Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-21T10:51:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ushavashist.pdf: 630186 bytes, checksum: 745a558bec12dae7850947a507e2f344 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-25T12:31:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ushavashist.pdf: 630186 bytes, checksum: 745a558bec12dae7850947a507e2f344 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T12:31:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ushavashist.pdf: 630186 bytes, checksum: 745a558bec12dae7850947a507e2f344 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-23 / Plasmodium juxtanucleare é o agente causador da malária aviária que ocorre em alguns estados do Brasil. Esta malária está relacionada a diversos sinais clínicos e pode causar danos em criações rústicas de aves. O modelo aviário já foi utilizado para a investigação de drogas no combate à malária e hoje em dia o modelo mais utilizado é o Plasmodium berghei em roedores. A busca por anti-maláricos e malaricidas é de extrema relevância. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da 4-(6-MERCAPTOPURINA)-7-CLOROQUINOLINA, uma substância recém sintetizada a partir da cloroquina, sobre a malária aviária em Gallus gallus e aprimorar o modelo aviário para testes de potenciais malaricidas. Para o encontro de uma ave doadora, foram visitadas no município de Juiz de Fora duas granjas e feitos esfregaços sangüíneos de 30 aves. A prevalência foi de 100%. Dentre as 30 aves examinadas, as seis com os maiores valores de parasitemia foram adquiridas e levadas para o laboratório. Para verificar qual o melhor dia para a retirada de sangue de aves infectadas e imunossuprimidas pelo acetato de metilprednisolona, cinco das seis aves receberam em dose única este imunossupressor e uma serviu como controle. A parasitemia das aves foi acompanhada por 26 dias após o dia da imunossupressão, por meio de esfregaços sangüíneos preparados a cada dois dias. Também foram aferidos o peso e temperatura corporal e feitos microhematócritos sangüíneos. Verificou-se que ao 10º dia pós-imunossupressão ocorreu pico de parasitemia. Houve queda de peso corporal e correlação com a parasitemia. Ocorreu pouca variação na temperatura corporal e hematócrito e não houve correlação destes com a parasitemia. Em outras oito aves adquiridas em casa comercial com 15 dias de idade, foram realizadas infecções experimentais com sangue inoculado via intramuscular e via intraperitonial nas doses de 0,3mL e 0,5mL para as duas vias. Durante um mês as aves tiveram o valor médio de parasitos acompanhado para comparar qual a via mais efetiva e se havia diferença entre as doses testadas no estabelecimento da infecção. Não foi observada diferença entre as xv dosagens, mas foi possível verificar que a infecção via intraperitonial atinge mais rapidamente o pico de parasitemia, com médias de parasitos mais altas, entretanto ao fim do experimento o número total de parasitos quase não diferiu entre as doses e vias. Para testar o efeito malaricida da 4-(6-MERCAPTOPURINA)-7-CLOROQUINOLINA, uma droga derivada da cloroquina, recém sintetizada, foram infectados 45 pintos, Leghorn branco, via intramuscular. As aves foram separadas em quatro grupos experimentais com 15 aves por grupo (Grupo1- não infectado, Grupo 2- infectado e sem tratamento, Grupo 3- infectado e tratado com a cloroquina e grupo 4- infectado e tratado com o derivado da cloroquina). A droga foi administrada via gavagem por 4 dias consecutivos na dose de 100mg/Kg de peso vivo. Para a avaliação do efeito malaricida da droga, as aves tiveram o número médio de parasitos encontrados acompanhados por esfregaços sangüíneos feitos a cada dois dias após o décimo dia da inoculação. Também foram aferidos o peso e temperatura corporal a cada dois dias e hematócrito a cada quatro dias. O derivado da cloroquina teve atividade malaricida, mantendo a parasitemia mais baixa em relação ao grupo controle não tratado e ao grupo controle tratado com a cloroquina. Entretanto em todos os grupos a parasitemia se manteve baixa. Sugere-se a investigação da ação malaricida desta droga em modelos com P. berghei ou culturas com P. falciparum. / Plasmodium juxtanucleare is the agent of the avian malaria that occurs in some states of Brazil. This malaria is related to several clinical signs and it can cause damages in the poultry section. The aviary model was already used for the investigation of drugs in the combat to the malaria and nowadays the model more used is the Plasmodium