & Rohlinger:2018). Women’s thoughts of their post-pregnancy bodies in connection to the motivations behind their bodily exposure on social media platforms have not yet been examined, even though it has been claimed that this group is particularly vulnerable to body image concerns due to social media representations (Coyne et al.:2017). As a contribution to the field of post-pregnant body advocates affordances of Instagram, this paper has focused on Swedish post-pregnant women that have posted images of their bodies under the hashtags #mammamage (mum tummy) and/or #mammakropp (mum body). By applying affordance theory’s suggestion that environments afford different affordances for individuals, this paper has asked 94 post-pregnant women how they feel about their bodies and what they think of societal body ideals, as well as examined their motivations behind their use of Instagram with the aim to identify prominent emotional affordances. Here, objectification theory, comparison theory, postmodern feminism, and feminist reflexivity were used as supporting theories in the analysis of the data which was conducted through a mixed methods survey.The main findings have been that Instagram is seen as a platform that enables its users to experience emotional affordances of 1) criticism and comparisons, 2) inspiration and support and 3) acceptance, where post-pregnant body advocates are using the affordances primarily to visualize average post-pregnancy bodies, challenge standardized body ideals and get inspired or inspire other women into re-thinking the notion(s) of their post-pregnancy bodies. What this paper further has contributed with is a greater understanding of post-pregnant body advocates experiences of their own bodies, a broader perspective on post-pregnant body advocates thoughts of societal ideals, a more profound comprehension behind post-pregnant body advocates motivation(s) behind their use of Instagram, and new knowledge to the field of emotional affordances among Instagram users.Keywords: post-pregnant women, body advocates, Instagram, affordances, affordance theory, emotional affordances, objectification theory, feminist reflexivity, comparison theory, postmodern feminism, survey, mixed method

Inomhusmiljön på förskolan är avgörande för barns lek, lärande och utveckling. Miljön påverkar hur individer interagerar med andra och bjuder in till olika typer av beteenden. Samtidigt blir barn sällan delaktiga och inkluderade i utformningen av miljön, utan miljön speglar i stället de vuxnas förväntningar och mål. Ofta beskrivs förskolepersonal vara de som begränsar barns handlingsutrymme och möjliga handlingserbjudanden. Syftet med föreliggande studie var därför att förstå förskolepersonals perspektiv på deras handlingar i förhållande till barns handlingsutrymme i inomhusmiljön på förskolan. Föreliggande studie är en kvalitativ studie med inspiration från hermeneutiken där semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Studien har utgångspunkt i Gibsons affordance teori och empirin har analyserat utifrån en tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet visar att förskolepersonalen är positiva till barns utforskande av miljöns handlingserbjudanden och att barn ges ett relativt stort handlingsutrymme i inomhusmiljön på förskolan. Förskolepersonalen beskriver sina handlingar som stöttande för barn, dock måste förskolepersonalen begränsa barns handlingsutrymme när det finns säkerhetsrisker eller när barn riskerar att störa varandra. Sammanfattningsvis strävar förskolepersonalen alltid efter att ge barn handlingsutrymme. / The indoor environment at the preschool is crucial for children's play, learning and development. The environment affects how individuals interact with others and invites different types of behavior. At the same time, children are rarely involved and included in the design of the environment, instead the environment reflects the adults' expectations and goals. Preschool staff are often described as those who limit children's room for action and possible affordances. The purpose of the present study was to understand preschool staff's perspective on their actions in relation to children's room for action in the indoor environment at the preschool. The present study is a qualitative study with inspiration from hermeneutics where semi-structured interviews have been conducted. The study is based on Gibson's affordance theory and the empirical evidence has been analyzed based on a thematic analysis method. The results show that the preschool staff are positive about children's exploration of the environment's affordance and that children are given a relatively large scope for action in the indoor environment at the preschool. The preschool staff describe their actions as supportive of children, however, the preschool staff must limit children's freedom of action when there are safety risks or when children risk disturbing each other. In summary, preschool staff always strive to give children room for action.

