Introdução: A doença arterial coronária (DAC) é a principal causa de mortalidade nos países industrializados e representa cerca de 10% de todos os óbitos no Brasil.1 Num espectro de maior gravidade dos pacientes com DAC crônica, encontram-se aqueles classificados como angina refratária, uma vez que apresentam sintomas aos esforços habituais e mesmo ao repouso, a despeito de otimização da terapêutica clínica e do controle de fatores de risco. No conhecimento e combate aos fatores de risco da DAC, a apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) é comum nesta população,2 no entanto, ainda sub diagnosticada e seus potenciais efeitos deletérios no sistema cardiovascular precisam ser esclarecidos. A AOS é caracterizada por episódios recorrentes de obstrução parcial (hipopneias) ou total (apneias) das vias aéreas superiores durante o sono. Estes eventos recorrentes geram hipoxemia intermitente e aumento da estimulação simpática, com consequente aumento da demanda de oxigênio pelo miocárdio durante o sono. No entanto, o papel da AOS em pacientes com angina refratária é desconhecido. Objetivos: Estudo 1: comparar a prevalência de AOS em duas populações de DAC crônica, a de angina refratária, com sintomas limitantes e recorrentes, com a de pacientes com DAC estável. Estudo 2: avaliar a associação entre lesão miocárdica e AOS em pacientes com angina refratária. Material e Métodos: Estudo 1: pacientes consecutivos, com diagnóstico estabelecido de angina refratária, que faziam parte do NEPAR (Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa em Angina Refratária) do InCor, foram avaliados para presença de AOS, através do exame de polissonografia (PSG) noturna, que é padrão-ouro para diagnóstico de AOS. Eles foram comparados ao grupo de pacientes com DAC estável (pacientes com DAC crônica, em pré-operatório para cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (RM), que faziam parte do ambulatório de DAC crônica do InCor), sendo que a frequência de AOS nestes pacientes com DAC estável já foi descrita previamente.3 Todos os pacientes foram avaliados quanto a condições clínicas preexistentes, uso de medicamentos, medidas antropométricas, aferição de pressão arterial (PA) e Resumo frequência cardíaca (FC) ao repouso e responderam questionários para avaliação da qualidade do sono. Estudo 2: os pacientes com diagnóstico de angina refratária, do NEPAR, foram encaminhados ao laboratório do sono do InCor e submetidos a: avaliação clínica detalhada, medidas antropométricas, questionários de qualidade do sono e exame de PSG noturna. Eles também foram avaliados quanto a presença de isquemia miocárdica por exames de imagem: ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) e/ou cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica (CPM). A dosagem da troponina T ultra-sensível (TnT-us) também foi realizada, sendo que a determinação deste biomarcador foi feita em três coletas (às 14, 22 e 07h). Sendo as duas primeiras coletas (14 e 22h) pré exame de PSG noturna e a coleta das 07h foi realizada na manhã seguinte após exame de PSG. Resultados Estudo 1: foram avaliados 79 pacientes com angina refratária, no entanto, 9 foram excluídos por não preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Portanto, 70 pacientes com angina refratária foram comparados a 70 pacientes com DAC estável. Os pacientes com angina refratária eram em média mais velhos que os com DAC estável (61 ±10 x 57±7 anos, p=0,013, respectivamente), no entanto, semelhantes quanto a porcentagem de sexo masculino (61,5% x 75,5%, p=0,07, respectivamente) e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) (29,5 ±4 x 28,5± 4 kg/m2, p= 0,06, respectivamente). O grupo de angina refratária era mais depressivo, com maior escore no inventário de depressão de Beck (19 ±8 x 10±8, p< 0001, respectivamente). A AOS foi mais frequente no grupo com angina refratária em relação ao de DAC estável (73% x 54%, p=0,022, respectivamente) e também a AOS grave (48% x 27%, p=0,009, respectivamente). A AOS e depressão permaneceram independentemente associadas a angina refratária, na análise multivariada, após ajuste para fatores de confusão como sexo masculino, idade e IMC (AOS com OR:7,91; p=0,017 e Depressão com OR:15,71; p< 0,001). Estudo já publicado4 e se encontra anexado a esta tese. Estudo 2: foram avaliados 89 pacientes com diagnóstico de angina refratária, mas 9 foram excluídos, portanto amostra final de 80 pacientes. 66% eram do sexo masculino, no geral esta população não era obesa (IMC: 29,5±4 kg/m2) e idade média de (62 ±10 anos). 