berghei in rodents. The search for anti-malarial drugs is of extreme importance. The aim of this study was to accomplish experimental infections of Plasmodium juxtanucleare in Gallus gallus and to test a substance recently synthesized, the 4-(9H-purin-6-ylthio)-7-cloroquinoline, derived of the cloroquine, to verify their effects on the avian malaria and to improve the aviary model for these types of tests. For a bird donor's encounter, two chicken farms were visited in the Juiz de Fora city and blood smears made in 30 hens. The prevalence was 100%. Among the 30 examined hens, six with the largest parasitemia values had been acquired and taken to the laboratory. To verify which the best day to retreat the blood to infected hens, five of the six hens received only dose of the imunossupressor substance (metilprednisolon acetate) and one served as control. The parasitaemia of the hens was accompanied by 26 days after the day of the imunossupression, through blood smears prepared each two days. The weight and corporal temperature were checked and made blood hematocrits. It was verified that to the 10th day powder-imunossupression it happened parasitaemia pick. There were fall of body weight and correlation with the parasitaemia. There was a little variation in the body temperature and hematocrite and there was not correlation of these with the parasitaemia. In other eight acquired hens in commercial house with 15 days old, experimental infections were accomplished with blood inoculated through intramuscle and intraperitoneally in the 0,3mL and 0,5mL for the two routes. During one month the hens had the value of parasites accompanied to compare which the most effective route and difference among the doses tested in the establishment of the infection. Significant difference was not observed among the xvii doses but it was possible to verify that the infection through intraperitonial reaches the parasitemia pick more quickly, with higher averages of parasites, however to the end of the experiment the total number of parasites differed hardly between the doses and routes. To test the effect a derived drug of the cloroquine, 45 chicks were infected, white Leghorn, through intramuscle route . The hens were separate in four experimental groups, 15 chicks for group (Group1 - no infected, Group 2 - infected and without treatment, Group 3 - infected and treated with the cloroquine and Group 4 - infected and treated with derived of the cloroquine) The drug was administered four consecutive days in the 100mg/Kg of alive weight dose. For the evaluation of the antimalarial effect of the drug, the hens had the number of parasites accompanied by blood smears done each two days after the tenth day of the inoculation. Also the weight and corporal temperature were checked each two days and hematocrit four days. Derived of the cloroquine had antimalarial activity, reducing the number of parasites and maintaining the lowest parasitaemia in relation to the group not treated and to the group treated with cloroquine.

A malária é a doença que mais mortes causa no mundo. O uso de fármacos antimaláricos representa a solução mais eficaz para o combate e controle da doença e o interesse pelo desenvolvimento de novos fármacos é grande devido a problemas de resistência. Existe uma grande variedade de fármacos antimaláricos, sendo que muitos deles são quirais, vendidos e administrados como mistura racêmica. Nas últimas décadas, houve um aumento no interesse quanto aos aspectos farmacodinâmicos e farmacocinéticos de fármacos quirais, devido ao conhecimento de que um dos isômeros pode ser mais ativo ou mais tóxico que o outro. Sendo assim, tem-se a necessidade do desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos enantiosseletivos, e a eletroforese capilar tem emergido como uma técnica de separação quiral com alto poder de resolução. Além disso, a inexistência de métodos oficiais para fármacos antimaláricos e os poucos estudos que relatam aplicações na análise de formulações farmacêuticas, demandam o desenvolvimento e validação de novos métodos para tal finalidade. