Invasões biológicas tem um papel cada vez mais importante nas políticas ambientais, visto que espécies invasoras desempenham uma crescente influência sobre novos ambientes onde são introduzidas, podendo gerar grandes impactos naturais e financeiros. Estudos na área da biologia da invasão se fazem extremamente necessários para remediar e evitar novas introduções. Dentre as metodologias aplicadas ao estudo das invasões biológicas, a genética de populações apresenta diversas ferramentas uteis para responder perguntas relevantes nos esforços de controle de espécies invasoras. No presente trabalho usamos recursos moleculares aplicados à genética de populações da rã-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus), o anfíbio invasor mais disseminado no planeta. Através deste estudo foi possível compreender mais sobre a estrutura genética das populações invasoras do Brasil e do mundo, além de seu histórico de invasão e sua população nativa de origem. Entender e contextualizar as características e motivos que levam ao sucesso de uma invasão biológica é importante para esforços de combate a pragas e para evitar que outros invasores se fixem em novos ambientes. Este trabalho levantou novos conhecimentos que podem e devem ser usados em políticas de combates à invasão da rã-touro / Biological invasions play an increasingly important role in environmental policies as invasive species represent a growing impact in new environments where they are introduced, potentially causing large natural and financial problems. Studies in the field of invasion biology are extremely necessary to remedy and prevent new introductions. Among the methodologies applied to the study of biological invasions, population genetics presents several useful tools to answer relevant questions in efforts to control invasive species. In the present work we used molecular resources applied to the genetics of populations of the American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), the most widespread invasive amphibian on the planet. Through this study it was possible to understand more about the genetic structure of the invasive populations in Brazil and in the world, and its history of invasion and its native population of origin. Understanding and contextualizing the characteristics and motives that lead to the success of a biological invasion is important for pest control efforts and to prevent other invaders from focusing on new environments. This work has raised new knowledge that can and should be used in policies to combat Bullfrog invasion

Alongside the destruction of habitat, the impact of invasive alien species (IAS) is considered as one of the most important threats to global biodiversity. Therefore, international directives as well as national legislation call for measures to prevent the further spread of already established IAS as well as to limit their negative effects on native flora and fauna. This study deals with one of these non-native species – the American mink (Neovison vison). In order to get information about ecology and behaviour of this semiaquatic carnivore, a small population in a north German fishpond area, where mink has been spreading since the 1970s, was investigated. During the years 2003 to 2006 data about annual and circadian activity patterns, space use, territorial system as well as feeding habits and their variations during different seasons were collected. For this purpose, altogether 14 individuals (nine males, five females) were monitored using radio-telemetry. Based on the results, the potential impact of American mink on indigenous species was discussed and implications for mink control and management were deduced. American mink are difficult to radio tag. The small difference between their head and neck circumferences mean that the radio collars must be worn tightly to prevent loss. A methodological evaluation of conventional collar transmitters revealed that in six out of eight cases serious skin injuries on the necks were the consequences. Therefore, all radio collars were removed and radio transmitters were surgically implanted in the peritoneal cavity of mink by veterinarians. One male bit open the sutures and died after emergency surgery, but in 13 cases implantation did not affect survival or reproduction of the mink. With reference to animal welfare, intraperitoneal implantation of radio transmitters (in combination with observation and quarantine for several days after operation) instead of external radio collars were recommended for long term telemetry studies of American mink. Analyses of annual activity patterns revealed significant differences in seasonal activity rates. Both sexes reduced their average activity rates in cold winter months (October to February) to about 23 %. This energy-saving strategy is possible because of sufficient food availability, especially of fish, at this time. In March, male as well as female mink considerably increased their activity to almost 40 % due to the mating season. In summer months, during the pup-raising period (May to August), female activity continued to be high (between 40 and 50 %). However, male mink which are not involved in rearing the young, were less active (about 30 %) until July. But in August and September, the time of juvenile dispersal followed by changes in the territorial system and intraspecific aggression, activity rates of males increased again up to 43 %. Circadian activity rhythms differed markedly between sexes. All investigated females exhibited a perennial diurnal pattern. Three of five investigated male mink showed typical nocturnal activity throughout the year. Two males displayed arrhythmic behaviour; they did not prefer any time of the day for activity. On the one hand, gender differences in annual as well as circadian activity patterns of American mink reflect the diversity in ecological constraints, primarily the investment into reproduction. On the other hand, the different temporal strategies of sexes may have the potential to reduce intraspecific, especially intersexual competition. Investigating territorial systems and space use of mink, in comparison to other European studies, relatively large home ranges combined with a quite low population density were observed. In summer months male mink used on average 15.4 km length of waterway and female mink used on average 9.3 km length of waterway. In accordance with the trend of activity rates, male and female mink reduced their large summer home ranges by more than half during the cold winter period. But all-season male mink used significantly larger areas than female mink. High intersexual overlapping rates of home ranges and low levels of intrasexual overlapping of neighbouring home ranges confirm intrasexual territoriality of American mink. Probably, the low population density (0.6-0.7 individuals/km2) allows such high variations in seasonal and sexual home range size. During the mating season males considerably enlarged their home ranges and roamed nearly through the entire study area in search of receptive females. The shifting of stable temporary home ranges observed within one season or between the same seasons of consecutive years demonstrates the highly dynamic nature of spatial behaviour among American mink. The recorded characteristic features of spatial and temporal behaviour should be considered when planning monitoring- and management measures of this invasive carnivore. For instance, the reduced home ranges and activity rates during winter months should be taken into account in mink trapping projects. Analyses of more than 2500 scatsamples of radio tracked mink show that investigated animals principally prey on fish, small mammals and birds (eggs inclusive). There were significant seasonal variations of diet composition. In spring, the three categories of prey - fish, mammals and birds (eggs inclusive) - were hunted in similar amounts. During summer, birds and their eggs made up the main part of the diet followed by mammals. In autumn, the proportion of birds in the mink diet decreased, whereas fish gained in importance. This trend continued during the winter period, when mink preyed almost exclusively on fish. Throughout the entire year amphibians, crustaceans, insects, molluscs and reptiles were found only occasionally in scatsamples. Among birds, the mink preyed mainly on the Eurasian Coot (Fulica atra) followed by the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Mammalian prey was clearly dominated by the water vole (Arvicola terrestris) and among fish, mink hunted especially perch (Perca fluviatilis), roach (Rutilus rutilus) and carp (Cyprinus carpio). Results clearly demonstrate that mink is an opportunistic predator, which hunts its prey according to availability and vulnerability, respectively. Despite the high portions of fish in the autumn and winter diet, the economic damage to fishery caused by mink seems to be low. Perch and roach were preyed on in higher frequencies than the carp which is economically relevant. However, high predation on birds and their eggs during the breeding season indicates a potential negative impact of mink on waterfowl. To summarise, it can be noted that characteristic features of the anthropogenically influenced study area affect feeding habits, activity patterns, space use and density of local mink population. In this regard the management of fishponds, which influences seasonal availability of habitat- and food resources for mink, plays an important role. American mink is regarded as “invasive”, because a negative impact on native species has been proved by several European studies. Consequently, this study recommends management with a focus on effective monitoring and, if necessary, control or exclusion measures adapted to the specific local requirements. Furthermore, to prevent additional introductions into the wild, the still existing farms have to be protected against outbreaks and liberations. In the long term, a general ban on the trade and keeping of American mink would be desirable. / Der Einfluss invasiver, gebietsfremder Arten wird neben der Habitatzerstörung als eine der größten Gefährdungen der Biodiversität weltweit angesehen. Sowohl internationale Umweltvereinbarungen als auch die nationale Gesetzgebung fordern daher Maßnahmen, die eine weitere Ausbreitung bereits etablierter invasiver Neozoen verhindern und deren negative Einflüsse minimieren. Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit einer dieser Neozoen - dem Amerikanischen Nerz bzw. Mink (Neovison vison). Um Erkenntnisse zu Ökologie und Verhalten des semiaquatischen Musteliden in Deutschland zu gewinnen, wurden Daten zu tages- und jahreszeitlichen Aktivitätsmustern, zu Raumnutzung und Territorialsystem sowie zur Nahrungswahl und den jahreszeitlichen Unterschieden im Beutespektrum der Art erhoben. Dafür konnten in den Jahren 2003 bis 2006 in einem Fischteich-Gebiet in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, wo sich Minke bereits seit den 1970er Jahren etabliert haben, insgesamt 14 Individuen (neun Männchen, fünf Weibchen) radiotelemetrisch überwacht werden. Anhand der Ergebnisse wird einerseits der potentielle Einfluss des gebietsfremden Raubsäugers auf einheimische Arten abgeschätzt und diskutiert. Andererseits werden die Ergebnisse herangezogen, um effektive Monitoring- und Managementmaßnahmen abzuleiten. Eine methodische Evaluation von Halsbandsendern zeigte, dass in sechs von acht Fällen die getesteten Halsbänder, die aufgrund des sehr ähnlichen Hals-Kopf-Umfanges der Individuen relativ eng angelegt werden müssen, Hautverletzungen verursachten. Infolgedessen wurden die Halsbandsender gegen durch Tierärzte operativ in die Bauchhöhle eingesetzte Implantationssender ausgetauscht. Auch bei allen nachfolgend gefangenen Tieren wurden die Sender implantiert. Bei insgesamt 14 durchgeführten Erstimplantationen beeinflussten mit Ausnahme eines Falles (Tod durch Aufbeißen der Naht) die Implantate weder das Überleben, noch die Reproduktion der Minke. Daher ist v.a. in Hinblick auf Tierschutzaspekte die Senderimplantation (in Kombination mit einer Mehrtages-Quarantäne) anstatt der Verwendung von externen Halsbandsendern zu empfehlen. Die Analyse der circannuellen Aktivitätsmuster ergab signifikante Unterschiede der saisonalen Aktivitätsraten. Während der kalten Wintermonate (Oktober bis Februar) zeigten beide Geschlechter mit durchschnittlich etwa 23 % eine vergleichsweise geringe Aktivität. Diese energiesparende Verhaltensweise war möglich, da auch im Winter ein ausreichend hohes Nahrungsangebot, vor allem an Fisch, vorhanden war. Im März kam es sowohl bei den Männchen als auch bei den Weibchen zu einem durch die Paarungszeit verursachten, beträchtlichen Anstieg der mittleren Aktivitätsraten auf fast 40 %. In den Sommermonaten (Mai bis August) waren die weiblichen Tiere, durch die Anforderungen der Jungenaufzucht bedingt, anhaltend häufig aktiv (zwischen 40 und 50 %). Die Aktivitätsraten der nicht an der Jungenaufzucht beteiligten Männchen dagegen nahmen im April wieder ab, um bis zum Juli auf einem vergleichsweise geringen Niveau von etwa 30 % zu bleiben. Sie stiegen jedoch während der Monate August und September erneut auf etwa 43 % an. Zu dieser Zeit wandern gewöhnlich die Jungtiere ab und suchen sich ein eigenes Streifgebiet (= Aktionsraum), dadurch kommt es zu Änderungen im Territorialsystem und damit einhergehenden innerartlichen Auseinandersetzungen. Beide Geschlechter unterscheiden sich stark in ihren tageszeitlichen Aktivitätsrhythmen. Alle Weibchen waren ganzjährig tagaktiv. Von den fünf untersuchten Männchen zeigten drei typische Nachtaktivität im gesamten Jahresverlauf. Die beiden anderen männlichen Tiere verhielten sich in ihren Aktivitätsrhythmen indifferent, sie zeigten das ganze Jahr über keine Präferenzen für eine bestimmte Tageszeit. Die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede sowohl in den circannuellen als auch in den circadianen Aktivitätsmustern spiegeln zum einen die verschiedenen Anforderungen an die Geschlechter wieder, vor allem die Investitionen in die Fortpflanzung. Zum anderen können die geschlechtsspezifisch unterschiedlichen Zeitnutzungs-Strategien zu einer Minimierung der innerartlichen, vorzugsweise der intersexuellen Konkurrenz führen. Die Analyse der Telemetriedaten hinsichtlich Raumnutzung und Territorialsystem ergab im Vergleich zu anderen europäischen Studien relativ große individuelle Aktionsräume verbunden mit einer geringen Populationsdichte im Untersuchungsgebiet. So erstreckten sich die durchschnittlich genutzten Sommerstreifgebiete der Männchen auf 15,4 km und die der Weibchen auf 9,3 km Flusslauf bzw. Teichufer. Entsprechend dem Trend der saisonalen Aktivitätsmuster, reduzierten beide Geschlechter ihre großen Sommerstreifgebiete während der Winterhalbjahre um mehr als die Hälfte der Fläche. Allerdings nutzten die Männchen zu allen Jahreszeiten wesentlich größere Aktionsräume als die weiblichen Minke. Große Streifgebietsüberlappungen zwischen den Geschlechtern sowie verhältnismäßig niedrige Überlappungsraten der benachbarten Streifgebiete von Tieren des gleichen Geschlechts bestätigen die intrasexuelle Territorialität der Art. Die erheblichen Unterschiede der saisonalen und geschlechtsspezifischen Aktionsraumgrößen werden vermutlich durch die ermittelte, vergleichsweise geringe Populationsdichte (0,6-0,7 Individuen/km2) ermöglicht. Die ausgedehnte und sich fast über das gesamte Untersuchungsgebiet erstreckende Raumnutzung der Männchen während der Paarungszeit ist durch die Suche nach fortpflanzungsbereiten Weibchen bedingt. Die Raumnutzung der untersuchten Minke unterliegt einer hohen Dynamik, dies wird durch die häufige räumliche Verschiebung temporär stabiler Streifgebiete innerhalb einer Jahreszeit oder auch zwischen den gleichen Jahreszeiten aufeinanderfolgender Jahre verdeutlicht. All diese ermittelten charakteristischen Besonderheiten im Raum-Zeit-Verhalten der Art sollten bei der Entwicklung von Monitoring- und Managementkonzepten berücksichtigt werden. So müssen beispielsweise bei der Fallenjagd im Winter die zu dieser Zeit stark verkleinerten Streifgebiete und die reduzierten Aktivitätsraten Beachtung finden. Die Analyse der über 2500 Losungsproben telemetrierter Minke zeigte, dass sich die untersuchten Tiere hauptsächlich von Fisch, Kleinsäugern und Vögeln (inklusive deren Eiern) ernährten. Dabei traten allerdings signifikante saisonale Unterschiede in der Nahrungs-zusammensetzung auf. So wurden im Frühjahr die drei Beutekategorien Fisch, Kleinsäuger sowie Vögel und deren Eier in ähnlichen Anteilen erbeutet. Während des Sommers bildeten Vögel und Vogeleier die Hauptbeute, gefolgt von Kleinsäugern. Im Herbst verringerte sich der Vogel- und Kleinsäugeranteil im Beutespektrum zugunsten von Fisch. Dieser Trend setzte sich bis in den Winter fort; in dieser Jahreszeit ernährten sich die Minke fast ausschließlich von Fisch. Amphibien, Reptilien, Krebstiere, Insekten und Mollusken wurden im gesamten Jahresverlauf nur gelegentlich gefressen. Innerhalb der Gruppe der Vögel prädierten die Minke vor allem Blässhühner (Fulica atra), gefolgt von Stockenten (Anas platyrhynchos). Das Kleinsäuger-Beutespektrum wurde eindeutig von der Schermaus (Arvicola terrestris) dominiert und unter den Fischen erbeuteten die Minke vorzugsweise Flussbarsche (Perca fluviatilis), Plötzen (Rutilus rutilus) und Karpfen (Cyprinus carpio). Die Ergebnisse der Nahrungsanalyse bestätigen den Mink als einen opportunistischen Prädator, der seine Beutetiere je nach Verfügbarkeit bzw. dem erforderlichen Jagdaufwand nutzt. Trotz des hohen Fischanteils in der Herbst- und Winternahrung ist der durch den Mink verursachte ökonomische Schaden schätzungsweise relativ gering. Flussbarsch und Plötze wurden in höheren Frequenzanteilen erbeutet als der wirtschaftlich relevante Karpfen. Die starke Prädation von Wasservögeln und deren Eiern besonders in den Frühjahrs- und Sommermonaten weist allerdings auf einen potentiell negativen Einfluss des invasiven Raubsäugers auf diese Tiergruppe hin. Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass die spezifischen Charakteristika des anthropogen geprägten Untersuchungsgebietes sowohl Nahrungsökologie und Aktivitätsmuster als auch Raumnutzung und Populationsdichte der lokalen Minkpopulation beeinflussen. Eine besondere Rolle hierbei spielt die Bewirtschaftung der Fischteiche, denn vor allem daraus resultiert für die Minke eine saisonal unterschiedliche Verfügbarkeit an Lebensraum und Nahrung. Negative Auswirkungen des Amerikanischen Nerzes auf die einheimische Tierwelt wurden in anderen europäischen Ländern belegt und rechtfertigen die Einstufung dieser Art als „invasiv“. Demzufolge wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit ein Management empfohlen, bei dem der Focus auf einem effektiven Monitoring und gegebenenfalls auf zweckmäßigen, an die lokalen Bedingungen angepassten Fang- oder Abwehrmaßnahmen liegt. Zudem sollten, um einer weiteren Ausbringung in das Freiland vorzubeugen, die wenigen noch existierenden Minkfarmen besser gegen Ausbrüche bzw. Freilassungsaktionen gesichert werden. Langfristig ist ein generelles Besitz- und Vermarktungsverbot für die Art wünschenswert.

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Invasiva främmande arter är ett av de största hoten mot biologisk mångfald samt att de medför stora ekonomiska kostnader. Kommunerna spelar en viktig roll gällande tillsyn och bekämpning av invasiva främmande arter då de ofta är fastighetsägare och ansvarar för stora arealer. Med ett varmare klimat kan många arter som varit ett problem i varmare länder och i södra delarna av Sverige bli ett problem även på nordligare breddgrader. Det kan därför vara viktigt att kommunerna har ett väl fungerande arbete med etablerade arter och en beredskapsplan mot de arter som kan komma att bli ett problem i framtiden.  Syftet med denna studie var att identifiera vilka invasiva främmande arter som förekom i Värmlands län, samt vilka potentiella problemarter som skulle kunna etablera sig med ett förändrat klimat. Studiens avsikt var även att undersöka kommunernas arbete med de invasiva främmande arter som var etablerade på kommunal mark samt identifiera hinder för agerande mot dessa. För kartläggning av artförekomst i Värmland användes data från SLU ArtDatabankens Artportal. För att undersöka vilka arter som kunde bli ett problem i Värmland med ett varmare klimat användes också Artportalen för att identifiera artförekomst i de södra delarna av Sverige (Skåne). Data mellan åren 2016–2021 analyserades och visualiserades i kartor. Värmlands arbete med arterna undersöktes genom en semistrukturerad intervju med naturvårdshandläggare på länsstyrelsen samt att enkäter sändes ut till samtliga kommuner.   