攝影問世以來，所帶來的影響與文化一直都是人們研究的對象，數位時代後，攝影的樣貌更是大幅改變。隨著智慧型手機的普及，以及各式後製app的興起，分享後製過照片至社群平台成為人們日常生活的常態；在廣受年輕人歡迎的Instagram上，也可看見許多精心後製、特別設計過的相片。本研究探討當今高中女生如何使用app處理手機相片，並發佈於Instagram上展現個人與集體的美感與風格，並進一步了解攝影於她們的意義。 本研究將以符擔性理論（Affordance Theory）作為切入點，透過深入訪談法與實物分析法，了解高中女生後製照片的實踐想法與過程，並持續追蹤、觀察高中女生Instagram上照片風格的呈現及變化。透過兩種研究方法，以更深入理解高中女生對待相片的心態。 研究發現，智慧型手機與Instagram等科技提供了多種符擔性，高中女生與科技互動，並依不同的需求感知到不同的符擔性，並據此做出不同的行為特性；同時，她們也因應自己所需，翻轉科技符擔性的限制，呈現了更多樣的實踐與互動可能。而在現實與虛擬社群中，她們的創意相片也共享了基本的設計原則，創造出屬於她們自己的藝術世界，並重新召喚了靈光再現。 / Since the time of its emergence, the effects that photography has had on culture has been studied by countless people. When it comes to the face of photography, the digitalization era changed it dramatically. The ubiquitousness of smartphones and rise of phone-editing applications has also made sharing apped photos to become part of our daily routines. On the photo-sharing app known as Instagram, the most popular site among teenagers, many well-crafted and expressive images can be found. This study aimed at exploring how Taiwanese high school girls use apps to manipulate their photos, and share these photos on Instagram, in order to demonstrate their personally creative and collective aesthetics. 　 This research was based on the Affordance Theory and contained two methods: in-depth interviews and methods of practical analysis in order to gain a deeper understanding of high school girls’ attitudes toward photography. 　 The study displayed that smartphones and Instagram provide a variety of affordances. Through interactaction with technology, high school girls perceive different affordances based on their own demands. They also interpret the limits of affordances, and thus do more or less designing practice on their photos, depending on their needs. The creativity of high school girls’ images share basic design principles which enable them to create their own art world and a specific aura with their photos.

The intensifying value of learning, competence, and knowledge motivates decisions toward implementing knowledge management systems (KMS) to capitalize on the potential benefits of facilitating knowledge sharing, collecting, storing, and dissemination on a global scale. However, these systems frequently remain underutilized, and organizations encounter obstacles to achieve their proposed outcome. The case company experienced practical problems regarding a newly implemented KMS. The system was largely unused for a specific process. Therefore, this case study investigates the factors affecting KMS adoption and utilization for the technical training process by capturing the perspectives of the intended system users and management. A combination of KMS success factors and The Theory of Affordances were applied to generate knowledge regarding how factors affected the usage of the KMS. It was found that Management Involvement, Organizational Culture and Structure, Employee Commitment, Perceived Benefits, System Complexity, and Compatibility and Conformity influenced the users' KMS utilization outcomes. A conceptual framework was developed to show how these factors affected individuals' affordances process.

Studies show that individuals over 65 years are underrepresented by those who utilizes digital health meetings. Since this is a relatively new research area there is not much previous research on how individuals’ attitudes towards digital health meetings in Sweden differ depending on age, and why. By conducting one study group with six respondents aged between 25-30, semi structured interviews with five older respondents aged between 63-75, and one semi structured interview with a Usability Specialist at Kry, this study aims to investigate how the attitudes differs between younger and older individuals, and how these attitudes are managed by digital healthcare actors. The results show that the younger respondents had a more positive attitude towards digital health meetings, mostly because of previous experience of the service. The physical contact proved to be more important to the older respondents in relation to trust. The younger respondents also experienced a normalized view of digital health meetings. To make older individuals experience a more normalized view of digital health meetings, they need more knowledge about the service. As the study was done during the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic, the virus is assumed to affect this, and hurry the normalization process of these services.

Importance of seeing and implementing children’s needs in the urban public realm is widely discussed among urban researchers in recent years. It is becoming more challenging, as nowadays there are more than one billion children growing up in cities,which is more than ever before. In this research, I discuss a specific context of a modernist area, Sykhiv, which represents the most widespread type of residential area in Ukraine. The research aims to understand the quality of Sykhiv’s neighborhoods for children and to understand the different perspectives of experts and parents onchild-friendliness in the public realm of Sykhiv. The first research question is dedicatedto parents’ perspectives and children’s spatial practices, the second part is dedicated toexpert views on existing policies, practices, narratives towards child-friendly environment in Sykhiv. The third question represents the synthesis of two previous and reflects on the rethinking of public spaces in Sykhiv in terms of child-friendliness. Three key theories that help to frame this study are: holistic theory on Environmentalchild-friendliness helps to envision a complexity of a phenomenon of child-friendlinessof the environment, critical study on reconceptualizing the playground, which reflects onan extension of the focus of researching a play in the physical environment, andaffordance theory, which bridges the physical environment and human behavior. Theresults showed that Sykhiv has lots of features of a child-friendly environment, noticedboth by experts and parents, however, play infrastructure has numerous disadvantages.The holistic strategy, effective cooperation of all actors (public authorities, civic activists,parents and children, urban planners), awareness and knowledge are lacking in order tocontribute to a child-friendly environment, or at least to prevent negative tendencies tointensity of traffic, shortage of greenery, densening residential areas, etc. Extended safegreen spaces are more likely to perform children’s needs in a public realm, thanplaygrounds that are very frequent but of poor quality in Sykhiv.