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de dois métodos analíticos, não quiral e quiral, para a determinação de fármacos antimaláricos em formulações farmacêuticas por eletroforese capilar. O método não quiral utilizou eletroforese capilar de zona, sendo otimizado para a separação de 7 fármacos antimaláricos (cloroquina, hidroxicloroquina, primaquina, quinidina, quinina, quinacrina e mefloquina) com um eletrólito composto por 45 mmol L-1 de tampão citrato, pH 4,50, e apresentou um tempo de análise de 10 minutos, permitindo a separação dos diastereoisômeros quinina e quinidina sem a adição de aditivos. O método quiral utilizou eletroforese capilar de zona modificada por ciclodextrina e foi otimizado para separação enantiosseletiva de cloroquina, mefloquina, hidroxicloroquina, primaquina, quinina e quinidina com um eletrólito composto por 50 mmol L-1 de tampão citrato, e 2% de S-β-CD, pH 2,7. A separação dos fármacos antimaláricos e seus enantiômeros foi alcançada com tempo de análise de 12 minutos. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram validados de acordo com os protocolos oficiais, apresentando características adequadas e foram aplicados na determinação de cloroquina, hidroxicloroquina e mefloquina em formulações farmacêuticas. Como figuras de mérito para o método não quiral, tem-se: linearidade (R2 > 0,99), LD (7,43 - 24,4 µmol L-1), LQ (22,5 - 73,8 µmol L-1), precisão intermediária (0,76 - 1,7% RSD), recuperação (97,8 - 102,2%). Para o método quiral, tem-se: linearidade (R2 > 0,99), LD (7,43 - 9,58 µmol L-1), LQ (22,8 - 29,0 µmol L-1), precisão intermediária (0,50 - 1,8% RSD), recuperação (97,7 - 102,5%). Um ensaio de robustez para ambos os métodos foi realizado para comparar os resultados obtidos aplicando-se pequenas variações de tensão e temperatura. Observou-se que não existe uma diferença significativa entre os resultados, a um nível de confiança de P = 95 %. / Malaria is a disease that causes a large number of deaths worldwide. The use of antimalarial drugs is the most effective solution to combat and control the disease and interest in the development of new antimalarial drugs is still of great importance due to resistance issues. There is a wide variety of antimalarial drugs, many of which are chiral, sold and administered as racemic mixtures. In recent decades there has been an increased interest regarding the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects of chiral drugs, due to the knowledge that one of the isomers can be more active or more toxic than the other. Thus, there is a need for the development of enantioselective analytical methods, and capillary electrophoresis has emerged as a chiral technique separation with high resolving power. Moreover, the lack of official methods for antimalarial drugs and the few studies reporting applications in the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations, demands the development and validation of new methods for this purpose. This work aims at the development of two analytical methods, non-chiral and chiral, for the determination of antimalarial drugs in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary electrophoresis. The non-chiral method used capillary zone electrophoresis, being optimized for the separation of 7 antimalarial drugs (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, primaquine, quinidine, quinine, quinacrine and mefloquine) with an electrolyte consisting of 45 mmol L-1 of citrate buffer, pH 4.50, and had an analysis time of 10 minutes, allowing separation of isolated diasteroisomers quinine and quinidine without any additives. The chiral method used capillary zone electrophoresis modified by cyclodextrin and was optimized for enantioselective separation of chloroquine, mefloquine, hydroxychloroquine, primaquine, quinine and quinidine with an electrolyte consisting of 50 mmol L-1 citrate buffer and 2% S-β-CD, pH 2.7. The separation of the antimalarial drugs and their enantiomers was achieved in less than 12 minutes. The proposed methods were validated following official protocols, with adequate results and were used for determination of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and mefloquine in pharmaceutical formulations. Figures of merit for the non-chiral method include: linearity (R2> 0.99), LD (7.43 to 24.4 µmol L-1), LQ (22.5 to 73.8 µmol L-1), intermediary precision (0.76 to 1.7% RSD), and recovery (from 97.8 to 102.2%). For the chiral method, we have: linearity (R2> 0.99), LD (7.43 to 9.58 µmol L-1), LQ (22.8 to 29.0 µmol L-1), intermediary precision (0.50 to 1.8% RSD), and recovery (from 97.7 to 102.5%). For both methods a robustness test was performed to compare the results obtained by applying slight variations in voltage and temperature. It was observed that there is no significant difference between the results, a confidence level P = 95%.