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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Role of the hERG-channel in arrhythmia and teratogenicity studies in animal models and the human embryonic heart /

Danielsson, Christian, January 2010 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2010.
72

Risco de interações medicamentosas em pacientes com câncer e recebendo cuidados de suporte exclusivo / Risk of drug interactions among cancer patients who are receiving sopportive care exclusively

Riechelmann, Rachel Simões Pimenta [UNIFESP] 25 November 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-11-25. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-020a.pdf: 165301 bytes, checksum: 478022db64b034bbea30c204bbaf2cb9 (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 2 Publico-020a.pdf: 165301 bytes, checksum: 478022db64b034bbea30c204bbaf2cb9 (MD5) Publico-020b.pdf: 118674 bytes, checksum: 3222abfa356d637cdb4ac8248c91cf7a (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 3 Publico-020a.pdf: 165301 bytes, checksum: 478022db64b034bbea30c204bbaf2cb9 (MD5) Publico-020b.pdf: 118674 bytes, checksum: 3222abfa356d637cdb4ac8248c91cf7a (MD5) Publico-020c.pdf: 2073396 bytes, checksum: 04ba8e01c6f7b4dd2421e5babffdd4b9 (MD5) / Um número desconhecido de pacientes com câncer experimenta reações e interações de drogas graves, podendo resultar em hospitalização e até em morte. Particularmente, pacientes portadores de neoplasia maligna comumente recebem um grande número de medicamentos, além de receberem drogas com alto risco de efeitos adversos. Desta forma, dois estudos foram realizados como base para esta tese: uma revisão sistemática e em estudo retrospectivo. A revisão sistemática da literatura avaliou os estudos publicados sobre a epidemiologia de interações medicamentosas em pacientes com câncer. A busca identificou 8 estudos: 7 artigos publicados no PubMed e um resumo publicado nos proceedings do congresso da sociedade americana de oncologia (ASCO). A maioria dos estudos era retrospectiva e avaliou potenciais interações medicamentosas, com apenas dois estudos publicados sobre reais interações medicamentosas. Aparentemente, um terço dos pacientes oncológico ambulatoriais recebe combinações de drogas com risco de interação. Os principais fatores de risco para interações medicamentosas são: idade avançada, número crescente de medicações, presença de lesões cerebrais (primárias ou secundárias) e pacientes que recebem drogas consideradas de risco como anticonvulsivantes, varfarina e anti-inflamatórios hormonais e não-hormonais. O segundo estudo desta tese avaliou a prevalência de potenciais interações medicamentosas entre pacientes com câncer terminal. Desta forma, nós revisamos retrospectivamente os prontuários de todos os pacientes com câncer que foram atendidos no ambulatório de Cuidados Paliativos, do Hospital Princess Margaret, Toronto, Canadá, num período de 8 meses. As listas de medicações foram rastreadas para interações pelo programa eletrônico Drug Interaction Facts, que classifica as interações por nível de gravidade (maior, moderada e menor) e evidência científica (1 a 5, onde 1 = maior nível de evidência). Dentre os 372 pacientes avaliados, 250 interações medicamentosas potenciais foram identificadas em 115 pacientes (31%, 95% Intervalo de Confiança 26 - 36%), predominantemente envolvendo varfarina e fenitoína. A maioria das potenciais interações foi classificada como de gravidade moderada (59%) e 41,5% possuíam níveis de evidência 1-3. Na análise multivariada, idade crescente (p<0,001), pelo menos uma comorbidade (p=0,001), tipo de câncer (tumores cerebrais, p<0,001) e número crescente de medicamentos utilizados (p<0,001) foram associados a risco de interações medicamentosas. Portanto, concluiu-se que potenciais interações medicamentosas são comuns entre pacientes oncológicos que estejam recebendo cuidados de suporte exclusivos, sendo que a maioria envolve varfarina e/ou anticonvulsivantes. Fatores de risco incluem idade avançada, pacientes com múltiplas comorbidades, tumores cerebrais e aqueles que utilizam muitas medicações. / Background: Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) comprise an important problem in medical oncology practice. We systematically reviewed the frequency of DDIs in oncology. Methods: We searched PubMed for eligible articles and online databases abstracts of major oncology meetings. Results: Eight studies reported on the frequency of DDIs: six evaluated the frequency of potential DDIs while 2 studies reported on real DDIs, i.e. interactions that had clinical consequences. Studies of potential DDIs found that approximately one third of patients are exposed to dangerous drug doublets, with the most common ones involving warfarin and anticonvulsants. One study of real DDIs found that 2% of hospitalized cancer patients had a DDI as the cause of admission. Conclusion: Drug interactions comprise an important issue in oncology, with approximately one third of ambulatory cancer patients being at risk of DDIs. Data are limited on the clinical consequences of drug interactions among cancer patients. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
73

