Esta dissertação visa lançar uma perspectiva antropológica sobre a Doença de Alzheimer (DA). Ela está baseada na simetrização de processos sociais e orgânicos que ocorrem em pessoas com e sem DA. Alguns impasses são criados a partir desse posicionamento diante de uma doença. Dentre eles, as definições da doença dadas por diversos interlocutores, as formas de cuidado e tratamento da DA atualmente praticados e as relações do doente com outros seres não-humanos existentes no processo de adoecimento são pontos de vista reversos que impulsionam as questões centrais dessa etnografia. Uma delas trata sobre a possível inclusão do doente de DA no círculo de interlocutores de uma etnografia. Essas perguntas de pesquisa inventam um circuito de produção de incertezas e controvérsias sobre a prática etnográfica. Os efeitos desses problemas mostram um rearranjo das formas de cuidado, da organização do cotidiano e da vida do doente. A hipótese levantada por essa dissertação sugestiona que as produções de saberes sobre a DA estejam recriando conceitos de “pessoa” em sociedades ocidentais. Sobre o termo “processo demencial” será traçada essa perspectiva que se inicia em um grupo de apoio a cuidadores (Associação Brasileira de Alzheimer) e fragmenta-se, por exemplo, no problema da diferença e nos processos de “molecularização da vida”, como diria Nikolas Rose. Baseando-se no pensamento de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, esse trabalho irá propor uma perspectiva “nômade” sobre uma demência ao seguir as linhas que socializam uma multiplicidade de elementos e fatores que a compõem. Para produzir essa “nomadologia” foi preciso interelacionar conceitos de antropólogos como Bruno Latour, Tim Ingold e Roy Wagner. Tendo em vista a amplitude dos problemas de pesquisa lançados, essa dissertação não tem a pretensão de encontrar “soluções” para as problematizações que lança mas sim de pensar seus efeitos. / This dissertation aims to launch an anthropological perspective on Alzheimer's Disease (AD). It is based on simetrization of organic and social processes that occur in people with and without AD. Some deadlocks are created from that position before a disease. Among them, the definitions of the disease given by various interlocutors, forms of care and treatment of AD currently practiced and patient relationships with other non-human beings exist in the disease process are reverse viewpoints that drive the central questions of this ethnography. One deals with the possible inclusion of patients with AD in the circle of interlocutors from ethnography. These research questions invent a circuit of uncertainties and controversies about the ethnographic practice. The effects of these problems show a rearrangement of forms of care, the organization of daily life and the life of the patient. The hypothesis for this dissertation suggests that the production of knowledge about the DA are recreating concepts of "person" in occidental societies. About the term "dementia process" will be drawn this perspective that begins in a support group for caregivers (Brazilian Association of Alzheimer) and fragments, for example, the problem of difference and processes "molecularisation of life", as Nikolas Rose would say. Based on the thought of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, this paper will propose a perspective "nomad" on a dementia to socialize following the lines that a multiplicity of factors and elements that compose it. To produce this "nomadology" was necessary interelacionar concepts of anthropologists such as Bruno Latour, Tim Ingold and Roy Wagner. Given the breadth of research problems launched, this dissertation does not claim to find "solutions" to the problematizations that throws but think of its effects.