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-21T18:30:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 josemarciofernandesdasilva.pdf: 606722 bytes, checksum: 480e6122c6670cee9053857fed232d2e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T19:18:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 josemarciofernandesdasilva.pdf: 606722 bytes, checksum: 480e6122c6670cee9053857fed232d2e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T19:18:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 josemarciofernandesdasilva.pdf: 606722 bytes, checksum: 480e6122c6670cee9053857fed232d2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-09 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / As dificuldades de adequação, aplicação e manutenção das estratégias de controle nos locais onde a malária é endêmica contribuem, em grande parte, para que a doença seja considerada o maior flagelo da humanidade. Neste contexto, destaca-se o amplo desenvolvimento de resistência dos plasmódios aos mais variados compostos que foram ou que ainda são utilizados na terapêutica antimalárica, o que faz do tratamento efetivo dos casos um grande desafio a cada ano. Diante disso, torna-se inquestionável a necessidade da descoberta de novas moléculas que possam, no futuro próximo, estar disponíveis para inclusão em medicamentos destinados à cura efetiva da infecção. Este estudo investigou a atividade antiplasmodial de 10 moléculas sintéticas derivadas de quinolinas em cultura de P. falciparum, bem como sua atividade citotóxica em células HeLa e mononucleares do sangue periférico. Das 10 moléculas, 5 estão conjugadas a sulfonamidas enquanto as demais possuem em sua estrutura um grupo hidrazina. Independentemente do grupamento farmacofórico integrado ao anel quinolínico, nenhuma molécula foi citotóxica para células HeLa ou linfócito humano em baixas concentrações. No que se refere a atividade antimalárica, 60% das moléculas foram altamente ativas contra P. falciparum (CI50 variando de <0,195µg/mL a 3,12µg/mL) e 10% totalmente inativas (CI50>50µg/mL). Ao analisarmos o índice de seletividade das moléculas, somente dois compostos não foram seletivos para o parasito (RMP103 e RMP107). Dentre as moléculas mais seletivas destacaram-se aquelas conjugadas ao grupo hidrazina, sobretudo RMP105 que foi >1800 vezes mais seletiva para plasmódio quando comparada a droga de referência. Portanto, por apresentarem alta atividade antimalárica e baixa toxicidade em células humanas, com elevado índice de seletividade para os plasmódios, as moléculas testadas nesse estudo podem ser consideradas boas alternativas para se tornarem medicamentos antimaláricos e auxiliarem de maneira eficaz no combate a doença. / The difficulties found in adapting, implementing and maintaining control strategies in malaria endemic regions are largely responsible for the spread of this disease, which is considered one of the greatest scourges of mankind. In this context, there is a widespread development of plasmodia resistance to various compounds that have been or are still used in antimalarial therapy, making effective treatment of the cases a constant challenge. Therefore, there is an unquestionable need for discovery of new molecules that may, in the near future, be available for inclusion in effective medicines for the cure of the infection. This study investigated the antiplasmodial activity of 10 synthetic molecules (derived from quinoline) in cultured P. falciparum, and their cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Of the 10 molecules tested, 5 are combined to sulfonamides, while the others have in their structure a hydrazine group. Regardless of the grouping pharmacophore integrated into the quinoline ring, all the molecules tested were not cytotoxic to HeLa cells or human lymphocytes, at low concentrations. Concerning the antimalarial activity, 60% of the molecules were highly active against P. falciparum (CI50 ranging from <0.195 µg / ml to 3.12 µg / mL) and 10% totally inactive (CI50 > 50μg/mL). By analyzing the selectivity index of molecules, only two compounds were not selective for the parasite (RMP103 and RMP107). Among the more selective molecules, the highlights were those linked to the hydrazine group, especially RMP105 which was >1800 times more selective for plasmodium compared to the reference drug. Therefore, due to their high antimalarial activity and low toxicity in human cells, with a high selectivity for Plasmodium, the molecules tested in these studies can be considered good alternatives to become antimalarial drugs and assist effectively in combating the disease.

