The issue of anti-Semitism in John Adams’s 1991 opera, The Death of Klinghoffer, has been widely discussed by scholars such as Richard Taruskin, Robert Fink, and others. For instance, Taruskin asserts that Adams favors the Palestinians through musical grandiosity and by describing them as “men of ideals.” However, this fails to consider the possibility that Adams intended to portray an evenhanded view of diverse religious groups. Through close readings of the libretto and select numbers from Klinghoffer, such as the “Chorus of Exiled Palestinians,” the “Chorus of Exiled Jews,” and the “Aria of the Falling Body,” my thesis maintains that Adams treats both sides equally. Although he depicts each group differently through a contrasting approach to text, orchestration, and texture, he nevertheless does not favor one group over the other. Additionally, a close reading of the “Aria of the Falling Body” provides Adams’s possible solution to this conflict – reconciliation between religious communities. Adams does so through portraying Leon Klinghoffer as a scapegoat. This aria is sung by Leon Klinghoffer’s body after he is sacrificed by the Palestinian hijackers – his sacrifice ensured the safety of the remaining passengers on board. Adams thus presents Klinghoffer as religious commentary – not only by vividly depicting the warring religious communities – but also by offering a solution to a centuries-old conflict.

Historical empathy as a didactic tool in teaching about the Holocaust: A qualitative study on history teachers' didactic design of Holocaust education and challenges they see in relation to this teaching.  The author of the study, which includes 44 pages, is Marcus Johannesson. The survey is aimed at teaching about the Holocaust in a Swedish school context. It was carried out against the background of research that has highlighted that students have difficulties in understanding the Holocaust and its circumstances. Considering this, the aim is to contribute with increased knowledge about how teachers handle teaching about the Holocaust and how they believe that such teaching should be designed to develop students' learning. Furthermore, the aim is to investigate what challenges teachers see in relation to teaching about the Holocaust, as well as how historical empathy as a didactic tool can be helpful for history teachers in their teaching. Another aspect that is important for teachers' teaching about the Holocaust is that anti-Semitic expressions are increasing in society. This is because of the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza. The theory that is therefore applied in this study is Jason Endacott's definition of historical empathy, namely a concept that contains the three aspects of historical context, perspective taking and emotional attachment. The conclusion is that the interviewed teachers' design of Holocaust education to varying extents contains the three aspects of historical empathy, which can improve students' opportunities to understand and learn about the genocide. More conclusions are that the teaching needs to be adapted depending on the student group due to social development, that myths and misconceptions about the Holocaust occur in the respondents' classrooms and that historical empathy as a didactic tool can be helpful for current and future history teachers.

Between the 1890s and the 1960s, sport had a distinctive and varied impact on the social, cultural, political and economic life of the British Jewish community. During this period, Anglo-Jewry developed a clear sporting tradition, in both a direct and indirect sense, and their participation in the world of British sport had a significant impact on processes and discourses surrounding integration, ethnicity and anti-Semitism. Through a broad analysis of archival materials, newspaper sources and oral history, this thesis seeks to examine the influence that sport exerted on the Jewish community – paying particular attention to the ways in which physical recreation affected the internal dynamics of the community and influenced Jewish relations and interactions with the wider non-Jewish population. As will be shown, whilst sport is a useful lens through which to view socio-cultural development within Anglo-Jewish history, evidence suggests that physical recreation also had a notable and noticeable direct impact on Jewish life within Britain. Although Jewish sport history is an expanding field in an international context, it has been largely ignored within British academic research. Within the historiography of Anglo-Jewry, little attention has been paid to the socio-cultural impact of sporting participation. Similarly, within research concerning British sport history, race and immigration are themes that have been generally overlooked. As well as redressing important historiographical gaps, this thesis will also help expand our knowledge of the process behind minority integration and will further demonstrate the wider social importance, and the extensive and varied applications, of the historical study of sport. This thesis demonstrates that sport has been a key area for the creation, maintenance and erosion of Anglo-Jewish identity and has been an arena for the development, reinforcement and undermining of Jewish stereotypes. Sport, effectively, assumed a central role in Jewish life throughout this time period and was a pivotal factor in many social, cultural and political changes affecting the Jewish community of Britain.