Orientador: John Manuel Monteiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T19:59:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Matos_MariaHelenaOrtolan_D.pdf: 11431083 bytes, checksum: 648645267c0fa3c0035bacff38a1e541 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Esta tese aborda os desdobramentos do movimento indígena no Brasil, após a promulgação da Constituição de 1988, quando uma nova fase se iniciou com mudanças significativas na forma jurídica e política de inserção das populações indígenas no Estado brasileiro. Descreve e analisa o modo de atuação dos líderes do movimento indígena, a partir das experiências exemplares indígenas vivenciadas no contexto interétnico do Vale do Javari. Aborda a criação do Conselho Indígena do Vale do Javari (CIVAJA), como organização protagonista de acontecimentos da história do movimento indígena. Como instrumento de análise, recorre à noção de rede para tratar as relações entre os atores sociais como múltipla e não apenas uni-direcional. A criação de organizações indígenas é tratada como parte do processo de definição de espaços interculturais no Estado brasileiro. Sob a abordagem do diálogo intercultural, questiona se a participação indígena nas esferas públicas governamentais de atuação tem permitido a articulação entre os distintos sistemas de significados ou tem mantido o predomínio hierárquico do sistema não-indígena. Ao final, conclui que, apesar da pluralidade étnica ser reconhecida pela sociedade brasileira, não se criou meios para concretizá-la como princípio organizativo do Estado nacional / Abstract: This dissertation deals with the indigenous movement in Brazil after the promulgation of the Constitution of 1988, when a new phase began and significant changes took place in the political and juridical forms of insertion of the indigenous populations into the Brazilian state. It describes and analizes the role of the indigenous movement¿s leaders based on the example of indigenous experiences witnessed in the interethnic context of the Vale do Javarí. It discusses the process of creation of the Indigenous Council of the Vale do Javarí (CIVAJA) as an organization active in various events in the history of the indigenous movement. The thesis adopts the notion of network as an analytical instrument, in order to capture the relationships between social actors as multiple rather than unidirectional processes. The creation of indigenous organizations is analyzed as part of the process of definition of intercultural spaces within the Brazilian state. From a perspective of intercultural dialogue, the study moves toward questioning whether the indigenous participation in the governmental public spheres has permitted exchanges between the different systems of meaning, or if it has left the hierarchical predominance of the non-indigenous system in place. Eventually, the dissertation concludes that despite the recognition of ethnic plurality by Brazilian society, means of substantiating that recognition into a concrete organizational principle of the nation-state have not been devised. / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-15T14:39:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 paulotadeugandracampos.pdf: 2366748 bytes, checksum: 5a33945da6cc584b603c9bdb0489ba21 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-26T12:25:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 paulotadeugandracampos.pdf: 2366748 bytes, checksum: 5a33945da6cc584b603c9bdb0489ba21 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:25:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paulotadeugandracampos.pdf: 2366748 bytes, checksum: 5a33945da6cc584b603c9bdb0489ba21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-11 / Este trabalho é o resultado da pesquisa sobre a possível contribuição do cotidiano em questões de função do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio. Nesta dissertação as reflexões foram direcionadas para o Ensino Básico, mais precisamente para o Ensino Médio, e a proposta é investigar se as questões de matemática contextualizadas com situações do cotidiano e/ou de outras áreas do conhecimento (questões de contexto cotidiano ou interdisciplinar) podem ser mais eficazes atingindo positivamente uma parcela maior de alunos com relação à aprendizagem dessa disciplina, além de avaliar se eles desenvolveriam mais ou alguma sensibilidade numérica. Buscando responder essas perguntas, as que nortearam nosso trabalho, pautamos a presente dissertação pela metodologia Engenharia Didática, com a qual confrontamos a resolução, por parte dos alunos da terceira série do Ensino Médio de uma escola particular de Viçosa-MG, de dois tipos de questões; o primeiro, retirado do antigo vestibular da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, classificado como questões de contexto matemático; e o segundo tipo, questões por nós adaptadas em um formato classificado como atividades de contexto cotidiano ou interdisciplinar. As duas resoluções foram norteadas segundo a Teoria Antropológica do Didático, de Yves Chevallard, a sensibilidade numérica (numeracy), de Ubiratan D’Ambrósio e a Matriz de Referência do ENEM. Estas questões aplicadas compõem o produto desta dissertação, com a qual esperamos acrescentar ao que tem sido produzido no país sobre o tema e, principalmente, aguçar novas pesquisas, a partir dos resultados que aqui obtemos. / This work is the result of research on the possible contribution of the everyday issues in the function of the National High School Exam. In this dissertation reflections were targeted for schools, specifically for middle school and the proposal is to investigate whether the math questions contextualized with everyday situations and / or other areas of knowledge (everyday issues or interdisciplinary context) may be more effective positively reaching a larger share of students toward learning this discipline, and to evaluate if they would develop more or some numerical sensitivity. Seeking to answer these questions, which have guided our work, we base this thesis by the Engineering Teaching methodology with which we confront the resolution, by students of the third grade of high school to a private school in Viçosa - MG , two types of issues; the first, removed the old bone of Federal University of Juiz de Fora, classified as questions of mathematical context; and the second type, tailored questions for us, in a format classified as interdisciplinary context or everyday activities . The two resolutions were guided according to the Anthropological Theory of Didactics, Yves Chevallard, the numerical sensitivity (numeracy) of D'Ambrosio and Matrix Reference ENEM. These issues comprise the applied product of this dissertation, with which we hope to add to what has been produced in the country on the topic and especially whet new research, from the results we get here.