L'émergence de la résistance des cellules tumorales, bactéries et parasites aux médicaments peut être prévenue par l'utilisation d'association médicamenteuse. L'objectif de ce travail est de décrire de manière formelle avec des modèles mathématiques, les phénomènes de résistance rencontrés en oncologie, infectiologie et parasitologie. Plusieurs modèles ont été développés à partir des données cliniques de patients atteints de cancer colorectaux, de patients infectés par le Plasmodium falciparum, ou à partir de données expérimentales obtenues à partir d'un système in vitro PK/PD. Les différents paramètres de ces modèles ont été estimés en utilisant une approche individuelle avec MATLAB® et/ou une approche de population avec NONMEM®. En oncologie, on montre que le « mixture » modèle développé est apte à décrire les cinétiques de 5FU et de son métabolite. Néanmoins ce modèle ne peut pas être utilisé en prospectif en utilisant l'approche Bayesienne, pour adapter les chimiothérapies à base de 5FU. En infectiologie un modèle PK/PD complet et unique a été développé pour décrire la dynamique des sous-populations bactériennes et l'émergence de la résistance. Le modèle permet de caractériser de manière réaliste l'interaction antibiotique-bactérie en comparaison à un modèle de référence. En parasitologie, un outil simple a été développé, en complément des méthodes génotypiques, pour identifier les infections polyclonales, support de la résistance. La flexibilité des modèles développés peut aider à concevoir des protocoles d'administration de médicaments optimisés et aider au choix des combinaisons thérapeutiques les plus efficaces pour freiner l'émergence de la résistance. / The emergence of drug-resistant, tumor cell, bacteria and parasite could be prevented with drug combination therapy. The aim of this work is to describe drug resistance with developed mathematical models, in oncology, infectiology and parasitology. Several models were developed based on clinical data from colorectal cancer patients, Plasmodium falciparum infected patients, or from experimental data provided by an in vitro PK/PD system. Model parameters were estimated using an individual approach with MATLAB® and/or a population approach with NONMEM®. In oncology, a "mixture"model was developed to describe 5FU and its metabolite kinetics. However this model couldn't be used in a prospective Bayesian approach for 5FU based chemotherapy. In infectiology, a complete and a unique PK/PD model was developed to characterize bacterial sub-population dynamics and resistance emergence. The model provides a more realistic description of the inter-relation between antibiotic effect and the targeted bacteria compared to a reference model. In parasitology a simple tool was developed, in addition to genotyping techniques, to detect polyclonal infection. Flexibility of the model developed could help to design drug optimized protocol or in the choice of the most effective combination therapy to slow down resistance emergence.

Le paludisme est responsable de plus de 438 000 morts en 2015. L’apparition et la propagation de P. falciparum résistants à l’artémisinine, l’antipaludique le plus puissant, est un problème majeur en Asie du Sud-Est. Un besoin impérieux de nouveaux médicaments présentant une action rapide et conservée vis-à-vis de ces parasites résistants se fait sentir pour remplacer l’artémisinine. Cette thèse porte sur le développement d’une nouvelle série chimique inspirée d’un biflavonoïde naturel, la lanaroflavone. Le composé tête-de-série MR27770 présente des propriétés intéressantes : il agit de façon plus rapide que l’artémisinine tout au long du cycle érythrocytaire du parasite, ses propriétés pharmacocinétiques sont prometteuses et il est partiellement actif chez la souris impaludée. De plus, il ne présente pas de résistances croisées avec l’artémisinine ou les autres antipaludiques. Son mécanisme d’action n’est pas connu mais pourrait impliquer un stress osmotique. Ce composé prometteur présente néanmoins une activité moyenne in vitro ce qui a motivé l’étude topologique de sa structure et mené à des dérivés optimisés. / Malaria was responsible for 438.000 deaths in 2015. The increasing proportion of P. falciparum parasites resistant to artemisinin, the most potent antimalarial, is a major concern in Southeast Asia. Fast acting drugs with unaltered activity versus the current multi-drug resistant strains are urgently needed to replace artemisinin. This thesis deals with a new antimalarial series based on the structure of an active natural biflavonoid called lanaroflavone. The lead compound, MR27770, displays interesting properties: it acts throughout the blood cycle faster than artemisinin, its pharmacokinetic properties are promising, and it exhibits a partial in vivo antimalarial activity. Plus, it has no cross-resistance with artemisinin or other antimalarials. Its mode of action is unknown and could imply an osmotic stress. This promising compound has however a mild in vitro activity which motivated the topological study of its structure and led to optimized derivatives.