Cette thèse s'attache à analyser les ballets et les opéras exotiques représentés sur la scène du Teatro alla Scala, de la création du théâtre, en 1778, à sa réouverture, en 1946, période au cours de laquelle plus de trois cents œuvres mettant en scène l'ailleurs non européen et ses habitants furent données à voir au public du plus prestigieux théâtre lyrique milanais. L'approche des représentations de l'autre non européen, retenue ici, accorde une très large place aux livrets, en même temps qu'elle s'articule à la réception des œuvres dans la presse, afin de pouvoir saisir un sens public de ces représentations. Après avoir, dans un premier temps, dressé un panorama des lieux et des thèmes exotiques mis en scène, où dominent un Orient tout à la fois polymorphe et placé sous le signe de la répétition, ainsi que les mises en scène de la découverte et de la conquête du continent américain, cette recherche aborde la question de la création, librettistique et scénique, d'une altérité non européenne, qui apparaît désirée autant qu'elle est moquée et critiquée. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, cette étude tente de mettre au jour les usages politiques des œuvres exotiques, que celles-ci soient utilisées pour contester le pouvoir en place ou qu'au contraire ce dernier fasse d'elles des véhicules idéologiques. / This thesis analyses the exotic operas and ballets staged at the Teatro alla Scala from its inauguration in 1778 to its reopening in 1946 – a period during which the audiences of Milan's most prestigious opera house were offered more than three hundred productions representing non-European countries and their inhabitants. My approach integrates close readings of the librettos with a focus on the reception of these works in the press, in order to understand how these representations made sense to the public. The first part presents an overview of the exotic places and themes that were staged. A polymorphous but repetitive Orient and the discovery and conquest of the New World predominate. The second part focuses on the librettos and staging in order to address the construction of a non-European alterity that is desired as much as it is denigrated. Finally, the third part brings to light the political usages of these exotic works, asking whether they served to avoid censorship and contest the authorities or, on the contrary, functioned as vehicles for the ideology of the regimes of their time.

Diese Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit Fragen der Sprache und Identität von drei Generationen sephardischer Juden in Sarajevo. Aufgrund der Komplexität sephardischen Geschichte in Sarajevo untersuche ich Bosnien-Herzegowina/Jugoslawien, Israel und Spanien als mögliche Identitätsoptionen für die Sephardim in Sarajevo nach der Shoah. In einem weiteren Kontext ist die Arbeit auch ein Beitrag zu Minderheiten in Europa und zum facettenreichen Zusammenspiel von Sprache und ethnischer und religiöser Identifikation. Typisch für die jüdische Gemeinschaft im heutigen Sarajevo ist, dass nur ein Gesprächspartner seine jüdische Identität auf der traditionellen halachischen Definition aufbaut, einer Definition, die von der matrilinealen Abstammung abhängt. Ebenso ist die Feier der jüdischen Feiertage meinen Informanten für die Aufrechterhaltung der Identität wichtiger als das Sprechen einer jüdischen Sprache. Gleichzeitig vertreten die Individuen auch alternative Formen des Bosnischseins, die mehrere Ethnien und religiöse Zuschreibungen umfassen. Zu den einzigartigen Merkmalen der Sephardim in Sarajevo zählen der Status der Sephardim und der anderen Minderheiten in Bosnien und Herzegowina, die sie (1) durch die diskriminierende bosnische Verfassung zugeteilt bekommen haben; (2) das Fehlen eines Gesetzes in Bosnien über die Rückgabe von Eigentum; (3) die besondere Situation, in der drei ethnische Hauptgruppen und nicht nur eine einzige ethnisch homogene ‚Mehrheit‘ das Land beherrschen; (4) das Fehlen einer gut entwickelten jüdischen kulturellen Infrastruktur. Trotz alledem findet eine Annäherung der Mitglieder der Jüdischen Gemeinde von Sarajevo an ihre Religion und Tradition statt. Dieses Phänomen ist zum Teil dem jungen religiösen Aktivisten und chazan (Kantor) der Gemeinde, Igor Kožemjakin, zuzuschreiben, der jüngere Mitglieder zu den Gottesdiensten angezogen hat. / This study analyzes issues of language and Jewish identification pertaining to the Sephardim in Sarajevo. Complexity of the Sarajevo Sephardi history means that I explore Bosnia-Herzegovina/Yugoslavia, Israel and Spain as possible identity-creating factors for the Sephardim in Sarajevo today. My findings show that the elderly Sephardic generation insist on calling their language Serbo-Croatian, whereas the younger generations do not really know what language they speak – and laugh about the linguistic situation in Sarajevo, or rely on made-up categories such as ‘Sarajevan.’ None of the interviewees emphasize the maintenance of Judeo-Spanish as a crucial condition for the continuation of Sephardic culture in Sarajevo. Similarly, the celebration of Jewish holidays is more important for the maintenance of identity across the generations than speaking a Jewish language. At the same time, the individuals also assert alternative forms of being Bosnian, ones that encompass multiple ethnicities and religious ascriptions. All the youngest interviewees however fear that the Sarajevo Sephardic identity will disappear in a near future. Unique characteristics of Sarajevo Sephardim include the status of the Sephardim and minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina given (1) the discriminatory Bosnian Constitution; (2) the absence of a law in Bosnia on the return of property; (3) the special situation wherein three major ethnic groups, and not just a single, ethnically homogeneous ‘majority,’ dominate the country; (4) the lack of a well-developed Jewish cultural infrastructure. Despite all of this, a rapprochement between the Sarajevo Jewish Community members and their religion and tradition is taking place. This phenomenon is partly attributable to the Community’s young religious activist and chazan, Igor Kožemjakin, who has attracted younger members to the religious services.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosa Abaliac Azevedo.pdf: 4485263 bytes, checksum: 63a8266e58e25a304758dd2479cb695c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to analyze in which way the images of the Shoah and consequently the anti-Semitism are broadcasted in History elementary schools textbooks approved by the Ministry of Education of Brazil. This study assumes that textbooks are valuable tools to question various forms of discrimination, including anti-Semitism. Given the current tension between the need to preserve the memory of the Holocaust and the efforts aimed to deny it, contents related to the Second World War were chosen for this work. In the adopted perspective, images are social discourses that can perpetuate the process of the naturalization of some inequalities. Discursive practices are leveraged by cohesion between texts and pictures, as the proposed multimodal analysis embraced at the Núcleo de Práticas Discursivas e Produção de Sentidos, to which this research is assimilated. Three best-selling History books of the 2014 National Textbook Program were chosen, and the images were selected based on the use of glossaries. The main conclusion heads to the poor visibility of the victims and to the reproduction of stereotypical images of Jews as a result of the Nazi propaganda at that time / Este estudo objetiva analisar como as imagens da Shoah e, consequentemente, do antissemitismo, são veiculadas em livros didáticos de história do ensino fundamental II, aprovados pelo Ministério da Educação do Brasil. Partimos do pressuposto de que os livros didáticos são valiosos instrumentos para questionar diversas formas de discriminação, entre elas, o antissemitismo. Elegemos os conteúdos relativos à Segunda Guerra Mundial, dada a tensão atual entre a necessidade de preservar a memória do Holocausto e os esforços voltados a negá-lo. Na perspectiva adotada, as imagens são discursos sociais que podem perpetuar processos de naturalização das desigualdades. São práticas discursivas potencializadas pela coesão entre textos e imagens, conforme a proposta de análise multimodal adotada no Núcleo de Práticas Discursivas e Produção de Sentidos, ao qual esta pesquisa se integra. Foram escolhidos os três livros de história mais vendidos do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático de 2014, e as imagens foram selecionadas, tomando por base o uso de glossários. A principal conclusão foi a pouca visibilidade das vítimas e a reprodução de imagens estereotipadas dos judeus, resultado da propaganda nazista da época