Efeitos neuromusculares do atracurio e do rocuronio em ratos pre-tratados com carbamazepina e fenobarbital : estudo in vitro e in vivo / Neuromuscular effects of atracurium and rocuronium in pre treated rats with carbamazepine and phenobarbital : study in vitro e in vivo

Barcelos, Caroline Coutinho de, 1982- 25 April 2007 (has links)
Orientadores: Lea Rodrigues Simioni, Yoko Oshima Franco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T02:12:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barcelos_CarolineCoutinhode_M.pdf: 1481920 bytes, checksum: 51a5dae81283795439bd5ed51ac09f60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Atracúrio (ATC) e rocurônio (ROC) são bloqueadores neuromusculares de ação intermediária. Neste estudo, seus efeitos neuromusculares foram investigados in vitro e in vivo em ratos pré-tratados, via gavagem (7d), com os anticonvulsivantes (AC) carbamazepina (CBZ, 40 mg/kg) e fenobarbital (FB, 20 mg/kg) e sacrificados no 8º dia, sob anestesia com uretana. Os resultados foram comparados com a condição-controle (ratos não tratados com AC). A exposição crônica a AC pode determinar a indução de enzimas microssomais responsáveis pela metabolização (oxidação) de fármacos. Para o controle desse fenômeno farmacológico foram determinadas as concentrações enzimáticas de citocromo P450 e b5 redutase, em microssomos hepáticos de ratos tratados com AC, e comparados aos controles. As preparações in vitro e in vivo foram montadas de acordo com as técnicas de Bulbring e de Leeuwin e Wolters, respectivamente. As concentrações utilizadas dos bloqueadores nas preparações in vitro e in vivo foram, respectivamente, 20 µg/mL e 0,5 mg/kg para atracúrio (ATC); 4 µg/mL e 0,6 mg/kg para rocurônio (ROC). Cada protocolo teve um n=5 e as respostas foram observadas por 60 min. Os resultados tanto in vitro quanto in vivo mostraram que o pré-tratamento com a carbamazepina reduziu a resposta contrátil em cerca de 30%. Sob sua vigência, não houve alteração do bloqueio produzido pelo atracúrio e pelo rocurônio, possivelmente porque o tempo de tratamento com a carbamazepina não foi suficiente para causar indução enzimática. Em relação ao fenobarbital, os resultados in vitro e in vivo mostraram nenhuma alteração significativa sob a resposta contrátil. Sob sua vigência, diminuiu a sensibilidade do ATC em produzir o bloqueio neuromuscular in vitro. Contudo, in vivo potencializou o bloqueio neuromuscular de ambos os bloqueadores estudados. Essas alterações observadas em ambos os modelos experimentais podem ser devidas à indução ocorrida com o fenobarbital, conforme comprovado pela concentração de citocromo P450 (0,69 nmol/mg proteína) e b5 redutase (0,62 nmol/mg proteína) / Abstract: Atracurium (ATC) and rocuronium (ROC) are neuromuscular blockers of intermediate action. In this study, the neuromuscular effects had been investigated in vitro and in vivo in treated rats, by gavage (7d), with the anticonvulsantes (AC) carbamazepine (CBZ, 40 mg/kg) and phenobarbital (FB, 20 mg/kg) and sacrificed on the eight day, under anesthesia with urethane. The results had been compared with the control-condition (rats not treated AC). The chronic exposition the AC can determine the induction of microsomes enzyme for the responsible metabolization (oxidation) of drugs. For the control of this pharmacologic phenomenon the enzymatic concentrations of P450 and b5 cytochromes had been determined, in livers microsomes of rats treated with AC, and compared with the controls. The preparations in vitro and in vivo had been followed the Bulbring and Leeuwin and Wolters techniques, respectively. The in vitro and in vivo concentrations were 20 µg/ml and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively, for atracurium (ATC); and 4 µg/ml and 0.6 mg/kg for rocuronium (ROC). Each protocol presented n=5 and the answers were calculated during 60 minutes. The in vitro and in vivo results showed that treatment with carbamazepine reduced the extent of muscle response in about 30%. Under its validity, did not alter the extent of the muscle response block produced by atracurium and rocuronium possibly because the period of time of carbamazepine treatment was not enough to cause enzymatic induction. Regarding phenobarbital, the in vitro and in vivo results did not alter significant the extent of the muscle response block produced. Under its validity, reduced the ATC sensitivity the block neuromuscular in vitro produced. However, in vivo increased the neuromuscular block of both the blockers studied. These alterations observed in both the experimental models can have occured induction with the phenobarbital, as proven P450 (0,69 nmol/mg protein) and b5 (0,62 nmol/mg protein) of cytochrome concentration / Mestrado / Mestre em Farmacologia
74

