Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-10-26T13:06:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ricardo Goulart Rodovalho - 2017.pdf: 4249347 bytes, checksum: b731c79e9585351e61ca0e415749d4b1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-26T14:48:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ricardo Goulart Rodovalho - 2017.pdf: 4249347 bytes, checksum: b731c79e9585351e61ca0e415749d4b1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-26T14:48:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ricardo Goulart Rodovalho - 2017.pdf: 4249347 bytes, checksum: b731c79e9585351e61ca0e415749d4b1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-05 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The main scope of the current study was to develop a short tandem repeat (STR) multiplex system, made up of 22 highly informative loci, for application in forensic genetics. The system comprised of 21 polymorphic autosomal short tandem repeat loci, namely D3S1358, TH01, D21S11, D18S51, Penta E, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, Penta D, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX, FGA, D2S441, D17S1301, D19S433, D18S853, D20S482 and D14S1434, and the amelogenin gene locus. Strategies were developed to overcome the challenges involved in creating a multiplex system. Based on the literature and available databases, STR loci were selected to obtain discriminatory markers, and followed specific criteria for this purpose. Primers were designed using the Primer3 software and the AutoDimer was used to evaluate potential interactions between them. The 21 selected STR loci were validated individually and jointly, both to assess their sensitivity and to test the efficiency of the multiplex system. Statistical analyses were based on the genetic data of 450 unrelated individuals living in the State of Goiás, thus allowing the establishment of the parameters necessary to use this system. A total of 239 alleles were detected for the 21 loci in the set, allowing for a probability of identity of 4.23 x 10-25 to be obtained. The combined power of discrimination was 0.999999999999999999999999 and the combined power of exclusion was 0.99999. Upon complete validation of the entire system, this multiplex assay was considered to be a powerful tool for application in human identification by DNA analysis. / O escopo principal do atual estudo foi o desenvolvimento de um sistema multiplex de loci STR, composto por 22 loci altamente informativos para aplicação em genética forense. O sistema compreendeu 21 loci STRs polimórficos autossômicos, a seguir D3S1358, TH01, D21S11, D18S51, Penta E, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, Penta D, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX, FGA, D2S441, D17S1301, D19S433, D18S853, D20S482 e D14S1434, e o locus do gene da amelogenina. As estratégias foram desenvolvidas para superar os desafios envolvidos na criação de um sistema multiplex. Com base na literatura e nas bases de dados disponíveis, os loci STRs foram selecionados para obter marcadores discriminatórios e seguiram critérios específicos para esse fim. Os primers foram projetados usando o software Primer3, e o AutoDimer foi usado para avaliar potenciais interações entre eles. Os 22 loci selecionados foram validados individualmente e em conjunto, tanto para avaliar sua sensibilidade quanto para testar a eficiência do sistema multiplex. As análises estatísticas foram baseadas nos dados genéticos de 450 indivíduos não relacionados e residentes no estado de Goiás, permitindo assim estabelecer os parâmetros necessários para a utilização do sistema. Um total de 239 alelos foram detectados para os 21 loci do conjunto, permitindo obter uma probabilidade de identidade de 4,23 x 10-25. O poder combinado de discriminação foi 0,999999999999999999999999 e o poder combinado de exclusão foi 0,99999. Após a validação completa de todo o sistema, este ensaio de multiplex foi considerado uma ferramenta poderosa para aplicação na identificação humana pela análise do DNA.