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:27:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Tarciso Souza.pdf: 972281 bytes, checksum: 98e63b334fba11c4c36bc89e7d793c04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-24 / The present dissertation is a study about the controversy established posthumously to Pius XII in regard to his attitudes in face of Shoah's episodes the annihilation of six millions Jews during the Second World War. Starting from the primary sources and a selected bibliography, this research sought to follow the facts and, mainly, to evaluate the counterpoised claims by several authors about Pius XII's actions and words. Some authors accuse him of silence and omission about the fate of the persecuted Jews by the Nazis, because of an alleged anti-Semitism that they identified on the pontiff. However, others authors defend and legitimate him, claiming that Pius XII strictly followed the neutrality of the Vatican, adopting an impartiality posture and prudent reserve to avoid greater evils to the victims. Instead of harsh words condemning the Jew s genocide, he chose to promote the rescue of victims who were preserved from deportation to the extermination camps and sheltered by clerics and religious in several ecclesiastical institutions including the Vatican itself and its extraterritorial properties. As a result, the research allowed us to evaluate the arguments of Pius XII's defenders as the most consistent in face of the available evidences, especially considering the favorable and widely documented statements from contemporary Jewish persons and institutions to the facts in dispute. However, this research also allowed us to notice that there are some gaps to be filled before definitely solve this controversy something that perhaps just becomes viable with the fully opening of the Vatican archives and the archives of the other governments and chancelleries that were involved in this issue / A presente dissertação é um estudo sobre a polêmica estabelecida postumamente a Pio XII, a propósito de suas atitudes em relação aos episódios da Shoah a aniquilação de seis milhões de judeus durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. A partir de consultas a fontes primárias e a uma bibliografia selecionada a pesquisa procurou acompanhar os fatos e, principalmente, avaliar as alegações contrapostas de vários autores sobre as ações e palavras de Pio XII. Alguns o acusam de silêncio e omissão sobre o destino dos judeus perseguidos pelos nazistas, em virtude de um suposto antissemitismo que identificam no pontífice. Entretanto, outros autores o defendem e justificam alegando que Pio XII procurou observar estritamente a neutralidade do Vaticano adotando uma postura de imparcialidade e reserva prudente para evitar males maiores às vítimas. Ao invés de duras palavras condenando o genocídio dos judeus, ele preferiu patrocinar o salvamento de vítimas que foram preservadas da deportação para os campos de extermínio e abrigadas por clérigos e religiosos em variadas instituições eclesiásticas - inclusive no próprio Vaticano e em suas propriedades extraterritoriais. Como resultado, a pesquisa permitiu-nos avaliar os argumentos dos defensores de Pio XII como os mais consistentes diante das evidências disponíveis, especialmente considerando as declarações favoráveis amplamente documentadas de pessoas e instituições judaicas contemporâneas aos fatos em disputa. No entanto, a pesquisa nos permitiu perceber também a existência de algumas lacunas a serem preenchidas antes de dirimir conclusivamente a controvérsia algo que talvez se torne viável apenas com a abertura completa dos arquivos do Vaticano e de outros governos e chancelarias envolvidos na questão