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-09-27T13:46:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael Martins Santana - 2017.pdf: 2022926 bytes, checksum: e5e47d4f9ebf2b9547ef68fd8664f02c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-09-27T13:46:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael Martins Santana - 2017.pdf: 2022926 bytes, checksum: e5e47d4f9ebf2b9547ef68fd8664f02c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-27T13:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael Martins Santana - 2017.pdf: 2022926 bytes, checksum: e5e47d4f9ebf2b9547ef68fd8664f02c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Testing the limits of the knowledge and language of anthropological thinking is the central objective of this research. For this, we seek to make a meeting between the anthropological production of Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira, his thoughts, ideas and concepts about the Terena and different ethnographic and experiences of the Terena in their social life as a way of problematical discourse and anthropological thinking about the life of these indigenous people. To understand how through this encounter and relations, this incursion can provoke us to think about the relations of difference among the forms of construction of the singular questions, problems and social worlds. We chose to establish as a question for the exercise of this investigation and theoretical essay, to ask how the question of Labor is experienced among the Terena, its limits, contours and elements of tension, that can extrapolate conventional ways of dealing with the subject, commonly approached from a prism of a plan of immanence and western imagery. Thus, as an option to problematical the production of anthropological thought, its forms of construction and practices of knowledge, we developed a dialogue with authors of the contemporary anthropological landscape, of course, Marilyn Strathern, Roy Wagner and Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. Testing these limits has led us to propose, as an alternative to conventional thinking in the anthropological discourse of the Terena's social and collective experience, other possibilities for thinking about the production of the indigenous social world. In this way, it is possible to point out the possibility of emergence of singular indigenous concepts as a choice to approach their own social constructions. / Testar os limites do conhecimento e da linguagem do pensamento antropológico é o objetivo central dessa investigação. Para isso, buscamos realizar um encontro entre a produção antropológica de Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira, seu pensamento, ideias e conceitos a respeito dos Terena e distintas etnografias e experiências dos Terena em sua vida social como modo de problematizar o discurso e o pensamento antropológico acerca da vida coletiva desses indígenas. Perceber como através desse encontro e relações, esta incursão pode nos provocar a pensar acerca das relações de diferença entre as formas de construção das questões, problemas e mundos sociais singulares. Elegemos estabelecer como questão para o exercício dessa investigação e ensaio teórico, perguntar como a questão do Trabalho é vivenciada entre os Terena, seus limites, contornos e elementos de tensão, que podem extrapolar modos convencionados de tratar o assunto, comumente abordado sob um prisma de um plano de imanência e imagística ocidental. Assim, como opção para problematizar a produção do pensamento antropológico, suas formas de construção e práticas de conhecimento, desenvolvemos um diálogo com autores da paisagem antropológica contemporânea, detidamente, Marilyn Strathern, Roy Wagner e Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. Testar esses limites nos levou a propor, de modo alternativo ao pensamento convencional no discurso antropológico da experiência social e coletiva dos Terena, outras possibilidades para pensar a produção do mundo social singular indígena. Permitindo, dessa maneira, assinalar a possibilidade de emergência de conceitos indígenas singulares como escolha para abordar suas construções sociais próprias.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-26T14:51:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luiseduardoreyesperez.pdf: 2784061 bytes, checksum: f741a9cf532f95435bbd639a2f2df42f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-26T15:01:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luiseduardoreyesperez.pdf: 2784061 bytes, checksum: f741a9cf532f95435bbd639a2f2df42f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-26T15:01:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luiseduardoreyesperez.pdf: 2784061 bytes, checksum: f741a9cf532f95435bbd639a2f2df42f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T15:01:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luiseduardoreyesperez.pdf: 2784061 bytes, checksum: f741a9cf532f95435bbd639a2f2df42f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-26 / Este trabajo es el resultado de una investigación sobre las praxeologias matemáticas realizadas por alumnos de enseñanza