As enzimas CYP2D6, CYP2C19 e CYP2C9 são responsáveis pelo metabolismo de aproximadamente metade dos 200 medicamentos mais prescritos nos EUA. Padronizamos ensaios de genotipagem baseados na discriminação alélica com o sistema TaqMan® em 198 indivíduos. Para o gene CYP2D6, os alelos *1 e *2 foram os mais freqüentes, seguidos pelos alelos *4, *41, *35, *17, *5, *10, *6, *29 e *9. Desenvolvemos também uma nova metodologia para a determinação do número de cópias do gene CYP2D6. Para o gene CYP2C19, o alelo *1 foi o mais frequente, seguido pelos alelos *17, *2 e *3. Nosso estudo foi o primeiro a determinar a freqüência alélica do gene CYP2C19 no Brasil. Para o gene CYP2C9, o alelo *1 foi o mais frequente, seguido pelos alelos *2 e *3. Desenvolvemos uma metodologia reprodutível e acessível para a genotipagem dos polimorfismos principais dos genes CYP2D6, CYP2C19 e CYP2C9. A identificação precoce de indivíduos suscetíveis a efeitos adversos, bem como de metabolizadores rápidos pode trazer grandes benefícios aos pacientes possibilitando assim uma medicina personalizada. / The enzymes CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 metabolize approximately half of the 200 most prescribed drugs in the USA. We standardized genotyping tests based on allelic discrimination, using TaqMan® genotyping system in 198 samples. For the CYP2D6 gene, allele *1 and *2 were the most frequent, followed by alleles *4, *4, *35, *17, *5, *10, *6, *29 and *9. We have also developed a new methodology for determining the copy number variations of the CYP2D6 gene. For the CYP2C19 gene, the allele *1 was the most common, followed by the alleles *17, *2 and *3. In our concern, our study was the first to determine the allele frequency of the CYP2C19 gene in Brazil. For CYP2C9 gene, the allele *1 was the most common followed by the alleles *2 and *3. We developed a methodology reproducible and accessible for genotyping the most important polymorphisms of the genes CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9. The previous identification of individuals at risk to develop adverse drug reactions as well as ultrarapid-metabolizers may bring benefits to the patients, leading to a personalized therapy.

A asma brônquica é doença inflamatória crônica complexa das vias aéreas provocada pela interação de fatores genéticos e ambientais. O gene HLA-G (Antígeno Leucocitário Humano G) foi identificado como gene de susceptibilidade à asma, codificando uma molécula não clássica do complexo principal de histocompatibilidade (MHC, do inglês Major Histocompatibility Complex) de classe I com função moduladora das células do sistema imunológico. Nesse contexto, avaliamos o papel do HLA-G na asma afim de identificar genótipos, alelos e haplótipos associados com proteção ou susceptibilidade nas diferentes formas de apresentação da doença. Investigamos os sítios polimórficos da região 3\' não traduzida (3\'UTR-untranslated region) do HLA-G (14 pb Ins/Del, + 3001 C/T, +3003 C/T, +3010 C/G, +3027 A/C, +3035 C/T, +3142 C/G, +3187 A/G e +3196 C/G) em 118 pacientes asmáticos estratificados em asma leve ou moderada e grave e 183 indivíduos brasileiros saudáveis. Testes de associação foram realizados para avaliar as frequências dos genótipos, alelos e haplótipos da 3\'UTR do HLA-G na asma brônquica, considerada como grupo total ou estratificada de acordo com a gravidade da doença. Nossos resultados demonstraram que as frequências dos alelos +3001 C, +3003 C, +3035 C e +3196 C e do genótipo 14 bp DI estavam aumentadas no grupo total e nas diversas formas de apresentação da doença. Os alelos +3010 C e +3142 G e o genótipo +3010 CC estavam mais representados em pacientes com asma leve ou moderada. Por outro lado, os genótipos +3010 GG, +3142 CG e +3187 AG e o alelo +3010 G apresentaram maior frequência nos asmáticos graves, estando fortemente associados com o desenvolvimento da forma grave da asma. Além disso, os genótipos 14 pb II, +3010 CC e +3142 GG e o alelo +3010 C conferiram proteção à asma grave. Além disso, identificamos um haplótipo da 3\'UTR do HLA-G associado ao desenvolvimento de asma brônquica, a UTR-8, e um haplótipo que conferiu proteção contra a mesma, a UTR-7. Concluindo, neste estudo, observamos frequências diferenciais de sítios polimórficos do segmento 3\'UTR do HLA-G associados com predisposição à asma brônquica e, também, com a gravidade da doença / Bronchial asthma is a complex chronic inflammatory disease of the airways caused by the interaction of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. The HLA-G (Human Leucocyte Antigen G) gene was identified as a susceptible marker for bronchial asthma, encoding a nonclassical Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecule, considered to be an important immune check point modulator. In the present study, we evaluated the role of HLA-G in bronchial asthma susceptibility and disease severity, evaluating HLA-G genotypes, alleles or haplotypes. We investigated the HLA-G 3\'Untraslated region (3\'UTR) polymorphic sites (14-bp INS/DEL, +3001, +3003C/T, +3010C/G, +3027A/C, +3035C/T, +3142C/G, +3187A/G, and +3196C/G) in 118 asthmatic Brazilian patients, stratified according to disease severity into mild/moderate and severe asthma, and in 183 healthy individuals. HLA-G 3\'UTR variation sites were individually analyzed or lumped together as haplotypes. Our results showed that frequencies of +3001 C, +3003 C, +3035 C e +3196 C alleles and 14 pb ID genotype were increased in asthma group considered as a whole and in patients stratified according to disease severity. The +3010 C and .3142 G alleles and the +3010 CC genotype were overrepresented in patients with mild and moderate forms. Similarly, the +3010 GG, +3142 CG, +3187 AG genotypes and +3010 G allele presented increased frequency in severe asthmatic patients. In contrast, the 14 pb II, +3010 CC and +3142 GG genotypes and +3010 C allele conferred protection against severe asthma. In addition, we identified a 3\'UTR HLA-G haplotype that was associated with bronchial asthma development (UTR-8) and one haplotype that conferred protection against asthma (UTR-7). In conclusion, in this study, we observed differential frequencies at HLA-G 3\'UTR polymorphic sites that are associated with bronchial asthma predisposition and, also, with disease severity

