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Modern agriculture is causing a wide range of environmental problems. By regulating the agricultural sector, human societies try to find a balance between enabling the production of food and public goods and preventing negative consequences for the environment. In the European Union this is mainly achieved through the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Since many of the environmental indicators are still showing negative trends, an ongoing evaluation and adaptation of the policy instruments included in the CAP is asked for. At the same time, the field of policy evaluation is more and more incorporating a behavioral economic perspective on human behavior, one that deviates from the homo oeconomicus model that has long dominated research in this area. This thesis presents a study on “Behavioral Economics of Agri-Environmental Policies” by combining themes from agricultural and environmental economics with methods and perspectives from behavioral and experimental economics. It thereby contributes to the emerging field of behavioral agricultural economics. Specifically, it aims to shed light on the behavioral drivers of pro-environmental decisions of farmers and how these insights can be used to evaluate and adapt the CAP. With a lab-in-the-field experiment with farmers from Lower Saxony in Germany, an influence of the framing of the farmers’ societal role, their self-identity, as well as control aversion and feelings of warm glow on farmers’ behavior was uncovered. From a policy perspective, the results of this thesis provide a case for the continued use of both mandatory and voluntary policy instruments. Furthermore, with a Principal Components and Cluster Analysis, a multi-facetted picture of different farmer self-identities prevalent in the sample population was revealed. Based on a literature review, the thesis also provides an analysis of how behaviorally-informed interventions might increase the environmental performance of the CAP in the future.

This thesis deals with the European Union's food self-sufficiency. The aim is to try to assess the impact of EU agricultural policies on food sovereignty of Member States and countries outside the EU. The work will evaluate the production of food self-sufficiency in the European Union and the EU for different types of production. The work will assess the impacts of agricultural policies on the Union's agricultural production and international trade. International trade can be used to ensure self-sufficiency, so it is also included in the work. The work will also focus on the restrictions under the WTO and trade between the EU and the rest of the world. In addition to assessing the impact of the policies the work will also deal with future developments.

How do indigenous people perceive and practice eco-agriculture, especially when it was introduced as a development project? This thesis aims to delve into this question by focusing on a policy-induced agrarian transition for Pumi community in Sino-Myanmar borderlands. Using ethnographic methods, I intend to offer an intimate account of a provincial programme to facilitate eco-agriculture in this ethnic region. With the conceptual framework presented, the current research starts with the introduction of Pumi agricultural history and indigenous farming knowledge, with a focus on Pumi biocultural heritage. Then, I will examine how the process of ‘indigenisation of modernity’ (Sahlins 2000) has occurred against the backdrop of Pumi eco-agriculture programme. The insights will be distilled from three different aspects, which are agricultural land use, technical practices, and governance issues. For each aspect, I will scrutinise to what degree the government is following an industrial model to design the eco-agriculture agenda which corresponds to the ‘conventionalisation hypothesis’ of organic production (Buck 1997) and is thus in alignment with their long-term strategic goals to ‘modernise’ this borderland region through agricultural transformations, whereas the local Pumi farmers are actively coping with the government’s external interventions, meanwhile searching for the ‘alternative pathway’ towards agricultural modernisation. In the final chapter, I will interpret the motives of the both actors in the programme. For the government, the post-development theory will be employed to provide a critique of the ‘development discourse’ embedded in the agenda. For local farmers, the concept of ‘environmentality’ (Agrawal 2005) will be focused to interpret the Pumi farmers’ motives to indigenise, which ultimately questioning the transforming powers of modernity and globalisation on Pumi agrarian society. Basically, this thesis aims to trace the socio-political processes which drive the ‘agrarian transition’ in a Southeast Asian frontier, and further demonstrate how the resource abundance in the borderlands can underpin intense processes of commodification and dispossession (Nevins and Peluso 2008; Ishikawa 2010; see also Milne and Mahanty, 2015), the implications of which crystallised in an ethnographic context. To a larger extent, this research aims to shed lights on the interactions between social structure and individual agency ― although the Pumi farmers are struggling to survive with the adaptation to modern inputs, they are still marginalised by the structured inequality of the market economy, which limited the farmers’ opportunities to improve their own livelihoods. Furthermore, this research also has significant policy implications as it addresses the issues such as agricultural policy and ethnic relations in the borderland regions. By reflecting upon the overlapping implications of highland livelihoods, agencies, and the transforming powers of social change, the current study aims to build a locally rooted understanding of Pumi eco-agriculture programme, and provide lessons for sustainable planning and future policy-making for rural development in developing countries such as China.