75% tinham AOS e 50% apresentaram AOS grave. Diante da elevada frequência de AOS Resumo nesta população, nós dividimos a população através de quartis de AOS e assumimos o 1° quartil como sem AOS (IAH <=15 eventos/h). Assim, o 2° quartil (IAH: 16 a 30 eventos/h), 3°quartil (IAH: 31 a 50 eventos/h) e 4°quartil (>= 51 eventos/h). No geral, os participantes estavam bem medicados, com controle da PA e da FC ao repouso, além do controle laboratorial adequado e cessação do tabagismo. A grande maioria (94%) já havia apresentado pelo menos uma intervenção de revascularização como RM ou intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) e a avaliação de isquemia, pelos métodos de imagem (RMC e/ou CPM) foi presente em 92% dos pacientes. No entanto, os pacientes com AOS mais grave, quanto aos quartis, apresentavam maior proporção de isquemia naqueles dos últimos quartis, com diferença estatística significativa (p=0,005). Quanto a TnT-us coletada na manhã seguinte ao exame de PSG (às 07h), 88% apresentaram valores detectáveis e 36% com valores acima do percentil 99 do ensaio utilizado. Os pacientes do 4° quartil de AOS apresentaram valores de TnT-us cerca de 2 vezes maiores do que os pacientes dos outros três quartis. Além disso, os pacientes do 4°quartil de AOS apresentaram uma variação circadiana dos valores de TnT-us, com pico matinal e este comportamento não foi demonstrado na população dos outros três quartis de AOS. Conclusões: A AOS é extremamente frequente na população de DAC, sendo mais frequente nos pacientes com angina refratária do que naqueles com DAC estável e encontra-se independentemente associada a angina refratária, mesmo após ajuste para fatores de confusão clássicos como idade, sexo masculino e IMC. No estudo 2 observamos que existe associação da gravidade da AOS com lesão miocárdica demonstrada por: elevados valores detectáveis de troponina na manhã seguinte ao exame de PSG, mais de um terço apresentou valores de TnT-us acima do percentil 99 e pela ocorrência de variação circadiana da TnT-us nos pacientes do 4°quartil de AOS / Background (Paper 1): Refractory angina is a severe form of coronary artery disease (CAD) characterized by persistent angina despite optimal medical therapy. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and depression are common in patients with stable CAD and may contribute to a poor prognosis. Objectives: We hypothesized that OSA and depression are more common and more severe in patients with refractory angina than in patients with stable CAD. Methods: We used standardized questionnaires and full polysomnography to compare consecutive patients with well-established refractory angina versus consecutive patients with stable CAD evaluated for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Results: Patients with refractory angina (n=70) compared with patients with stable CAD (n=70) were similar in respect to sex distribution (male: 61.5% vs 75.5%; p=0.07), body mass index (29.5+- 4 kg/m2 vs 28.5 +- 4 kg/m2; p=0.06) and were older (61 +- 10 yr vs 57 +- 7 yr; p=0.013), respectively. Patients with refractory angina had significantly more symptoms of daytime sleepiness (Epworth: 12±6 vs 8±5; p<0.001), had higher depression symptom scores (Beck: 19 +- 8 vs 10 +- 8; p < 0.001) despite greater use of antidepressants, had higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI: 37±30 events/h vs 23±20 events/h, p=0.001), higher proportion of oxygen saturation <90% during sleep (8%±13 vs 4%±9, p=0.04) and a higher proportion of severe OSA (AHI >=30 events/h: 48% vs 27%; p=0.009) than patients with stable CAD. OSA (p=0.017), depression (p < 0.001), higher Epworth (p=0.007) and lower sleep efficiency (p=0.016) were independently associated with refractory angina in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: OSA and depression are independently associated with refractory angina and may contribute to poor cardiovascular outcome. Background (Paper 2): Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is common and may contribute to poor cardiovascular outcomes. OSA is extremely common among patients with refractory angina. Objectives: Investigate the association between severe OSA with markers of overnight myocardial injury in patients with refractory angina. Methods: All patients were characterized clinically, underwent ischemia imaging stress tests as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and/or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and submitted to sleep evaluation by full polysomnography (PSG).The patients were admitted to the hospital, remained under resting conditions for blood determination of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) at 2 P.M., 10 P.M., and on the following morning after PSG at 7 A.M. Results: We studied 80 consecutive patients (age: 62±10ys; male: 66%; body mass index (BMI): 29.5±4 kg/m2) with a well-established diagnosis of refractory angina. The mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 37±29 events/h and OSA (AHI > 15 events/h) was present in 75% of the population. Morning detectable hs-cTnT and above 99th percentile was present in 88% and 36%, respectively. Patients in the first to third quartiles of OSA severity did not have circadian variation of hs-cTnT. In contrast, patients in the fourth quartile had a circadian variation of hs-cTnT with a morning peak of hs-cTnT that was two times higher than that in the remaining population (p=.02). The highest quartile of OSA severity remained associated with the highest quartile of hscTnT (p=.028) in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Severe OSA is common and independently associated with overnight myocardial injury in patients with refracto