Abstract A large body of animal studies indicates that reinforcement from alcohol is associated with dopaminergic neurotransmission in the mesocorticolimbic pathway. However, as most psychiatric phenomena cannot be studied with animals, human studies are needed. Furthermore, because of the fluctuating nature of phenomena regarding the status of abuse and withdrawal, repeated observations of the same study subjects under different situations can elucidate a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms. In this study 42 alcoholics were monitored during withdrawal and 30 alcoholics after four weeks of abstinence. 123I-β-CIT SPET was used as a method for the semi quantification of their striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) densities reflecting the function and structure of the dopaminergic system. DAT density was markedly lower during withdrawal among alcoholics as compared to control subjects, but it elevated during abstinence to the level of healthy volunteers. This increases in DAT density during withdrawal and afterwards correlated with the depression scores of alcoholics. DAT density correlated with the Novelty Seeking (NS) personality trait, especially among abstinent alcoholics. After four weeks of controlled abstinence alcoholics with an A1 allele of dopamine receptor D2 were found to have higher DAT densities than alcoholics without it. The results indicate that striatal DAT density is associated with mood, personality, A1 genotype and the length of the abstinence period after heavy alcohol drinking.

Chez les mammifères, une centaine de gènes sont soumis à une régulation épigénétique où seule la copie maternelle, ou paternelle, est exprimée. Ce phénomène appelé empreinte parentale alimente encore différentes théories liées à la reproduction, notamment celles du conflit parental et de la coadaptation entre mère et enfant. Pw1/Peg3 est un gène d'empreinte paternellement exprimé. Cependant, à l'aide de deux modèles de souris bien distincts, une souris rapporteur (Pw1IRESnLacZ) et une nouvelle souris knockout pour Pw1/Peg3, nous avons détecté des transcrits Pw1/Peg3 maternels dans le cerveau périnatal. Plus précisément, nous avons mis en évidence une expression bi-allélique du gène rapporteur Pw1IRESnLacZ restreinte aux deux futures niches de cellules souches neurales adultes. In vitro, nous avons conclu, via des cultures primaires de cellules souches neurales, que l'expression bi-allélique endogène de Pw1/Peg3 est un évènement ponctuel rare. D'ailleurs lors de la caractérisation de notre modèle de souris Pw1/Peg3 knockout, nous avons observé un retard de croissance uniquement lors de la délétion de l'allèle Pw1/Peg3 paternel. Ce phénotype n'est pas lié à un problème de prise alimentaire chez les nouveaux-nés et contrairement à ce qui a été précédemment décrit, nous n'avons détecté aucun défaut de comportement maternel chez les femelles mutantes pour Pw1/Peg3. La lactation n'est pas non plus impactée par la délétion de Pw1/Peg3. Ces résultats démontrent que Pw1/Peg3 favorise intrinsèquement la croissance postnatale et que, désormais, ce gène d'empreinte ne peut plus être utilisé afin d'illustrer la théorie de coadaptation entre mère et enfant. / In mammals, a hundred of genes are preferentially expressed from one specific parental allele; a phenomenon referred as genomic imprinting. Establishing theories to explain the emergence of such a gene dosage strategy is challenging. Pw1/Peg3 is a paternally expressed gene. Using both a reporter mouse model and a novel constitutive knockout mouse model, we detected Pw1/Peg3 transcription from the maternal allele, which is normally silent, in the perinatal brain. Specifically, we observed that a putative Pw1/Peg3 bi-allelic expression is mainly restricted to the two future adult neural stem cells niches. In vitro experiments on primary neural stem cells allowed us to conclude that imprinting relaxation of the Pw1/Peg3 maternal allele is a rare event. Whether it affects the mouse phenotype is currently under investigation. In parallel, consistent with previously established mutant mouse models we confirmed that paternal Pw1/Peg3 deletion leads to growth retardation. However we did not find any impairment in maternal behaviors upon heterozygous or homozygous loss of Pw1/Peg3. Lactation was also not disrupted and mutant pups exhibited a normal suckling ability. Taken together, PW1/PEG3 promotes growth intrinsically and can no longer be used to illustrate the popular coadaptation theory between mother and infant.