Traitements précoces et tardifs des douleurs neuropathiques et β2-agonistes : études thérapeutiques précliniques et cliniques / Early and late treatments of neuropathic pain and β2-agonists : preclinical and clinical therapeutic studies

Salvat, Éric 07 July 2014 (has links)
Les douleurs neuropathiques sont secondaires à une maladie ou à une lésion affectant le système nerveux somatosensoriel et sont mal soulagées par les antalgiques usuels. Dans notre travail préclinique, nous avons étudié l’effet de différentes molécules, dont des antidépresseurs et antiépileptiques recommandés dans le traitement des douleurs neuropathiques. Dans un modèle murin de neuropathie traumatique, nous avons étudié l’influence de la période de traitement, précoce ou tardif, sur l’allodynie mécanique. Un traitement précoce par gabapentine ou par carbamazépine permet d’observer un effet préventif sur la chronicisation de l’allodynie. Dans un modèle murin de neuropathie diabétique, nous avons caractérisé l’action anti-allodynique d’un traitement par nortriptyline et par terbutaline. En clinique, nous avons réalisé un travail d’enquête rétrospective sur des patients opérés par thoracotomie. L’analyse des résultats montre une diminution significative du risque de présenter des douleurs chroniques avec des caractéristiques neuropathiques chez les patients traités par β2-agonistes au long cours. / Neuropathic pain is caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system and is badly relieved by usual antalgics. In our preclinical work, we studied the effect of various molecules, in particular antidepressant and anticonvulsant drugs wich are recommended in the treatment of neuropathic pain. In a murine model of traumatic neuropathy, we studied the influence of the period of treatment, early or late, on the mechanical allodynia. An early treatment with gabapentin or carbamazepine leads to a preventive effect on sustained allodynia. In a murine model of diabetic neuropathy, we characterized the antiallodynic action of nortriptyline and terbutaline. In our clinical work, we realized a retrospective survey on patients operated by thoracotomy. The analysis of the results show a significant decrease of the risk to suffer from chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in patients treated with long-term β2- agonists.
75