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Kranskärlssjukdom (CAD) är en av de vanligast förekommande kardiovaskulära sjukdomarna och en av de dominerande dödsorsakerna hos äldre människor världen över. För att bekräfta diagnos och bedöma sjukdomens svårighetsgrad används idag flera diagnostiska strategier. Ökade hälsokostnader och lång kö för undersökningar väcker oro hos både patienter, läkare och myndigheter. Behovet av en enkel, säker och kostnadseffektiv metod som kan hjälpa till i utredning av CAD är stor. Det danska företaget Acarix utarbetade en ny apparat, CADScor®-system, som använder en icke-invasiv och strålningsfri metod för att utesluta stabil CAD baserad på akustisk fonokardiografi. Apparaten spelar in koronarblåsljud, vilket uppstår vid stenos i kranskärl, och beräknar patientens risk för CAD. Syftet med den här studien var att utvärdera metoden, testa CADScor® och beräkna apparatens sensitivitet, specificiteten samt positivt och negativt prediktivt värde (PPV och NPV). Tjugo patienter med misstänkt stabil CAD undersöktes med CADScor®-system och deras CAD-resultat jämfördes med resultatet efter myokardscintigrafi. Beräkningar visade att apparatens sensitivitet är 80 %, specificitet 60 %, PPV 40 % och NPV 90 %. Resultatet innebär att sannolikheten är 90 % för att en patient som fick CAD-score ≤ 20 är frisk. Det är tillräckligt högt för att använda CADScor® i klinisk praxis för patienter med låg risk för CAD. / Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases and one of the dominant causes of death in older people worldwide. In order to confirm diagnosis and assess the severity of the disease, several diagnostic strategies are being used today. Increased health costs and long queues for investigations raise concerns among patients, medical doctors and authorities. A simple, safe and cost-effective method that can assist in the investigation of CAD is of major importance. The Danish company Acarix developed a new device, CADScor® system, which uses a non-invasive and radiation-free method to exclude stable CAD based on acoustic phonocardiography. The device records intracoronary murmurs, resulting from coronary stenosis, and calculates the patient's risk of CAD. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the method, test CADScor® and calculate the device's sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV). Twenty patients with suspected stable CAD were examined with CADScor® systems, and their CAD results were compared to the result after myocardial perfusion scan. Calculations showed that the device's sensitivity is 80 %, specificity 60 %, PPV 40 % and NPV 90 %. The result means that the probability is 90 % that a patient who has a CAD score ≤ 20 is healthy. It is high enough to use CADScor® in clinical practice for patients with low risk for CAD.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a validade da versão curta do questionário de angina da OMS/Rose em português, em adultos de 40 a 74 anos, moradores do Butantã, área de referência do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil usando como padrão-ouro o teste ergométrico e o ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacológico. Analisar ainda se a associação do questionário de dispnéia da American Thoracic Society ao questionário de angina da OMS/Rose altera a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN), a razão de verossimilhança positiva (RVP) e negativa (RVN). MÉTODOS: A versão curta do questionário de angina, traduzida e adaptada para o português, consiste das três primeiras perguntas que caracterizam dor no peito aos esforços e foi aplicada a 116 pessoas classificadas como de baixo e alto risco, de acordo com o escore de Framingham, utilizando como padrão-ouro o teste ergométrico Em um subgrupo de 74 participantes foi utilizado o ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacológico como padrão-ouro. Foram calculados a sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia, VPP, VPN, RVP, RVN.. O PRIME-MD foi usado para diagnóstico de ansiedade e depressão. Utilizou-se o questionário de dispnéia da American Thoracic Society (ATS) traduzido RESULTADOS: A frequência de angina foi de 8,7%, similar a outros estudos e, de isquemia 4,8% semelhante à população geral do município de São Paulo. Dentre 126 participantes, 116 pessoas apresentaram um teste de esforço conclusivo, sendo 44 do grupo de alto risco, escore de Framingham médio 9,3 (2,5) com idade média 53,6 (7,0) anos, mais altos quando comparados aos 72 do grupo de baixo risco com escore de 3,3 (3,0) (p=0,000) e idade 49,2 (7,3) anos (p=0,002). No grupo de baixo risco ocorreu a maioria dos casos de isquemia. Dos 126 participantes, 88 foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma sob estresse e ele foi conclusivo em 74, 29 pessoas no grupo de alto risco apresentaram um escore médio de