This is an analysis of the contributions of Richard Wagner's ideas to the development of Adolf Hitler as seen by various historians. This author has consulted the works of many different authors to attempt to find the ideological roots of Adolf Hitler. The ideology of Richard Wagner, as seen by some of the most pre-eminent historians of this period, has been applied to the ideas of Hitler to find any continuity between these two men. All historians consulted thought Wagner was, for some more, others, less, a contributor to the development of Adolf Hitler and National Socialism. This author has concluded that Wagner was a contributor, but that Hitler's personal environment was more important to the development of National Socialism. This thesis explores an area into which no one has really delved in depth. Hopefully, this thesis can be a springboard for further research into this area.

Dion (2001) observed that being the target of stigma and prejudice has a “demonstrable, negative effect upon the individual.” While blatant prejudice has lessened there has been little change in the rate of subtle forms of stigma and prejudice (Wilson, 1996). Recent trends in the literature acknowledge the importance of everyday reminders of difference or prejudice for women, racial minorities and ethnic groups (Swim, 2003). Jews with a long history as targets of stigma, prejudice and discrimination are an excellent example of a modern concealable stigma. Previous research into the Jewish experience has been influenced by concerns about group survival and has not included specific investigation of the experience of the target of stigma in interaction with perpetrators. Using a qualitative life history methodology this research sheds light on the experience of minority group members with a concealable stigma. Jewish adults with diverse backgrounds were interviewed using a semi-structured life history approach. The first layer of analysis identified six overarching themes – unshakeable loyalty to Jewish identity; importance of belonging; living Jewishness in a way that is meaningful; concerns about visibility of Jewishness; concerns about personal and group vulnerability including references to the Holocaust; and everyday encounters with prejudice. These themes share commonalities with Fiske’s (2004) social needs expressed in a Jewish context. The second layer of analysis developed a model of an encounter with everyday prejudice. This model identifies the overriding importance of contextual influences on perceptions of an encounter in turn influencing the reaction and response. Following the example of Miller and Kaiser (Miller, 2006; 2001b), these encounters are seen as stressful events which can be understood using the framework of the stress and coping model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). The results show the subtle but important impact of everyday prejudice. As well as providing a means of understanding the experience of these individuals the results have implications for both therapeutic and psychoeducational interventions.

Dion (2001) observed that being the target of stigma and prejudice has a “demonstrable, negative effect upon the individual.” While blatant prejudice has lessened there has been little change in the rate of subtle forms of stigma and prejudice (Wilson, 1996). Recent trends in the literature acknowledge the importance of everyday reminders of difference or prejudice for women, racial minorities and ethnic groups (Swim, 2003). Jews with a long history as targets of stigma, prejudice and discrimination are an excellent example of a modern concealable stigma. Previous research into the Jewish experience has been influenced by concerns about group survival and has not included specific investigation of the experience of the target of stigma in interaction with perpetrators. Using a qualitative life history methodology this research sheds light on the experience of minority group members with a concealable stigma. Jewish adults with diverse backgrounds were interviewed using a semi-structured life history approach. The first layer of analysis identified six overarching themes – unshakeable loyalty to Jewish identity; importance of belonging; living Jewishness in a way that is meaningful; concerns about visibility of Jewishness; concerns about personal and group vulnerability including references to the Holocaust; and everyday encounters with prejudice. These themes share commonalities with Fiske’s (2004) social needs expressed in a Jewish context. The second layer of analysis developed a model of an encounter with everyday prejudice. This model identifies the overriding importance of contextual influences on perceptions of an encounter in turn influencing the reaction and response. Following the example of Miller and Kaiser (Miller, 2006; 2001b), these encounters are seen as stressful events which can be understood using the framework of the stress and coping model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). The results show the subtle but important impact of everyday prejudice. As well as providing a means of understanding the experience of these individuals the results have implications for both therapeutic and psychoeducational interventions.