Critical evaluation of P2X7 receptor antagonists in selected seizure models

Fischer, Wolfgang, Franke, Heike, Krügel, Ute, Müller, Heiko, Dinkel, Klaus, Lord, Brian, Letavic, Michael A., Henshall, David C., Engel, Tobias January 2016 (has links)
The ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a non-selective cation channel which senses high extracellular ATP concentrations and has been suggested as a target for the treatment of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The use of P2X7R antagonists may therefore be a viable approach for treating CNS pathologies, including epileptic disorders. Recent studies showed anticonvulsant potential of P2X7R antagonists in certain animal models. To extend this work, we tested three CNS-permeable P2X7R blocker (Brilliant Blue G, AFC-5128, JNJ-47965567) and a natural compound derivative (tanshinone IIA sulfonate) in four well-characterized animal seizure models. In the maximal electroshock seizure threshold test and the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure threshold test in mice, none of the four compounds demonstrated anticonvulsant effects when given alone. Notably, in combination with carbamazepine, both AFC-5128 and JNJ-47965567 increased the threshold in the maximal electroshock seizure test. In the PTZ-kindling model in rats, useful for testing antiepileptogenic activities, Brilliant Blue G and tanshinone exhibited a moderate retarding effect, whereas the potent P2X7R blocker AFC-5128 and JNJ-47965567 showed a significant and long-lasting delay in kindling development. In fully kindled rats, the investigated compounds revealed modest effects to reduce the mean seizure stage. Furthermore, AFC-5128- and JNJ-47965567-treated animals displayed strongly reduced Iba 1 and GFAP immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA3 region. In summary, our results show that P2X7R antagonists possess no remarkable anticonvulsant effects in the used acute screening tests, but can attenuate chemically-induced kindling. Further studies would be of interest to support the concept that P2X7R signalling plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of epileptic disorders.
76

Transcriptomics and proteomics applied to developmental toxicology /

Kultima, Kim, January 2007 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
77

Functional magnetic resonance imaging for clinical diagnosis : exploring and improving the examination chain /

Ragnehed, Mattias, January 2009 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
78

Chronic pain: clinical features, assessment and treatment

Mackintosh, Carolyn, Elson, Sue 29 August 2008 (has links)
No / A significant number of people in the UK experience chronic pain, resulting in high levels of suffering and reduced quality of life. Management of chronic pain is complex, time consuming and not always successful. Good communication between patients and healthcare professionals is essential to ensure realistic treatment plans and outcomes can be negotiated. Accurate assessment is also key, and nurses play a fundamental role in ensuring patients with chronic pain receive the most appropriate care.
79

Estudo de associação de fatores genéticos em indivíduos com reações de hipersensibilidade tardia induzida por anticonvulsivantes aromáticos / Association study of genetic factors in individuals with delayed hypersensitivity reactions induced by anticonvulsants aromatics