Framingham de 9.4 (2.7) e 45 do grupo de baixo risco com escore de 3.4 (3.4) (p=0.000).O questionário de angina comparado ao teste ergométrico apresentou sensibilidade de 25,0%, especificidade de 92,0%, acurácia de 89,7%, VPP de 10,0%, VPN de 97,2%, RVP de 3,1 e RVN de 0,82. Não houve nenhum caso de isquemia ao ecocardiograma sob estresse associado ao questionário de angina positivo. A freqüência de ansiedade foi 18,3% e de depressão 13,5% mas, houve associação entre presença de depressão ou ansiedade definida pelo questionário com presença de angina avaliada pelo questionário de angina da OMS/Rose (p=0,076). Nenhum participante com dispnéia apresentou sinais de isquemia aos exames. CONCLUSÃO: A versão curta do questionário de angina traduzida para o português tem parâmetros de qualidade de teste similar aos encontrados em outros estudos em amostras maiores, ou seja, baixa sensibilidade e alta especificidade, e sua utilização depende dos objetivos do estudo. Os transtornos mentais estudados se associaram com a positividade ao questionário de angina. Dispnéia não foi um sintoma equivalente de isquemia miocárdica na amostra estudada / OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of the short version of the WHO/Rose angina questionnaire in Portuguese, applied to adults aged 40-74 years, living at Butantã, reference area of the Hospital Universitário - Universidade de São Paulo, in Brazil using exercise treadmill test and pharmacological stress echocardiography as gold standard. To analyze if the association of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) dyspnea questionnaire to the WHO/Rose angina questionnaire modifies de sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, positive (PLR) and negative (NLR) likelihood ratios. METHODS: The short version of the angina questionnaire adapted and translated into Portuguese has three first questions to characterize exertional chest pain. It was applied to 116 individuals classified into low- and high-risks groups according to the Framingham score, using the exercise treadmill test as the gold standard. Pharmacological stress echocardiography was used as the gold standard in a group of 74 participants. Sensibility, specificity, accuracy, PPV, NPV, PLR and NLR were calculated. The PRIME-MD was used to diagnose anxiety and depression. The translated version of the dyspnea questionnaire of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) was also employed. RESULTS: The frequency of angina was 8.7%, similar to that found in other studies, and of 4.8% for ischemia, which is similar to the general population of the city of Sao Paulo. Among 126 participants, 116 individuals had a conclusive exercise treadmill test; 44 subjects in the high-risk group had a mean Framingham score of 9.3 (2.5) and mean age of 53.6 (7.0) years these figures are higher as compared to 72 individuals of the low-risk group, with a score of 3.3 (3.0) (p=0.000) and mean age of 49.2 (7.3) years (p=0.002). Most cases of ischemia were in the low-risk group. Out of 126 participants, 88 were submitted to the stress echocardiography and it was conclusive in 74, 29 subjects in the high-risk group had a mean Framingham score of 9.4 (2.7) and 45 of the low-risk group had a score of 3.4 (3.4) (p=0.000). The angina questionnaire was compared to the exercise treadmill test and presented sensibility of 25.0%, specificity of 92.0%, accuracy of 89.7%, PPV of 10.0%, NPV of 97.2%, PLR of 3.1 and NLR of 0.82. There was no case of ischemia on stress echocardiography associated to a positive angina questionnaire. The frequency of anxiety was 18.3% and of depression was 13.5%, there was association among presence of the depression and anxiety as questionnaire defined with angina presence the assessed by the OMS/Rose angina questionnaire (p=0.076). No participant with dyspnea presented signs of ischemia on exams. CONCLUSION: The short version of the angina questionnaire translated into Portuguese has quality parameters of test that are similar to those of other studies with larger samples, that is, low sensibility and high specificity and its utilization depends on the study objectives. The mental disorders assessed were associated with positive angina questionnaire. Dyspnea was not a myocardial ischemia equivalent symptom in studied sample

Introduction: Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) belong to cardiovascular diseases and contribute significantly to mortality, morbidity and disability in developed countries. Therefore the aim of current therapy is to reduce the risk of subsequent complications, including early death, and to increase patients' quality of life. For successful therapy it is necessary to follow regimen and dietary principles which are along with pharmacotherapy an integral part of treatment. Therefore sufficient knowledge of these principles by patients is a basic precondition for their successful treatment. Objectives: The aim of the diploma thesis was to assess dietary and regime knowledge in patients diagnosed with ACS. The specific objectives were: to determine an effect of sex or previous education on the knowledge; to describe patients' dietary habits; to specify their knowledge of nutrition; and to identify which knowledge is the most deficient. Methods: The research was carried out as a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was compiled directly for the purposes of this thesis and was approved by the VFN Ethics Committee for use in inpatient wards at II. and III. internal clinics and at the Coronary unit of II. internal clinics of VFN. A total of 80 patients diagnosed with ACS were included in the study....