media, sobre el concepto matemático de función exponencial, en la Institución Educativa Técnica de Tunia en el Departamento del Cauca, Colombia. En este documento las reflexiones fueron enfocadas hacia adolescentes colombianos de enseñanza media en Colombia y la propuesta fue investigar qué tipos de praxeologías puntuales surgen en el momento de realizar actividades acerca de función exponencial. Buscando responder esta pregunta, orientamos esta disertación mediante la metodología de Ingeniería Didáctica, con la intención de direccionar el trabajo del investigador. En ese sentido se cuenta también con los procedimientos metodológicos los cuales permitieron verificar si a partir de la intención de conocer e identificar las potencialidades de las praxeologías puntuales estas sean idóneas a fin de trasformarlas en praxeologías contextualizadas para una cierta institución de enseñanza I desarrollada por el profesor titular y en consecuencia ésta sea apropiada e interiorizada convirtiéndose en una herramienta potencialmente valida para el profesor. Por tanto, surgen preguntas en el contexto educativo, sobre la forma y construcción de lo que se enseña, en particular el concepto de función exponencial. La construcción de las praxeologías puntuales, así como su formulación, serán enfocadas a través de la teoría antropológica de lo didáctico que además de identificar, ayudará a orientar la construcción de secuencias didácticas relacionadas con la función exponencial que formarán parte del producto educacional de esta disertación y en especial a la contribución de nuevas investigaciones. / This work is the result of the research about the mathematic praxeologies made by students the middle education about the mathematic concept of exponential function, in the Technical Educational Institution from Tunia located in the department of Cauca. On this document the considerations were directed to colombians youngers on the middle education in Colombia and the proposal is to research which types of punctual praxeologies arise in the moment of effect questions about of exponential fuction. In order to answer this question, we focused this dissertation through the methodology of didactic engineering, with the intention of focussed of work de researcher. also included the methodological procedures, which allowed to assess whether, based on the intention to know and identify the potential of specific praxeologies in order to turn them into praxeologies contextualized in an educational institution I and developed by the main professor and as a consequence, that praxeology turn into an educational concept, about the form and construction itself of what we teach, in particular,the concept of exponential fuction. The construction of the puctual praxeologies as their formulation, will be focused by through the anthropological theory of didactic. That in addition to identifying, will help to guide the construction of teaching sequences relating with the exponential fuction that will take part on the educational product of this dissertation and in special the contribution of new researches.

Les Nabatéens représentent une ancienne peuplade du nord-ouest de l’Arabie qui a connu la prospérité entre le 1er siècle av. J.-C. et le 1er siècle ap. J.-C. Pour la période et la population considérées, les pratiques funéraires sont jusqu’à présent connues essentiellement à partir de l'architecture des nécropoles et de l'épigraphie. Une analyse archéo-anthropologique de sites s’avérait indispensable et elle constitue une part importante de ce travail, introduit par un rappel des données préexistantes. Les pratiques funéraires sont appréhendées en suivant les méthodes de l’anthropologie de terrain, appliquées à deux sites jordaniens (Khirbet edh-Dharih, Pétra) et un d’Arabie Saoudite (Madâ’in Sâlih). Cette approche permet de mettre en relation les gestes funéraires avec une analyse du recrutement des inhumés et celle du matériel archéologique présent dans les tombes. Pour chaque site, une étude anthropologique incorporant divers volets (morphométrie, variations anatomiques, indicateurs de stress et autres pathologies) a été conduite afin de contribuer à la définition de l’identité biologique des groupes humains inhumés. Ce travail conduit à l’interface du biologique et du culturel. Il apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les populations nabatéennes et autorise pour la première fois à une comparaison large, à la fois inter- et intra- sites. Les trois sites retenus permettent en effet de confronter les informations issues d’un village, Dharih, à celles de deux des villes les plus importantes du royaume nabatéen, Pétra et Madâ’in Sâlih. / The Nabataeans are an ancient tribe of north-west Saudi who has known prosperity between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD. For the considered period and the population, burial practices are so far known mostly from the architecture of cemeteries and epigraphy. An archaeo-anthropological analysis of the sites was indispensable and is an important part of this work introduced by a recall of pre-existing data. The burial practices are understood by following the methods of anthropological field applied to two Jordanian sites (Khirbet edh-Dharih, Petra) and Saudi Arabia (Madâ’in Sâlih). This approach allows us to relate funerary gestures with an analysis of recruitment and the archaeological materials found in the graves. For each site, an anthropological analysis incorporating various aspects (morphometry, anatomical variations, stress indicators and other disorders) was conducted in order to define the biological identity of buried human groups. This work led to the interface of biological and cultural. It brings a new point of view on the Nabatean population and, for the first time, it allows a wide inter-sites and intra-sites comparison. The three sites selected allows to confront information from a village, Dharih , to those of two of the most important cities of the Nabatean kingdom, Petra and Mada'in Salih.