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Fragestellungen zur Integration und Transformation auf den europäischen Agrar- und Ernährungsmärkten untersucht. Eine Weiterentwicklung der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik, die anstehende Osterweiterung der Europäischen Union (EU) sowie Auswirkungen von Ausländischen Direktinvestitionen (ADI) im Ernährungssektor mittel- und osteuropäischer Transformationsländer werden mit Hilfe von partiellen und allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodellen simuliert. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist die separate, quantitative Analyse ausgewählter Aspekte der Integration und Transformation sowie das Aufzeigen von Wechselwirkungen zwischen ihnen. Die Ergebnisse sollen dazu dienen, die politischen Rahmenbedingungen in der europäischen Agrar- und Ernährungswirtschaft zu verbessern. Als Hauptinstrumente einer neuen EU-Agrarpolitik werden einheitliche Boden- und Arbeitssubventionen verbunden mit einem weiteren Abbau des Außenschutzes untersucht. Diese würden zu wesentlich geringeren Verzerrungen auf den Produktmärkten und zu deutlichen Budgeteinsparungen gegenüber der derzeitigen Situation führen. Eine einheitliche Bodensubvention mit einer weitergehenden Liberalisierung wird auch als Politikoption für die EU-Osterweiterung analysiert. Der Handel mit Agrar- und Ernährungsgütern innerhalb einer erweiterten EU würde sich in einigen Szenarien verdoppeln. Durch Handelsgewinne und Transferzahlungen aus dem EU-Budget käme es in den Beitrittsländern zu einem Wohlfahrtsgewinn in Höhe von etwa zwei Prozent des Bruttosozialprodukts. Die Bedeutung von ADI im Transformationsprozeß sollte nicht überschätzt werden. Die Modellrechnungen ergeben, daß der Zustrom von ADI seit 1992 zu einem zusätzlichen jährlichen Wachstum des Bruttosozialprodukts von unter einem Prozent in den mitteleuropäischen Ländern und in den Nachfolgestaaten der Sowjetunion geführt hat. Durch zusätzlichen Technologietransfer profitiert die Agrarwirtschaft nicht immer von ADI in der Nahrungsmittelverarbeitung. Grund hierfür sind zum Teil Einsparungen bei der Verwendung landwirtschaftlicher Rohprodukte. Schließlich zeigt die Analyse von ADI in der polnischen Zuckerindustrie, daß handelspolitische Eingriffe, wie z.B. Produktionsquoten, die lokalen Auswirkungen von ADI stark beeinflussen können. ADI sind nur dann deutlich wohlfahrtssteigernd, wenn sie auf relativ unverzerrten Märkten getätigt werden. Die verbesserte Wettbewerbssituation in der Zuckerindustrie würde zu teilweise deutlichen Gewinnen für die Zuckerrübenproduzenten führen. / This dissertation consists of four essays covering various aspects of integration and transition on European agricultural and food markets. Further reform of the European Union's (EU) Common Agricultural Policy, a prospective Eastern enlargement, and the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) in food industries of the transition countries are analyzed using partial as well as general equilibrium modeling approaches. The overall objective of the study is to quantify these processes separately as well as to demonstrate various interactions between them. The results should be useful for improving the political and economic environment in the European agricultural and food sector. In the discussion about further reform of the Common Agricultural Policy, uniform payments on agricultural land and labor have been proposed in connection with further reductions of border protection. The analysis shows that these policy options would be much less distortionary on product markets and they would lead to significant reductions in budget expenditures compared to the present situation. Furthermore, a uniform payment on land together with further liberalization is also analyzed as a policy option for the EU Eastern enlargement. Trade in agricultural and food products in an enlarged EU would double in some scenarios. Gains from trade and transfer payments from the EU budget would add up to a welfare gain of about two percent of total gross domestic product in the new member countries. The impact of FDI in the transition process should not be over-estimated. The model calculations show that total FDI inflows since 1992 induced additional economic growth of less than one percent per year in the Central European countries and the former Soviet Union. Additional transfers of new technologies into the food industry do not necessarily improve the situation in primary agriculture. The reason is partly input saving technical change which reduces the demand for agricultural raw products. Finally, the analysis of FDI in the Polish sugar industry reveals that trade policy interventions, like production quotas, have a strong influence on the local impact of FDI. Foreign investment is welfare improving to the local economy only if it occurs on more or less undistorted markets. Improved competition in the sugar industry would lead to considerable gains for local sugar beet producers.