Mirbazel SH. Jämförelse mellan kvinnor och mäns överlevnad baserad på resultat från arbetsprov och myokardscintigrafi. Examensarbete i Biomedicinsk Laboratorievetenskap, 15 högskolepoäng. Malmö högskola: Hälsa och Samhälle, utbildningsområde för Biomedicinsk Laboratorievetenskap, 2011.En av de vanligaste orsakerna till död både i utvecklingsländerna och i västvärlden är hjärtinfarkt som drabbar vanligtvis individer över 65 år. Hjärtischemi är den vanligaste orsaken till hjärtinfarkt/ plötsligt hjärtstopp. För diagnostik av hjärtischemi används oftast arbetsprov som förstahandsval, eftersom metoden är billig, icke-invasiv och relativt ofarlig. Myokardscintigrafi utförs ofta efter arbetsprovet, om detta varit inkonklusivt. Syftet i denna retrospektiva studie var att ta reda på om prognosen och överlevnaden skiljer sig åt mellan kvinnor och män beroende på undersökningsresultat från arbetsprov och myokardscintigrafi. I denna studie analyserades 2045 patienter som var registrerade att utföra arbetsprov för misstänkt eller tidigare känd koronarkärlssjukdom under 2006 & 2007. Patienternas resultat delades i tre grupper: normalt, patologiskt och intermediärt enligt bestämda kriterier. Intermediärgruppen analyserades också om de hade utfört ett myokardscintigrafi inom 6 månader. Intermediärgruppen delades därefter in i tre grupper: de med normal myokardscintigrafi, de med patologisk och de som inte hade utfört någon. Patienter med normalt arbetsprov var 1110, med intermediärt arbetsprov 540 och med patologiskt arbetsprov 254 personer. Det finns statistiskt signifikanta skillnader av antal levande och avlidna mellan män och kvinnor i intermediärt arbetsprov (p < 0,001) och i undergruppen, intermediär utan utförd myokardscintigrafi (p < 0,001). Det finns också en statistiskt signifikant skillnad i överlevnad i huvudgruppen med intermediärt arbetsprov(p < 0,01). Inga analyser av överlevad utfördes för undergrupperna. Sammanfattningsvis har denna studie visat att det inte finns några statistiskt säkerställda skillnader i överlevnad mellan män och kvinnor med normalt och patologiskt arbetsprov däremot finns det en signifikant skillnad i intermediärgruppen. / Mirbazel SH. Comparison between men and women’s survival based on the results from the exercise tests and myocardial perfusion imaging. Degree Project in Biomedical Laboratory Science, 15 points. Malmö University: Health and Society, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, 2011.One of the most common causes of death in both developing countries and in the Western world is heart attack that hits usually individuals over 65 years. Cardiac ischemia is the most common cause of myocardial infarction/sudden cardiac arrest. For the diagnosis of cardiac ischemia, exercise test is the first choice, because the method is inexpensive, non-invasive and relatively harmless. Myocardial perfusion imaging is often performed after an inconclusive exercise test. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if the prognosis and survival differ between women and men depending on the outcome of the investigation from the exercise test, and the myocardial perfusion imaging. In this study 2045 patients were analyzed who were registered to perform the exercise tests for a suspected or previously known coronary artery disease in 2006/2007. Patient’s results were divided into three groups: normal, pathological and intermediate findings. The intermediary group was further divided according to results of myocardial perfusion imaging within 6 months of the exercise test: those with normal, those with pathologic and those who had not carried out any myocardial perfusion imaging. Patients with normal exercise test were 1110, with intermediate exercise test 540 and with pathologic exercise test were 254 people. There are statistically significant differences in the number of living and deceased between men and women in intermediate exercise tests (p < 0, 001) and in the subgroup, intermediary without myocardial perfusion imaging (p < 0,001). There is also a statistically significant difference in survival in the main group with the intermediate exercise tests (p < 0.01). No analysis was performed for sub-groups. In conclusion, this study has shown that there are no statistically significant differences in survival between men and women with normal and pathological exercise test. However there is a significant difference in intermediary group.