Cette thèse entend montrer l’apport d’une prise en compte des repères culturels locaux dans l’analyse des réactions du personnel d’un hôpital public situé la région centrale de la Chine face aux transformations brutales de son organisation au moment où celui-ci est privatisé. Notre approche anthropologique permet d’approfondir l’analyse des (in)satisfactions et des perplexités exprimées librement par les différents acteurs que nous avons interrogés. L’enquête de terrain montre à la fois l’ampleur des transformations survenues et l’écart existant entre les anticipations initiales des acteurs locaux et les réalités observables un peu plus tard, même si les résultats obtenus témoignent de la réussite économique de cette privatisation. Les nouveaux dirigeants de notre hôpital privatisé se sont efforcés d’introduire de nouvelles formes de management, de nouvelles relations inter-organisationnelles tout en évitant autant que possible de trop dévier des valeurs traditionnelles demeurant partagées au sein de l’environnement social de l’hôpital. Ce souci différencie de la plupart des hôpitaux privés qui, faute d’avoir obtenu l’approbation des communautés locales, à se développer commercialement. La thèse apporte ainsi la contribution dans le champ du management. Elle révèle que la continuité culturelle survit aux transformations du système de propriété, créant obligation aux nouvelles directions post privatisation d’en tenir compte. Certes, au cours de la modernisation et de l’évolution sociale, des réformes sont inévitables. Cependant, les repères culturels antérieurs continuent de fournir aux acteurs un cadre d’interprétation leur permettant de s’orienter dans le contexte en transition. La thèse décrit ces logiques enracinées dans la culture chinoise dont la présence pérenne continue d’influencer les fonctionnements des autres entreprises et industries. Nous espérons que la lecture de notre travail pourra aider les gestionnaires et collaborateurs étrangers à mieux comprendre certains comportements inattendus de leurs partenaires chinois. / This thesis expounds, through an analysis of the practitioners’ reactions when privatization drastically transformed their hospital in Central China, the contribution of taking into consideration local cultural factors in the period of organizational reforms. Adopting anthropological approaches, the author interviewed the participants of the reforms and analyzed their various feelings such as disinclination, satisfaction and perplexity. The author also conducted field surveys demonstrating that while the reforms’ observable reality fell short of the expectation of the participants; its outcome was far-reaching and financially successful. The new leadership of the privatized hospital introduced new forms of management and new inter-organizational relationships, meanwhile, considered local cultural factors and strove very hard to avoid departing from traditional values shared within the environment of Chinese hospitals. It is just because of this consideration that the hospital did better than many other private hospitals whose commercial operations failed to obtain the approval of local communities.This thesis is thus expected to make a contribution to the field of the management science. It reveals that the changes in property systems inevitably involve cultural continuity, and this involvement must be taken into account by the new management personnel in post-privatization. During the great change of society, reforms certainly are inevitable. Cultural references, however, continue to provide a framework of interpretation to the actors of reforms, allowing them to orientate themselves in the context of transition.Furthermore, the author discusses some logics rooted in Chinese traditional culture which continues to influence the operations of many companies and institutions. It is hoped that this thesis could help foreign managers and employees to better understand some unfamiliar behavior of their Chinese counterparts.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / It is generally agreed that the most troublesome procedure during the fabrication of complete dentures is the measurement of the Vertical Dimension at rest. The aim of this study was to test the reliability and validity of a new instrument called the Facial Anthropological Device (FAD). The measurements recorded were compared to the Willis gauge (being the gold standard) and dividers, which are mechanical aids used to quantify lower third facial height during denture construction. This thesis presents data on 35 edentulous and 35 dentate patients in the age range of 30 to 70 years, who presented at the University of the Western Cape Dental faculty.The FAD incorporates a ‘spirit‐level’ and uses more anatomical landmarks than any other measuring device noted in the literature. It measures facial landmarks in the midline and is not only used to measure the vertical dimension of the face, but with further research, may also be used in forensic studies. The Willis gauge is designed to measure the distance from the lower border of the septum of the nose to the lower border of the chin, and the distance from the outer canthus of the eye to the corner of the relaxed lip with the teeth in occlusion. The dividers measures two arbitrary points on the face.The study showed that the FAD was most similar to the Willis gauge where reliability and reproducibility was compared. There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) between the two devices.The FAD has shown to be a reliable and valid instrument that could be used to measure facial vertical dimension in the edentulous as well as dentate patients, however with some modifications to its design.