La thèse s’intéresse à l’impact des subventions publiques sur les décisions de production des agriculteurs. Elle analyse d’abord le lien entre subventions et efficacité technique des exploitations, puis examine les effets des subventions découplées sur la fourniture de services écosystémiques par les agriculteurs. L'influence des subventions sur le comportement des agriculteurs est une question importante dans le contexte de réformes successives des politiques agricoles. Il existe une vaste littérature sur cette question, mais celle-là présente trois limites majeures. D’une part, la littérature sur le sujet spécifique du lien entre subventions et efficacité technique repose sur une pléthore de modèles empiriques qui traitent les subventions de façon ad hoc. De plus, cette littérature est presqu’exclusivement basée sur des modèles statiques, alors que les décisions de production sont essentiellement dynamiques.D’autre part, peu de travaux analysent le rôle des subventions découplées en considérant la nature multitâche de l’agriculture. C’est pourquoi la thèse réalise tout d’abord une méta-analyse des résultats empiriques existants sur le lien entre subventions et efficacité technique, afin de contrôler les effets qui seraient dus aux méthodes utilisées. Les résultats indiquent que la modélisation des subventions comme outputs, ou l’utilisation du ratio subventions/revenu comme proxy, pourraient générer des résultats trompeurs. Ensuite, la thèse développe et estime un modèle de frontière dynamique ainsi qu’un modèle similaire mais statique. Les résultats montrent que le cadre statique surestime l'effet (négatif) des subventions sur l'efficacité technique. Enfin la thèse développe et teste un modèle d'agence multitâche indiquant que les aides découplées peuvent inciter les agriculteurs à fournir des services écosystémiques / The thesis focuses on the impact of public subsidies on farmers’ production decisions. It first concentrates on the link between public subsidies and farm technical efficiency, and then investigates the potential effects of decoupled subsidies on farmers’ provision of ecosystem services. The influence of public subsidies on farmers’ behaviour is an important policy question in the context of the successive reforms of agricultural policies. There exists an extensive literature on this question, but this literature has three main shortcomings. First, the literature on the specific topic of the subsidy-efficiency nexus relies on a plethora of empirical models in which subsidies are often treated in an ad hoc way. Second, this literature is almost exclusively based on static modelling, while most agricultural production decisions are dynamic in nature. Finally, in the literature on the incentive effects of decoupled subsidies, the multitasking nature of farming activities has receivedlittle attention. The thesis addresses these issues, first, by undertaking a meta-analysis of the existing empirical findings on the subsidy-efficiency nexus, in order to control for effects arising from the various methodologies used. The results show that modelling subsidies as outputs, or using the ratio of subsidies to farm revenue as a subsidy proxy, could lead to misleading results. Then, the thesis develops and estimates a dynamic frontier model; for comparison purposes, the static counterpart of this model is also estimated. The results indicate that the static framework overestimates the (detrimental) effect of subsidies on farm technical efficiency. Finally, the thesis develops and tests a multitasking agency model, indicating that decoupled subsidies could raise farmer's incentives to provide environmental services and ecologically sound production

L'investissement et l'innovation jouent un rôle important dans le secteur agricole, permettant aux exploitations de s'adapter aux changements de politiques et aux conditions du marché. Au cours des dernières décennies, les exploitations agricoles de l'Union européenne (UE) ont été confrontées à des changements substantiels à travers la politique agricole commune (PAC). C'est notamment le cas du secteur laitier, qui a vu la fin du régime de quotas laitiers et également vu une volatilité accrue des prix. De tels changements pourraient affecter la productivité et l’efficacité des exploitations agricoles, la compétitivité du secteur laitier et les changements structurels. Comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents au comportement d’investissement des exploitations pourrait permettre d’identifier les principaux facteurs qui influent sur les tendances observées. Cela pourrait aider à anticiper les futurs changements structurels, prévoir les besoins des exploitations et aider les décideurs publicet les autres acteurs du secteur agricole à adapter leurs politiques. La