In the UK angina affects 2 million people (BHF, 2010b) and unfortunately secondary prevention interventions such as Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) are not widely available for this population (NACR, 2011). This doctoral research project examined the effectiveness and feasibility of an alternative intervention for this population; CR delivered via the internet. The programme was interactive and comprised personalised goal setting orientated around exercise, diet, emotions, and smoking with support available through an online email link or synchronised chat room. A randomised controlled trial (RCT) and semi-structured interviews were used to evaluate the intervention. Primary care patients with angina were randomised to either an intervention group (n=48) or to a control group that did not receive any intervention other than treatment as usual (n=47). Outcome measures were taken at baseline, 6 week and 6 month follow ups. The primary outcome measure was daily steps (measured objectively using Sensewear Pro 3® accelerometer technology). Secondary outcome measures included daily energy expenditure (EE), daily duration of sedentary activity (DDSA), daily duration of moderate activity (DDMA), daily duration of vigorous activity (DDVA), weight, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), body fat %, fat intake, fibre intake, anxiety, depression, self-efficacy, and health related quality of life (HRQOL). At the 6 week follow up the intervention group had greater improvements than the control group in daily steps, daily EE, DDSA, DDMA, weight, self-efficacy, emotional quality of life and frequency of angina symptoms. In addition, at the 6 month follow up there were significantly greater improvements in anxiety, and frequency of angina symptoms among the intervention group compared to the control group. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with a subsample of intervention group participants at the 6 week follow up (n=16). Themes resulting from these interviews indicated a high level of programme acceptability and feasibility; ‘self reported improvements’ and ‘programme facilitators’. However, the theme labelled ‘programme barriers’ illustrated intervention related challenges which should be taken into account when delivering the programme. Overall the study demonstrated that a new web based CR programme was effective at improving lifestyle related cardiac risk factors for a primary care angina population in both the short-term (significantly improved daily steps, DDSA, DDMA, weight, self-efficacy, emotional QOL and frequency of angina) and medium-term (significantly improved anxiety, and frequency of angina). These findings on the whole suggest that the programme could be offered to a primary care angina population who are not routinely included within conventional CR. However, there is a need to consider the factors described to affect engagement of the programme; family and work commitments, bad weather, older age, receiving the programme late in angina diagnosis and levels of self-motivation.