Resultatet visade att av de arter som var med på EU:s förordning fanns förekomster av sex arter i Värmland. Utöver arterna på förordningen fanns andra problemarter som även dessa räknades som invasiva. Enligt data i artportalen hade Skåne, som historiskt sett haft en varmare medeltemperatur, en större förekomst av invasiva arter. Ett varmare klimat skulle kunna gynna etablering av dessa arter även i Värmland, dessutom skulle spridningsintervallen på redan etablerade arter kunna öka.  Merparten av kommunerna hade dock inget förebyggande arbete mot potentiella problemarter. Undersökningen gav intrycket att arbetet är på uppgång men att det fortfarande fanns en utvecklingspotential. Det fanns ett behov för samverkan mellan kommunerna och tydligare och frekvent information till allmänheten. Det fanns även ett behov för fler resurser. / Invasive alien species are one of the biggest threats to biodiversity and they entail large economic costs. Since 2015, there is an EU regulation on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species. The municipalities' work has a central role in the control of invasive species as they are often property owners and responsible for large areas. With a warmer climate, many species that have been a problem in warmer countries and in the southern parts of Sweden can become a problem even in more northern latitudes. It may therefore be important that the municipalities have a well-functioning work with established species and a contingency plan against the species that may become a problem in the future. The purpose of this study was to identify which invasive alien species occurred in Värmland County and which potential problem species that could establish with a changing climate. The purpose of the study was also to examine the municipalities' work with the invasive alien species that were established and to identify obstacles to action against them. Data from SLU ArtDatabanken's Art Portal were used to map species occurrence in Värmland. To investigate which species could be a problem with a warmer climate, the Species Portal was also used to identify species occurrences in the southern parts of Sweden (Skåne). Data between the years 2016–2021 were analyzed and visualized in maps. Värmland's work with the species was investigated through a semi-structured interview with nature conservation officers at the County Administrative Board and questionnaires were sent out to all municipalities. The results showed that of the species that were included in the EU regulation, there were occurrences of six species. In addition to the species in the regulation, there were other problem species that were also considered invasive. According to data in the species portal, Skåne, which had a warmer average temperature, had a greater incidence of invasive species. A warmer climate could favour the establishment of these species also in Värmland. Most of the municipalities, however, had no preventive work against potential problem species. The survey gave the impression that the work has started but that there was still a development potential. There was a need for collaboration between the municipalities and more frequent information to the public. There was also a need for more resources.

Parkslide är en främmande invasiv växt som ohämmat sprider sig på bekostnad av närliggande vegetation och den biologiska mångfalden. Genom att undersöka möjligheten att ta vara på Parkslides egenskaper och skapa någonting användbart för vårt samhälle, utan negativ påverkan på människa, djur och framtid, så kan det i sin tur skapa en möjlighet för en hållbar utveckling. Ett annat sätt att se på befintligt råmaterial, som en del i en cirkulär ekonomi. Rapporten diskuterar resurs och värde med intention att minska användandet av nya material och byta ut dessa till mer hållbara lösningar.Genom faktainsamling och en materialdriven designprocess utforskas Parkslide som material, vilket resulterar i materialprover som öppnar upp möjligheterna för framtida marknader. / Japanese knotweed is an Invasive Alien plant that is widely spread, at the expense of nearby vegetation, which has a negative impact on the biodiversity. By examining the possibilities to use Japanese Knotweed and its characteristics, as something valuable and useful, it can result in opportunities for a sustainable development in the society. We can change the way we view the plant and possibly make it a part of a circular economy. This work will discuss resource and value with the intention to reduce the use of new materials and switch those to a more sustainable solution.Through literature studies, interviews, survey and a Material Driven Design process I will explore Japanese Knotweed as a material, which results in material samples and discussion. This opens up the possibilities for future markets.