thèse contribue à cet objectif en analysant pour les exploitations laitières d'une sous-région de Bretagne (Ille-et-Vilaine) en France, (i) l'impact de la suppression du quota laitier sur les décisions d'investissement des agriculteurs et l'hétérogénéité de leurs réactions (ii) le lien entre la performance agricole et les décisions d'investissement des agriculteurs, (iii) le rôle des interactions sociales liées aux effets de voisinage sur la décision d'investissement des agriculteurs. Les résultats montrent que la fin / : Investment and innovation play an important role in the agricultural sector, allowing farms to adapt to policy changes and market condition changes. In the last decades, farms in the European Union (EU) have faced substantial changes in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This is particularly the case of the dairy sector, which has seen the end of milk quota regime and increased price volatility. Such changes could affect farm productivity and efficiency, the dairy sector’s competitiveness and structural change. Understanding the mechanisms underlying farms’ investment behaviour could allow identifying key drivers that influence the observed trends. This could help anticipate future structural changes, predict farms’ needs and help policy makers and other stakeholders in farming to adapt their policy. The thesis contributes to this objective by analysing for dairy farms in a sub-region of Brittany (Ille-et-Vilaine) in France, (i) the impact of the termination of the milk quota onfarmers’ investment decisions and the heterogeneity of farm investment behaviour, (ii) the link between farm performance and farmers’ investment decisions, (iii) the role of social interactions related to neighbourhood effects on farmers' investment decision. Findings show that the termination of the dairy quota policy increased farmers’ incentive to invest, contributing to the trend towards larger, more capital intensive and more specialised dairy farms. In addition, the thesis underlines the need to take into account farmers’ heterogeneity in modelling investment behaviour. Doing so allows

A presente tese analisa o desenvolvimento do setor agroalimentar brasileiro, no período pós-1990, e suas relações com as oscilações da economia brasileira, com sua inserção internacional e com a política agrícola. O papel dos investimentos, da demanda e dos recursos ociosos ocupa espaço central na análise. A hipótese central é que a dinâmica do setor agroalimentar brasileiro, na década de 1990 e seguinte, foi marcada mais pelo amadurecimento dos investimentos realizados nas décadas de 1970 e 80, do que pela dinâmica da abertura e desmonte da ação do Estado da década de 1990. Baseado na teoria da dinâmica cíclica com formação de recursos ociosos de Ignácio Rangel e com apoio de ampla análise de dados argumentou-se que: 1- o crescimento do setor agroalimentar na década de 1990, e das exportações agrícolas após 1999, foram possíveis pelos investimentos e pela política de desenvolvimento do setor das décadas de 1970 e 80. Os investimentos no setor agroalimentar possuem uma dinâmica cíclica que respondeu a partir da década de 1990 reativamente ao crescimento, e que retornam após 1999 com recursos oficiais e a partir de 2003 com a elevação dos preços internacionais de commodities agrícolas. 2- a trajetória dos sub-setores do setor agroalimentar foi heterogênea, em conseqüência da mesma política macroeconômica. Logo, a diferença dos impactos causados relacionou-se diretamente a trajetória de cada sub-setor no período anterior à abertura em termos de investimentos, de nível tecnológico e em especial quanto as perspectivas de crescimento ou estagnação da demanda. 3- As oscilações da conjuntura, da política macroeconômica e das políticas setoriais são fundamentais. O setor é sensível a distribuição de renda, às taxas de crescimento do PIB e ao aumento do desemprego. Além disso, o setor agroalimentar apresentou um papel político central: na década de 1980, como elemento para o controle da inflação, recebeu incentivos e proteção; na década de 1990, as exportações são liberadas mas recorre-se às importações para baixar os preços internos. Após 1999, o setor passa a ocupar novamente o lugar de auxiliar na obtenção de divisas, de redução do déficit comercial e retomada do crescimento do PIB (como no início da década de 1980). Com isso, os interesses do setor se reforçam (incluindo seus representantes no legislativo e no executivo) e novas políticas setoriais de incentivo começam a surgir. 