The intent of this study is to examine the trajectory of ideology regarding standard Japanese and dialects from the historical perspective, and also to discuss the cause of the post-war shift of the ideology. Before the war, the government attempted to disseminate hyojun-go aiming at creating a unified Japan in the time when many countries were developing to be nation states after industrial revolution. After the Pacific war, the less strict-sounding term kyotsu-go was more often used, conveying an ideology of democratization. Yet despite the difference in the terms, speaking a common language continues to play a role of unifying the country. Today there is great interest in regional dialects in Japan. Although kyotsu-go is the common language, most people, especially in urban areas, are familiar with (if not fluent in) kyotsu-go. Due to the development of media and mobilization there are few people who cannot understand kyotsu-go. However, until around the 1970s people were more likely to believe in the superiority of standard Japanese (hyojun-go). Standard language was believed to be superior as a result of language policy that had its origins in Meiji and lasted through WWII. This included education policy that required school children to learn hyojun-go. After the war, in a process of democratization there emerged greater acceptance of language variety: dialect. Thus, there has been a shift in language ideology in Japan, and the people's interests in dialects is one indicator of this. This shift is analyzed here from the perspective of Bourdieu's notion of social and linguistic capital, tying it to policy, historical events and societal change.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’élaboration d’alternatives pour l’enseignement du calcul algébrique au collège et en particulier de la propriété de distributivité qui joue un rôle central.En appui sur des recherches antérieures en didactique de l’algèbre, nous analysons les spécificités des savoirs à enseigner et enseignés sur le calcul algébrique, au regard de difficultés protomathématiques (Chevallard 1985) prégnantes du côté des élèves. Ceci conduit à appréhender de nouvelles formes de savoirs à enseigner accompagnant les savoirs mathématiques liés aux aspects sémantiques et syntaxiques des écritures symboliques algébriques. La notion de transformation de mouvement (Drouhard 1992) et l’exploration des caractères formalisateur, unificateur et généralisateur (ou FUG, Robert 1998) amène à envisager la distributivité au regard d’un domaine d’étude plus large, à la fois numérique et algébrique. L’étude d’une transposition possible des savoirs à enseigner permet de dégager des conditions et des contraintes pour élaborer une ingénierie didactique. Les résultats d’une expérimentation en classe de 5e (élèves de 12-13 ans) à partir d’analyses a priori et a posteriori, concernent les discours dont les élèves parviennent à s’emparer, justifiant et soutenant leurs techniques de calcul, ainsi que les organisations de connaissances qui émergent. Une nouvelle étude didactique et épistémologique relative à la notion de substitution vient clore la thèse afin de déterminer en quoi elle pourrait fonder un prolongement possible aux enjeux FUG pour l’enseignement de la distributivité et poursuivre l’ingénierie didactique amorcée visant à enseigner le calcul algébrique tout au long du collège. / This thesis seeks to explore alternatives for the teaching of algabraic calculus in second grade, and more specifically of the distributive law that plays a central role.Drawing on prior researches on didactic of algebra, characteristics of the knowledge to be taught and the knowledge taught about algebraic calculus are analyzed towards protomathematics difficulties (Chevallard 1985) constantly arising in students’work. This leads to consider new forms of knowledge, along with mathematical knowledge, that would be linked to semantic and syntactic aspects of symbolic algebraic expressions.Exploring the notion of movement transformation (Drouhard 1992) and the potential of formalizing, unifying, and generalizing (or FUG, Robert 1998), brings out the distributive law in a larger study field both numerical and algebraic.The study of a possible transposition of the knowledge to be taught yields a set of conditions and constraints to design a didactic situation. The results from a first experiment in a 5th grade class (12-13 year-olds) are based on a priori and a posteriori analysis. They focus on the discourses built and used by the students, justifying and supporting their manipulations, along with the knowledge organizations arising out.The last chapter addresses a new didactic and epistemological study of the notion of substitution aiming at discussing its potential to extend the FUG point of view on the teaching of the distributive property, and further on to provide a new perspective of research to carry on with our didactic design to teach algebraic calculus all along secondary school.