Biodiversity is the prerequisite for well-functioning ecosystem services that are crucial, like clean water and clean air. Invasive alien species (IAS) are a serious and long-term issue that is actively threatening the genetic diversity within ecosystems. In Sweden, 20 percent of 2000 alien species is estimated to be invasive or potentially invasive. One of the species that is assessed to be an IAS is garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus), which today is widely spread over big parts of Europe and it is established and reproducing in Sweden. The aim of the study was to find out wether the occurence of garden lupine in Jämtland (last 30 years) has an association with a certain type of land cover and soil moisture, and wether reported findings have increased over the years. This analysis was carried out by first statistically testing the association between the number of lupine observations and the reporting year. After that, a 5m-radius buffer was created around the reported species observations, to then compare the area of each class from National Land Cover Database (NMD) and SLU Soil Moisture Map within the buffer against the total area for each class within Jämtland County. The results of the study showed that the occurence of garden lupine can be associated with the type of land cover and soil moisture that is found on the place of occurence, and that the reports of occurence has increased over the years. The area of the land cover classes within the buffer was not proportional to the total area of those classes in Jämtland County. Lupine occured most commonly within land cover classes exploited land (50%; mainly "exploited land road/railway"), forest (30%), and other open land (20%). As for soil moisture, the garden lupine was only observed within two classes, and the area for these classes within the buffer was not proportional to the area of the same classes in Jämtland County. The soil moisture class with the highest percentage of reported occurence was the class "mesic-dry". These results are in agreeance with the literature describing nonnative habitats for garden lupine, however they do not reflect the facultative status it has received in native habitats. The spread of garden lupine can in other words be linked to the land cover and soil moisture that is found in the place of occurence. Future efforts that are needed are continous monitoring of garden lupine, harmonization of data through standardized inventory methods and validation of data. / Biologisk mångfald är förutsättningen för att avgörande ekosystemtjänster som rent vatten och ren luft ska fungera väl. Invasiva främmande arter (IAS) är ett allvarligt och långsiktigt problem som aktivt hotar den genetiska variationen inom ekosystem. I Sverige bedöms 20 procent av de 2000 främmande arterna vara invasiva eller potentiellt invasiva. En av de arter som klassas som IAS är blomsterlupin (Lupinus polyphyllus), vilken idag är vitt sprid över stora delar av Europa samt är bofast och reproducerande i Sverige. Syftet med studien var att ta reda på huruvida förekomst av blomsterlupin i Jämtland över 30 år har ett samband med viss typ av marktäcke och markfuktighet, samt om inrapporterade fynd har ökat med åren. Denna analys genomfördes genom att först statistiskt testa sambandet mellan inrapporteringar och rapporteringstillfälle. Därefter konstruerades en buffert med en radie på 5 meter runt inrapporterade artobservationer, för att sedan jämföra arean av respektive klass från Nationell Marktäckedata (NMD) och SLU Markfuktighetskarta inom bufferten mot den totala arean av respektive klass i hela Jämtland. Studiens resultat visade att blomsterlupinens förekomst kan associeras med vilken typ av marktäcke och markfuktighet som finns på platsen, samt att inrapporteringen av arten har ökat över åren. Arean av markatäckeklasserna inom bufferten för artobservation var inte proportionell mot den totala arean av respektive markatäckeklass i Jämtlands län. Lupin förekom vanligast inom marktäckeklasser exploaterad mark (50%; framförallt ”exploaterad mark väg/järnväg”), skog (30%) och övrig öppen mark (20%). Vad gäller markfuktighet så observerades endast blomsterlupin på två klasser, och arean för dessa klasser inom bufferten var inte proportionell mot arean för samma klasser i Jämtlands län. Markfuktighetsklassen som hade störst procentuell andel av inrapporterade fynd var klassen ”torr-frisk”. Dessa resultat överensstämmer med litteraturen som beskriver icke inhemska habitat, däremot reflekterar inte dessa resultat den fakultativa statusen som blomsterlupin har fått i dess inhemska habitat. Mina resultat visar att blomsterlupinens utbredning kan kopplas till den marktäcke och markfuktighet som finns på fyndplatsen. Framtida insatser som behövs är fortsatt övervakning av blomsterlupin, harmonisering av data genom standardiserade inventeringsmetoder och validering av data.

Invasive alien plant species are a major threat to biodiversity, and they have the ability to quickly disperse to new areas and change ecosystems. Human impact is one of the main causes of spread of invasive species since most species are spread through trade and transport and through horticulture. Islands can be particularly sensitive to invasive species as they often have a lower resilience than ecosystems on the mainland. The Hällaryd archipelago is a compact island group in the Baltic Sea off Karlshamn in Blekinge, Sweden. The purpose of the study is to investigate what affects the presence of invasive species on the islands, i.e., whether the size of the island, distance from the mainland, number of habitats or whether human influence has any significant effect on the diversity of invasive species, and if there is any preference for which habitat the invasive species are found in. During the summer of 2023, 18 islands in Hällaryd archipelago were surveyed, where the distribution and diversity of invasive species were investigated. The results show that human impact has a large effect on invasive species since inhabited island had higher diversity and effective species number of invasive plants than uninhabited islands. Distance from the mainland had no effect on the presence of invasive species, but larger island had higher diversity of invasive plants, but not higher effective species numbers. Islands with more habitat types had both higher diversity and effective species numbers and there was also a preference for which habitat the species were found in. The inhabited islands had a much higher numbers of horticultural plants than the uninhabited islands which mostly had species that disperse via wind, water and through birds. The study shows that there is a large difference in the diversity and distribution of invasive plants in the Hällaryd archipelago between island types and that the people living on the islands have a large responsibility, but even the uninhabited islands need supervision and monitoring. / Invasiva främmande växtarter är ett stort hot mot den biologiska mångfalden, och de har förmåga att snabbt sprida sig till, och förändra ekosystem. Mänsklig påverkan är en av de främsta orsakerna till spridningen av invasiva arter, och de flesta arterna sprids genom handel och transport eller genom hortikultur. Öar kan vara särskilt känsliga för invasiva arter då dem ofta har lägre motståndskraft än ekosystem på fastlandet. Hällaryds skärgård är en kompakt ö-grupp i Östersjön utanför Karlshamn i Blekinge, Sverige. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad som påverkar förekomsten av invasiva arter på öarna, dvs. om storlek på ön, avstånd från fastlandet, antal habitat eller om mänsklig påverkan har någon signifikant effekt på mångfalden av invasiva arter, och om det finns någon preferens för vilket habitat de invasiva arterna påträffas i. Under sommaren 2023 inventerades 18 öar i Hällaryds skärgård, där både invasiva arter, deras utbredning och mångfald undersöktes. Resultaten visar att mänsklig påverkan har en stor inverkan på invasiva arter, dvs. att de bebodda öarna hade högre mångfald och effektivt artantal av invasiva arter än de obebodda öarna. Avstånd från fastlandet hade ingen påverkan på förekomsten av invasiva arter men större öar hade högre mångfald av invasiva arter, dock inte högre effektivt artantal. Öar med fler habitattyper hade både högre mångfald och effektivt artantal och det fanns även en preferens för vilket habitat arterna påträffades i. På de bebodda öarna fanns ett mycket högre antal trädgårdsväxter än på de obebodda öarna som mestadels hade arter som sprids via vind, vatten och genom fåglar. Studien visar att det finns en stor skillnad i mångfald och utbredning av invasiva växter i Hällaryds skärgård mellan ö-typerna och att de boende på öarna har ett stort ansvar, men även de obebodda öarna behöver tillsyn och övervakning.

The American mink is considered to be an invasive, alien species across Europe, North Asia and also in South America and now it is perceived as a permanently growing treat for native biodiversity. Mink is an extremely adaptable predator, which achieves to adapt to almost any conditions and different food niches. The aim of this study was to contribute to cognition of biology of this species in Czechomoravian highlands condition. A telemetry study was run between 2004 and 2012 during which in total six individuals (3 males and 3 females) were being monitored on the Sázava River near Havlíčkův Brod. This study was supplemented by usage of photo traps. A couple of finding can be drawn from this study. Mainly, the records show the significant differences between sexes. Males and females differ in home range size, in day/night activity and in length of day movements. The second part of this study was focused on distinguishing tracks of three different species of mustelids: American mink, European mink and Western polecat. In total, 211 tracks obtained from these three species were measured. Seven points on a track has been identified, and the computer program Measuring tracks automatically created 131 parameters. These parameters were processed with canonical discriminant analysis. The results showed...

Les invasions biologiques font partie des changements globaux qui contribuent à la perte de biodiversité. Les plantes invasives peuvent aussi provoquer des pertes économiques, notamment d'importants coûts pour leur contrôle. Dans l'archipel des Mascareignes plusieurs programmes de gestion ont été mis en place pour contrôler les espèces invasives. La perception du public sur les espèces invasives varie fortement entre les parties prenantes. En raison d'opinions divergentes sur la gestion des invasions, les travaux de recherche et de mise en œuvre de programme de lutte ont récemment généré des conflits d'usage. Ce travail de thèse a permis de conduire une étude pluridisciplinaire sur les dimensions socio-écologiques et économiques de la gestion de Rubus alceifolius, objet d'un programme de contrôle biologique à l'île de La Réunion. Nous avons mené une analyse économique des différentes options de gestion de R. alceifolius et des coûts futurs de son invasion. Nous avons évalué l'impact de la lutte biologique sur le rétablissement des espèces indigènes dans une aire protégée. Le succès économique et écologique du programme de contrôle biologique de R. alceifolius a été démontré dans les habitats d'altitude < 800 m. Afin de comprendre la raison des conflits entre les parties prenantes nous avons parallèlement développé un travail de recherche socio-anthropologique. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence des faiblesses dans le processus de prise de décision et de mise en œuvre collective de ce programme de lutte. Ces travaux de thèse mettent en exergue le besoin crucial d'identifier et d'impliquer les parties prenantes à toutes les étapes du programme de contrôle biologique. / Biological invasions contribute to the degradation of biodiversity globally. Invasive alien plants have impacted on natural resources management and have generated substantial costs of control and economic loss. Various management options have been put in place to control the level of invasions of targeted species. The public’s perception of invasive species varies among stakeholders. Controversies and conflicts emerged as a consequence of diverging opinions on the management of invasions. We conducted an inter-disciplinary study on the socio-ecological and economic dimensions related to the management of the invasive Rubus alceifolius, following a biological control programme in Réunion Island (France). Firstly, we carried out an economic analysis of the management options for R. alceifolius with future scenario on the cost of invasion. Secondly we assessed the impact of the recovery of native species post biological control. Thirdly a socio-anthropological investigation to understand the rationale behind controversies amongst stakeholders, was investigated. Lastly, a gap-analysis of the policy framework corresponding to a biological control programme was conducted. We found that the biological control programme of R. alceifolius was successful within the elevation limit of 800 m, from both an economic and ecological perspective. Given the shortfall in the decision-making process and implementation, this study demonstrated the crucial need to identify and involve stakeholders in all stages of a biological control programme. We concluded with key recommendations for successful biological programmes.

O Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó tem passado por um importante desafio de manejo que é a definição sobre o uso de animais de montaria por parte dos visitantes. Recentemente, o Governo Brasileiro lançou um documento intitulado Diretrizes para visitação em unidades de conservação o qual dita algumas normas para essa atividade de uso público. No entanto, há questões relevantes de incoerências deste com o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação. A presença dos animais numa unidade de conservação pode causar diversos impactos ambientais, entre eles, a entrada e dispersão de espécies exóticas causando contaminação biológica em área protegida. Os cavalos e muares utilizados pelos visitantes podem ser veículo de entrada dessas espécies exóticas, seja por meio dos pelos, das patas e também das fezes. Esta investigação teve por objetivo investigar se há relação entre o uso de animais de montaria e a contaminação biológica de gramíneas exóticas pelas fezes dos animais no Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó. Para tanto foram selecionadas duas trilhas do Parque, a do Capão dos Palmitos e a trilha da Farofa, sendo que as mesmas apresentam diferenças relevantes em termos de relevo e de histórico de uso. Com base no trabalho de Campbell e Gibson (2001) definiu-se o método. Em cada uma das trilhas procedeu-se a coleta de fezes eqüinas e de amostras de solo em dois períodos do ano (outono e verão). As amostras foram distribuídas em dois experimentos de germinação, um instalado in situ e outro no Laboratório de Biologia Reprodutiva e Genética de Espécies Arbóreas da ESALQ / USP. Outro experimento, também realizado in situ, verificou a presença de espécies de gramíneas exóticas e de plantas nativas nas áreas de abrangência das duas trilhas. Foram definidos quatro pontos para as amostragens tendo como referência o centro das trilhas, são eles: centro, borda, transição e interior. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com uso do programa SAS versão 9.3.1. Os resultados mostraram que há maior presença de gramíneas exóticas na trilha da Farofa em relação à trilha do Capão. Na trilha da Farofa houve diferença significativa entre o ponto do centro com os demais. Na trilha do Capão não houve diferença entre os pontos avaliados. As espécies nativas foram encontradas com maior frequência na trilha do Capão. Houve diferença do ponto centro para os demais nas duas trilhas avaliadas. Os resultados obtidos pelas amostras de solos que estavam no experimento controlado em laboratório revelaram que não há diferença na germinação de sementes entre as trilhas. As amostras de fezes, no entanto, mostraram diferença entre as trilhas, sendo que há maior germinação de sementes na trilha da Farofa. Tanto para as amostras de fezes como para as de solo, houve grande diferença para a germinação entre os períodos de outono e de verão. Não houve nenhuma germinação no experimento instalado in situ. / Serra do Cipó National Park has undergone a major management challenge that is the definition of the use of horse riding by the visitors. Recently, the Brazilian Government launched a document entitled Diretrizes para visitação em unidades de conservação (Guidelines for visitation in protected areas) which dictates certain rules for recreation ecology activities. However, there are relevant issues that are incoherent with the Brazilian law for protected areas called the Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (National System of Conservation Areas). The presence of domestic animals in protected areas can cause several environmental impacts, including the entry of alien species causing biological contamination. The horses used by visitors can be a vehicle of entry of alien species, either through the hair, the legs and also the dung. This research aimed to investigate whether there is a relation between the use of horses and biological contamination of exotic grasses by horses\' dung in the Serra do Cipó National Park. Therefore, we selected two trails of the park which present significant differences in terms of topography and land use history: the Capão dos Palmitos trail and the Farofa trail. The method was defined based on the work of Campbell and Gibson (2001). From each of the tracks were collected equine dung and soil samples in two seasons (autumn and summer). The samples were divided into two experiments, one installed in situ and another at the Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Genetics of Tree Species of ESALQ / USP. Another experiment, also conducted in situ, verified the presence of exotic grasses and native plants in areas served by the two trails. Four points, which had as reference the center of the trails, were defined for sampling: center, edge, transition and interior. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software, version 9.3.1. The results showed that there has been an increase in the amount of exotic grasses in the trail of Farofa when compared with the path of Capão. On the trail of Farofa significant difference was found among the center point and the others. On the trail of Capão no difference among the points was assessed. The native species were found more frequently on the trail of the Capão. There was a statistical difference between the center points on both trails. The results obtained from soil samples that were in the controlled experiment in the laboratory revealed that there is no difference in germination between the trails. Dung samples, however, showed differences between the tracks, and there is a greater germination in the trail of Farofa. A significant difference in germination between the periods of autumn and summer was found both in the dung samples and in the soil samples. There was no germination in the experiment installed