Trata-se de estudo descritivo com abordagem de análise quantitativa que tem por objetivo identificar o perfil de clientes portadores de angina pectoris instável atendidos numa instituição privada, de um município do interior paulista. O referencial teórico utilizado foi o modelo de “Campo de Saúde" de Lalonde que analisa elementos como a biologia humana, meio ambiente, estilo de vida e organização dos serviços de saúde diante da ocorrência de patologias. A amostra constituiu-se de 58 clientes, com idade entre 34 e 88 anos, de ambos os sexos, a maioria aposentados, que reinternaram na Unidade Coronariana da referida instituição, no período de 01 de setembro de 2002 a 31 de março de 2003. A coleta de dados se deu no domicílio dos clientes, através de entrevista semi-estruturada; aplicada pela pesquisadora. Quanto à biologia humana 32,7% clientes apresentaram obesidade; os pais destes tiveram como causa mortis o infarto agudo do miocárdio e angina pectoris com índices de 24,1% e 20,7%, respectivamente; os antecedentes familiares mais freqüentes quanto às patologias foram a ocorrência de infarto agudo do miocárdio em 22,4% dos pais e hipertensão arterial sistêmica em 41,3% dos parentes próximos; 84,4% clientes possuíam hipertensão arterial sistêmica; 46,5% eram hipercolesterolêmicos; 27,5% tiveram doença vascular periférica e 17,2% apresentaram quadro de acidente vascular cerebral; valores de PAS&#8805;140 mmHg e PAD&#8805;90 mmHg, identificados em 71,1% e 55,7% dos clientes, respectivamente; além de valores de glicemia de jejum >110 mg/dl apresentados por 34,5% da amostra. Com relação ao meio ambiente, 55,1% dos clientes possuíam 1º grau incompleto e 8,6% eram analfabetos; 82,7% dos clientes eram casados, 65,5% não exerciam atividade remunerada e tinham renda familiar entre 03 e 06 salários mínimos. No que concerne ao estilo de vida, 100% dos clientes relacionaram a doença com fatores de risco como a hipertensão arterial sistêmica, o estresse, história familiar, dieta inadequada, tabagismo e falta de atividade física; 24,1% referiram o consumo de bebida alcoólica; 55,2% eram ex-fumantes; 37,9% dos clientes realizavam atividade física; 48,3% referiram fatos ocorridos antes da dor anginosa; 55,2% dos clientes relataram alterações de sono; inatividade sexual em 43,1% dos clientes sendo que 88,0% das clientes já estavam na menopausa e apenas 13,6% faziam terapia de reposição hormonal. No tocante ao atendimento de saúde, todos os clientes eram conveniados mas apenas 13,8% dos clientes utilizavam o serviço de medicina preventiva disponibilizado pelo convênio para prevenir doenças; o serviço de saúde pública é referência para a amostra no tocante à aquisição de medicamentos. Os achados confirmaram a interferência dos elementos referenciados pelo modelo de “Campo de Saúde" na ocorrência das patologias e identificaram a necessidade de trabalhar a mudança no estilo de vida dos clientes, através da prevenção dos fatores de risco para as doenças cardiovasculares e promoção da saúde, em geral. / Descriptive study which was carried out in order to identify customer’s profiles with unstable pectoris angina attended in a Sao Paulo’s state’s town. The theoretical model used was the “Lalonde’s Health Field Model", which analyses elements like human biology, environment, lifestyle, and health services’ organization ahead diseases occurrences. The sample was composed by 58 customers, aged between 34 and 88 year old, masculine and feminine, most of them retired, which were readmitted in a the mentioned Coronary Unity’s institution. The data were collected at the customer’s residences and a semi- structured interview was used. Concerning about human biology, 32.7% male customers presented obesity; the parents died under acute infarct and pectoris angina and the percentual was 24,1% and 20,7%, respectively. The most common relatives’ diseases were related to the parent’s acute infarct (22,4%) and systemic arterial hypertension for the near relatives; 84.4% of the costumers suffered by systemic arterial hypertension; 46.5% had high cholesterol; 27.5% had peripheral vascular diseases and 17.2% demonstrated cerebral vascular accidents. Values like PAS&#8805;140mmHg and PAD&#8805;90 mmHg, identified in 71,1% and 55,7% among the customers, respectively; beyond glycemia’s values over 110mg/d, presented by 34,4% among the costumers. According to the environment, 55,1% customers didn’t study high school and 8,6% were illiterate; 82,7% were married and among them 65.5% didn’t have remunerate activity and their familiar remuneration was between 03 and 06 Brazil’s minimum salary. Related to the life style, 100% customers related the disease with risk factors’diseases as systemic arterial hypertension, stress, family history, inadequate diet, smoking and physical activity’s lack; 24,1% referred alcoholics drinks consume; 55,2% were ex-smokers; 37,9% practiced physical activity; 55.2% related sleeping problems; 43,1% related sexual inactivity and among them 88,0% female costumers already had menopause and only 13.6% were doing hormonal replacement therapy. About health services, all the costumers were had health policies but only 13.8% customers had used preventive medicine. The public health service is a reference in medicines’ acquisition. The data confirm the mentioned health field model elements in the happening of diseases and identify the need of working on changes in the costumers’ life style, through risk factors prevention for the cardiovascular diseases and health promotion.