4- A dinâmica regional da agricultura é outro elemento central para se compreender os movimentos mais amplos do setor. A ociosidade de terras e de instalações industriais (devido as grandes distâncias entre as áreas produtoras de matérias-primas e a indústria e também devido aos impostos interestaduais) possui um componente territorial que influencia em toda a dinâmica do setor agroalimentar. As diferentes condições de solo, relevo e clima influenciam na produtividade e na escolha das técnicas utilizadas, o que gera grande diferenciação regional no Brasil. / This thesis analyzes the development of the Brazilian food sector in the post-1990, and its relations with the fluctuations of the Brazilian economy, with its international integration and agricultural policy. The investments, demand and idle resources has an important role. The central hypothesis is that the dynamics of the Brazilian food industry in the 1990s and after, was leaded by maturity of the investments in the 1970s and 80s. Based on the theory of cyclical dynamics with formation of idle resources by Ignacio Rangel and with broad support from data analysis, it was argued that: 1- the growth of food industry in the 1990s, and agricultural exports after 1999 were made possible by the investments and the development policy of the industry of the 1970s and 80s. Investment in food sector have a cyclical dynamic that responded from the 1990s reactively growth, and after returning in 1999 with governmental resources from 2003 to the rising international prices of agricultural commodities. 2- the trajectory of the sub-sectors of the food industry was heterogeneous, as a result of the macroeconomic policy. The difference of the impact caused is related directly to the trajectory of each sub-sector in the period before the opening, in terms of investments, technological level and specially on the prospects for growth or stagnation of demand. 3- Fluctuations in the economy, the macroeconomic policy and sectoral policies are crucial. The food sector is sensitive to distribution of income, the growth rates of GDP and increased unemployment. Moreover, the food sector had a central political role: in the 1980s, as an element for controlling inflation, its received subsidies and protection, in the 1990s, exports are released but it relies on imports to reduce domestic prices. After 1999, the food sector will again occupy the place of help in obtaining foreign currency, reducing the trade deficit and leading to growth of GDP (as in the early 1980\'s). With this, the interests of the sector is strengthening (including their representatives in the legislative and the executive) and new policies to encourage food sector begin to emerge. 4- The regional dynamics of agriculture is another key element to understanding the movements of the food sector. The idleness of land and industrial plants (due to the large distances between the areas producing raw materials and industry and also due to tax interstate) has a territorial component that influences the dynamic in the food sector. The different soil conditions, topography and climate influence the productivity and the choice of techniques, which generates large regional differences in Brazil.

農業是人類最基本的經濟活動。儘管隨著科技及社會的發達，農業在一國的總產值或就業人口所佔比例逐漸降低，然而在國際貿易的舞台上，農業貿易的重要性卻不減反增。世界貿易組織（World Trade Organization, 簡稱WTO）之杜哈發展議程（Doha Development Round, DDA）曾一度中止的原因即為各國之間對於農業貿易存在極大的分歧，尤其歐洲聯盟（European Union，簡稱歐盟） 的「共同農業政策」（Common Agricultural Policy,簡稱CAP）更是備受爭議。歐盟共同農業政策係指歐盟為其農業發展所實施包括農產品價格支持、最低保證收購價格、對歐盟境外產品實施關稅及配額等相關補貼制度。「共同農業政策」所以深具爭議，主要在於其對農業有補貼或境內支持政策造成對貿易不公與市場扭曲現象，尤其以農產品出口為大宗的發展中國家受害最深。因此，在多次談判回合中，歐盟共同農業政策常常為其他WTO會員國所詬病。在WTO逐漸成為各國無法忽視的規範力量，以及各國與歐盟的農產品貿易爭端層出不窮之下，歐盟行之有年的「共同農業政策」面臨重大調整。 / Agriculture is the basic economic activities of human beings. Though the relative size of agricultural sector has been declining as the society and technology develop, the importance of agriculture in the international trade is still growing. The Doha Development Round of the World Trade Organization had once suspended because of agriculture negotiations, on which WTO member countries could not reach agreements. Among them, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union is the most controversial. The Common Agricultural Policy combines a direct subsidy payment for crops and land which may be cultivated with price support mechanisms, including guaranteed minimum prices, import tariffs and quotas on certain goods from outside the EU. The reason why CAP is so controversial is for its high amounts on agricultural subsidies and domestic support, which amount to unfair competition and market distortion. In this regards, CAP damaged the interests of agricultural exporting country, especial those developing countries. Thus CAP had always been criticized by other WTO members in the WTO agriculture negotiation. Since WTO has become the dominant regime of international trade, and there are more and more agricultural disputes arising between EU and other WTO members, EU has to undertake substantial reform on CAP.