Em mamíferos a inativação do cromossomo X (ICX) consiste no silenciamento gênico de um dos dois X presentes nas células somáticas normais das fêmeas, garantindo a compensação de dose transcricional em relação aos machos. Existem duas formas de ICX: aleatória, na qual a escolha do cromossomo X inativado se dá ao acaso (X paterno ou materno); e de maneira completamente desviada, na qual a atividade do cromossomo X dependerá de sua origem parental. Nas fêmeas marsupiais a inativação ocorre de forma completamente desviada, sendo o X paterno preferencialmente inativado em todas as células, já nas células embrionárias de eutérios, o que se observa é a ICX aleatória. Entretanto, naquelas células que darão origem aos tecidos extra-embrionários, de camundongos e bovinos, a ICX se dá de forma equivalente à dos marsupiais, ou seja, o X paterno é preferencialmente inativado. Há mais de 30 anos o padrão de ICX em tecidos extra-embrionários humanos tem sido alvo de intenso debate. A crítica que se faz aqui é que tais estudos foram realizados com base na expressão de apenas um ou dois genes ligados ao X com amostras de tecidos extra-embrionários em diferentes idades gestacionais e, por vezes, em poucas amostras, o que deve ter levado às contradições entre as conclusões. O diferencial deste trabalho foi a utilização de técnicas de genotipagem de SNPs presentes em regiões codificadoras, para analisar o padrão de atividade alelo-específica de um grande número de genes presentes ao longo de todo o cromossomo X, gerando um panorama mais representativo da ICX em placenta humana. Neste estudo é comprovado o padrão aleatório de ICX em placenta humana a termo e demonstrado que este órgão se apresenta como um 65 mosaico em relação à escolha do X inativo. A análise global da atividade gênica no cromossomo X indicou ainda que a manutenção do estado epigenético do X inativo parece ser heterogêneo. Em conjunto, os dados gerados são capazes de explicar as incongruências entre as conclusões previamente publicadas. Este trabalho também ilustra as diferenças nos mecanismos de ICX entre humanos e camundongos e reforça a importância de se avaliar esse tema em outras espécies de mamíferos eutérios na tentativa de se elucidar os processos evolutivos envolvidos na compensação de dose em mamíferos / Imprinted inactivation of the paternal X chromosome in marsupials is the primordial mechanism of dosage compensation for X-linked genes between females and males in Therians. In Eutherian mammals, X chromosome inactivation (XCI) evolved into a random process in cells from the embryo proper, where either the maternal or paternal X can be inactivated. However, species like mouse and bovine maintained imprinted XCI exclusively in extraembryonic tissues. The existence of imprinted XCI in humans remains controversial, with studies based on the analyses of only one or two X-linked genes in different extraembryonic tissues. Here we readdress this issue in human term placenta by performing a robust analysis of allele-specific expression of 23 X-linked genes, including XIST, using 28 SNPs in transcribed regions. We show that XCI is random in human placenta, and that this organ is arranged in relatively large patches of cells with either maternal or paternal inactive X. In addition, this chromosome-wide analysis indicated heterogeneous maintenance of the epigenetic state along the inactive X, which combined with the extensive mosaicism found in placenta, can explain the lack of agreement among previous studies. Our results illustrate the differences of XCI mechanism between humans and mice, and highlight the importance of addressing the issue of imprinted XCI in other species in order to understand the evolution of dosage compensation in placental mammals