Introdução: O tratamento com nitrato fixo em pacientes com angina estável é comum na prática clínica. Contudo, os eventos adversos podem interferir na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) e adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a QVRS e adesão ao tratamento em grupos de pacientes com angina estável em retirada e manutenção de nitrato. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado conduzido com pacientes com angina estável em dois grupos: intervenção com retirada de nitrato e introdução de placebo e controle com manutenção de nitrato. Ambos os grupos receberam três avaliações: basal, 30 dias e 120 dias no período de quatro meses. A QVRS foi mensurada pelo Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) e Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), e a adesão foi aferida pela escala de Morisky e contagem de comprimidos. Resultados: 105 pacientes foram randomizados (51: placebo e 54: nitrato). Após quatro meses, observou-se maiores escores nos domínios de dor (63+19; 67+23; 72+24; P=0,004) e aspecto social (87+19; 91+21; 91+19; P=0,002) do SF-36 e no escore de limitação física (74+11; 78+10; 78+8; P=0,006) do SAQ no grupo nitrato, e redução do escore de estabilidade da angina (81+19; 72+20; 72+24; P=0,031) no grupo placebo. Contudo, o tamanho de efeito foi igual ou inferior a 0,42 nesses domínios. A adesão aferida no final entre os grupos foi significativamente maior no grupo intervenção (94% vs 80%; P=0,041) com a escala de Morisky, mas não houve diferença entre os grupos na contagem da medicação. Conclusão: Pacientes com angina estável em uso de nitrato em comparação aos pacientes com uso de placebo não tiveram comprometimento clinicamente relevante da QVRS, porém demonstraram pior adesão ao tratamento na escala de Morisky. / Background: Long-term nitrate treatment of stable angina is associated with adverse events and can interfere with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and medication adherence. The aim of the present study was to compare HRQoL and adherence to treatment in patients with stable angina undergoing nitrate withdrawal and maintenance. Methods: Randomized clinical trial. Patients were allocated into an intervention group (nitrate withdrawal followed by introduction of placebo) or a control group (nitrate maintenance). The assessments were performed at baseline, 30 days, and 120 days with the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ). Treatment adherence was measured by the Morisky scale and pill count. Results: 51 participants were randomized for replacement of nitrate with placebo and 54 for maintenance of treatment with nitrate. After four months, SF-36 scores increased for the bodily pain (P=0.004) and social functioning (P=0.002) in the nitrate maintenance group. Increased SAQ scores were also noted for physical limitations (P=0.006) in the nitrate maintenance group. SAQ score for angina stability (P=0.031) decreased in the placebo group. However, the effect size was small ! 0.42 in those domains. At the end of the study, adherence was significantly higher in the placebo group (P=0.041), but no difference was detected between the groups with the pill count method. Conclusion: HRQoL was similar in patients with stable angina using nitrate regularly as compared to patients undergoing nitrate withdrawal. However, adherence to treatment was lower in nitrate users according to the Morisky scale.

Chong Lung-wun. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-58). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.1 / Contents --- p.2 / Abstract --- p.4 / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.6 / Chapter 1. --- Nitrate therapy for angina patients --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1 --- The mode of action of nitrates --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2 --- Hypotheses for the nitrate tolerance --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The Sulfhydryl depletion hypothesis --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Neurohormonal hypothesis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Plasma volumc expansion hypothesis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Free-radical hypothesis --- p.11 / Chapter 2. --- Testosterone therapy for angina patients --- p.12 / Chapter 3. --- Nitric Oxide and Steroidogenesis --- p.13 / Chapter II. --- Materials and Methods --- p.14 / Chapter 1. --- Subjects --- p.14 / Chapter 2. --- Method for measuring nitrite and nitrate in plasma --- p.16 / Chapter 3. --- Method for the determination of total and free testosterone in blood --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1 --- Reagent preparation --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2 --- Assay procedure for total testosterone --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3 --- Assay procedure for free testosterone --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4 --- Determination of working antiserum for free testosterone assay --- p.30 / Chapter 4. --- Method for the determination of serum Cortisol --- p.31 / Chapter III. --- Result --- p.33 / Chapter 1. --- Summary of nitric oxide assay performance --- p.33 / Chapter 2. --- Summary of total testosterone assay performance --- p.34 / Chapter 3. --- Summary of free testosterone assay performance --- p.34 / Chapter 4. --- Data analysis --- p.35 / Chapter IV. --- Discussion --- p.43 / Chapter V. --- Conclusion --- p.47 / Chapter VI. --- References --- p.49