Die Agrar- und Forstpolitiken der EU und Deutschlands stehen in einem politökonomischen Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Wertschöpfung und Rohstoffproduktion als ökonomieorientierte Ziele einerseits, der Ökologisierung der Landnutzung andererseits und schließlich dem Ziel der Förderung der ländlichen Entwicklung. In wissenschaftlichen und staatlich-politischen Diskursen und Analysen hinsichtlich der Politiksektoren Land- und Forstwirtschaft wurden Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte in den letzten 25 Jahren stark betont. Insbesondere dem politisch-praktischen Konzept der Politikintegration kommt in den Diskursen und Analysen eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. Die Studie untersucht die agrar- und forstpolitischen Prozesse der Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutz in der deutschen Land- und Forstwirtschaft und leistet einen Beitrag zur qualitativen Erforschung sektoraler Machtverhältnisse. Im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung der Policy-Analyse entspricht die Studie dem Anspruch der Theorieintegration, da eine kritisch-materialistische Perspektive auf politische Prozesse, eine materialistische Staatstheorie, das Konzept der Politiksektoren zusammengeführt werden und dazu beitragen Politikintegrationsprozesse zu analysieren. Im Ergebnis stellt die Studie anhand von vier Fallstudien in den Bundesländern Brandenburg (BB), Niedersachsen (NI), Nordrhein-Westfalen (NW) und Sachsen-Anhalt (ST) und anhand der drei policy issues Reduzierung von Treibhausgasemissionen, Reduzierung von Stoffeinträgen in die Umweltmedien Boden und Wasser und Förderung der biologischen Vielfalt den Ist-Zustand der Umsetzung von Nachhaltigkeitszielen und EU-Umweltschutzpolitiken in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft dar. Anhand der Agrar- und Forstpolitiken in BB, NI, NW und ST in den Förderperioden 2000-2006 und 2007-2013 wird aufgezeigt, dass die Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutzzielen von der politökonomischen Entwicklung der Sektoren abhängt. Sowohl die Agrar- und Forstbürokratien als auch privatwirtschaftliche AkteurInnen dominieren die Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutz. Profitorientierung und ökonomische Regionalentwicklung als Ideologiefragmente der dominanten Status quo- und ökonomieorientierten AkteurInnen setzen Ökologisierungsansätze permanent dem Sachzwang der Profitabilität aus. In den Machtverhältnissen und Kämpfen um die Verallgemeinerung von AkteurInneninteressen dominieren die Status quo- und ökonomieorientierten AkteurInnen die politischen Prozesse durch einen privilegierten Zugang zu den Entscheidungszentren, die ideologische Kongruenz zwischen der Ministerialbürokratie und den dominanten Unternehmensverbänden, die Abhängigkeit der öffentlichen Bürokratien von einer gelingenden Wertschöpfung und der Befassungskontinuität zentraler policy entrepreneure innerhalb der Ministerialbürokratien und der damit verbundenen Policy-Stabilität. Politikintegrationsprojekte wie der produktionsintegrierter Natur- und Umweltschutz (Integrativer Naturschutz) in der deutschen Forst- und Landwirtschaft als Modus der Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutz führen zur Legitimation und Reproduktion der bestehenden Produktionsweise.