Tanno, Luciana Kase 21 August 2014 (has links)
Intrdodução: As terapias com anticonvulsivantes de anel aromático (ACA) são freqüentemente associadas a reações adversas. No entanto, reações de hipersensibilidade (RH) não-imediatas (tardias) a estes fármacos são raras, imprevisíveis e geralmente relacionadas à alta morbidade e mortalidade. Foi demonstrado que estas RH aos ACA estão fortemente associadas ao Antígenio de Leucócitos Humanos (HLA)-B*1502 em pacientes chineses e ao HLA-A*3101 em caucasianos. Polimorfismos de genes do metabolismo do Citocromo P450 (CYP)2C9 foram mais associados a estas reações em pacientes orientais. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo é analisar a associação das reações de hipersensibilidade a anticonvulsivantes de anel aromático com os polimorfismos descritos e de interesse, bem como realizar a tipificação de HLA em uma população de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo tipo caso-controle com genotipagem dos polimorfismos de interesse por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real e tificação de HLA A, B, C, DRB, DQA, DQB por PCR seguido de deteção utilizando método LuminexR. A avaliação fenotípica se baseou em sistemas de escores padronizados, utilizando um questionário adaptado da ENDA (Rede Européia de Alergia a Medicamentos), em registros médicos e no acompanhamento clínico. O teste de contato com o medicamento suspeito foi realizado de acordo com as recomendações da ENDA, nos pacientes que apresentaram reação. Resultados: Foram estudados 506 pacientes, 65% do gênero feminino e a idade média foi de 43,6 anos. Oitenta por cento era de etnia mista. Polimorfismos de HLA-A*3101, HLA-B*1502, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 e CYP3A5 foram analisados de 55 indivíduos com reações de hipersensibilidade (RH) a antiepilépticos, de 85 tolerantes e de 366 controles sadios. Dos 55 casos foram validados como RH, 32 apresentaram Reação a Drogas com eosinofilia e sintomas sistêmicos (DRESS), 12 Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson (SSJ) e 11 exantema maculo-papular. De todos os 46 testes de contato com medicamento, 29 (63%) foram positivos, tanto em SSJ como em DRESS. Houve associação significativa entre polimorfismo de HLA-A*1502 e casos. Nenhum de nossos grupos de estudo apresentou associação positiva com polimorfismos de HLAA* 3101. Verificamos uma forte associação entre a atividade normal do CYP3A5 e indivíduos tolerantes quando comparado com casos (p = 0,0002, OR = 4,8). A tipificação de HLA demonstrou associação significante de HLA-A*31, HLA-A*74, HLA-B*35 e HLA-B*53 com reações graves aos ACA e de HLA-B*44 e HLA-C*03 com indivíduos tolerantes. Conclusão: Estes resultados sugere fortemente a existência de fatores genéticos de risco e/ou de proteção a RH a ACA em indivíduos brasileiros, mas não devem ser considerados de forma isolada. Assim, a relevância deste estudo extrapola o objetivo de estudo caso-controle e sugere um modelo como forma de prevenção primária às RH aos ACA. / Background: Antiepileptics with aromatic ring (AAR) therapies are frequently associated with adverse reactions. Nevertheless non-immediate (late) hypersensitivity reactions (HR) to these drugs are rare, unpredictable and usually related with high morbidity and mortality. A strong pharmacogenetic association has been reported in Chinese patients with these HR and Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-B*1502 and with HLA- A*3101 in caucasians. Polymorphism of genes of P450 Cytocrome (CYP)2C9 has been related to these reactions in patients of oriental origin. Objective: Our aim is to analyze the association between hypersensitivity reactions due to AAR and the described polymorphisms, as well as perform the typification of HLA in a population of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Case-control study genotyping the polymorphisms of interest by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) real time and typifying HLA A, B, C, DRB, DQA, DQB by PCR followed by LuminexR .The phenotype evaluation was based on standardized scoring systems using an adapted ENDA (European Network of Drug Allergy) questionnaire, medical records and on the clinical follow-up in our Allergy Clinic. The patch test with the culprit drug was performed in patients who experienced HR according to the ENDA recommendations. Results: We studied 506 subjects, 65% female and mean age was 43,6 years. Eighty percent had mixed ethnicity. Polymorphisms of HLA-B*1502, HLA- A*3101, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 e CYP3A5 were studied in 55 subjects with antiepileptics HR, 85 tolerants, and 366 control subjects. Of 55 cases were validated as AHR, 32 presented Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), 12 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and 11 maculopapular exanthema. Of all 46 drug patch tests, 29 (63%) were positive, in both SJS and DRESS. A significant association between polymorphism of HLA-A*1502 and cases was found. None of our study groups presented positive association with HLA-A*3101 polymorphisms. We found a strong association between the normal activity of CYP3A5 and tolerants subjects when compared to HR (p=0.0002, OR=4.8). The HLA typification showed a significant association between HLA-A*31, HLA-A*74, HLAB* 35 e HLA-B*53 and severe AAR reactions and HLA-B*44 and HLA-C*03 in tolerants subjects. Conclusion: These results strongly suggests the existence of genetic risk and/or protective factors to the development of HR to AAR AAR in Brazilian subjects, but it should not be considered in a isolated manner. So, the relevance of this study extrapolates the aim of a case-control study and suggests a system of primary prevention to HR due to AAR
80

Evidence-based guidelines for pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders

Baldwin, David S., Anderson, Ian M., Nutt, David J., Bandelow, Borwin, Bond, Alyson, Davidson, Jonathan R. T., den Boer, Johan A., Fineberg, Naomi A., Knapp, Martin, Scott, Jan, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich 30 January 2013 (has links) (PDF)
These British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines cover the range and aims of treatment for anxiety disorders. They are based explicitly on the available evidence and are presented as recommendations to aid clinical decision making in primary and secondary medical care. They may also serve as a source of information for patients and their carers. The recommendations are presented together with a more detailed review of the available evidence. A consensus meeting involving experts in anxiety disorders reviewed the main subject areas and considered the strength of evidence and its clinical implications. The guidelines were constructed after extensive feedback from participants and interested parties. The strength of supporting evidence for recommendations was rated. The guidelines cover the diagnosis of anxiety disorders and key steps in clinical management, including acute treatment, relapse prevention and approaches for patients who do not respond to first-line treatments.

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