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Quantifizierung JAK2 p.V617F mutierter Allele zur Verlaufskontrolle von Patienten mit JAK2 p.V617F positiven MPN nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation (SCT). Dabei sollte insbesondere untersucht werden, ob sich frühzeitig nach SCT ein höheres Rezidivrisiko der MPN vorhersagen lässt und zu welchen Zeitpunkten molekulare Untersuchungen nach SCT sinnvoll sind. Wir analysierten retrospektiv den Krankheitsverlauf von 30 Patienten. Dafür verwendeten wir die ARMS-QPCR und WTB-AS QPCR als zwei allel-spezifische Amplifikationsmethoden und untersuchten 142 Proben der ersten Kohorte (n=14) und 32 Proben einer zweiten Kohorte (n=16) im direkten Vergleich. Aus unseren Ergebnissen konnten folgende Rückschlüsse gezogen werden: 1. Die beiden allel-spezifischen Amplifikationsmethoden ARMS-QPCR und WTB-AS QPCR zur Quantifizierung der JAK2 p.V617F Mutation sind vergleichbar. 2. Als Ausgangsmaterial sind antikoaguliertes Vollblut oder auch Beckenkammbiopsien gleichermaßen geeignet. 3. Der Nachweis von > 1% JAK2 p.V617F Allele 28 Tage nach allogener SCT ist assoziiert mit einem signifikant höheren Rezidivrisiko einer JAK2 positiven MPN und einem schlechteren Gesamtüberleben.

Genetic variations in taste receptor genes play a notable role in human taste perception and food preferences and intake, which may affect nutritional and health status. Understanding how genetic variations in taste receptor genes influence food perception, preferences, and intake can play an important role in designing effective interventions to improve the quality of peoples' nutrition and minimize the risk of diet-related diseases such as obesity. The objective of this study was to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of umami taste receptor gene TAS1R1 and GRM4 and sweet taste receptor gene TAS1R3 and percentage of body fat mass (BF%) among young adults. 833 young adults aged 18-31 years old were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Umami and sweet taste receptor genotypes were determined and analyzed. A strong association was observed between the allele frequencies of sweet taste receptor gene TAS1R3 for SNPs rs307355 and rs35744813 and BMI, and between the same SNPs rs307355 and rs35744813 and BF%. In addition, the allele frequencies of SNP rs2499729 were significantly related to the likelihood of having obesity based on BMI classification. However, there was no association between the allele frequencies of the SNPs of the umami taste receptor genes; TAS1R1 for rs34160967 and BMI or BF%. The results of this study also indicated association in total energy intake and the percentage of energy from carbohydrates, protein, and fat intake between the alleles of the sweet receptor gene TAS1R3 for rs307355 and 35744813. Furthermore, a notable association was also detected in the percentage of energy from fat intake among the alleles of the umami receptors gene TAS1R1 rs34160967, and a significant relation in the percentage of energy from carbohydrates and protein intake between the different genotype polymorphisms of the umami receptor GRM4 gene for rs2499729.

No description available.

No description available.