Over the past two decades, a growing body of literature within health economics has provided evidence of the impact of fetal conditions on individual’s health and economic outcomes over the entire life course. This dissertation contributes to the field of health economics by investigating the effects of two distinct types of public policies, antimalarial interventions in sub-Saharan Africa and medical marijuana laws in the United States, on early-life health. Chapter 1 adds to the increased understanding of the impact of in utero exposure to large-scale interventions to combat endemic diseases by examining the effects of antimalarial interventions aimed at preventing and controlling malaria in pregnancy on birth outcomes. Since the year 2000, a coordinated international effort against malaria has led to a significant scale-up of intervention coverage across sub-Saharan Africa. One of the objectives of this undertaking was to improve maternal and early-life health. This chapter investigates the effect of access to malaria prevention and control measures, including insecticide-treated nets, intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy, indoor residual spraying, and artemisinin-based combination therapy, on birth weight. I exploit the geographic and time variation in the rollout of antimalarial interventions in sub-Saharan Africa across regions with different levels of initial malaria prevalence to analyze 277,245 live births in 22 countries from 2000 to 2013 in a continuous difference-in-differences estimation framework and find that the diffusion of intermittent preventive treatment among pregnant women contributed to the reduction of low birth weight incidence in sub-Saharan Africa. I do not find other antimalarial interventions to be associated with significant improvements in birth outcomes. Chapter 2 provides an investigation focused on examining the impact of medical marijuana laws in the United States on birth outcomes. As of June 2017, medical marijuana laws which liberalize the cultivation, possession, and use of cannabis for allowable medical purposes have been adopted by 29 states and the District of Columbia. The expansion of state-level legislation allowing for medical marijuana use has fueled an ongoing debate regarding drug policy. Despite a growing interest in investigating and quantifying both direct and indirect effects of marijuana liberalization policies, little is known about how they affect early-life health. Using data on the entire universe of births in the U.S. between 1990 and 2013 and a difference-in-differences research design, I find no evidence to support the hypothesis that medical marijuana laws have a negative impact on birth weight and gestation, however I also find that medical marijuana laws are associated with reductions in Apgar scores.

L’objection générale de ces travaux est de comprendre les mécanismes d’interaction de molécules d’intérêt avec les membranes afin de faciliter la synthèse de molécules plus efficaces contre leurs cibles tout en étant moins toxique pour l’Homme. Dans la première partie de ces travaux, nous avons étudié les interactions entre ces modèles membranaires et les polyènes antifongiques, connus pour interagir avec les stérols des membranes plasmiques. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la Nystatine et à l’Amphotéricine B, deux molécules de structure chimique très proche et actuellement utilisées dans l’industrie pharmaceutique. L’utilisation de différents modèles membranaires et de techniques adaptées a montré que la PhosphatidylEthanolamine avait très vraisemblablement un rôle primordial dans le mécanisme d’interaction de ces molécules avec les membranes. Dans la deuxième partie de ces travaux, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’inhibition de la formation du cristal d’hémozoïne formé lors de la croissance du parasite responsable du paludisme. Ce cristal est formé d’hématine, hautement toxique pour le parasite. L’hématine et l’inhibition de la formation de l’hémozoïne constituent une cible moléculaire idéale pour combattre cette maladie. La chloroquine, la méfoquine et de nouveaux inhibiteurs dérivés de la méfloquine ont été utilisés. L’étude de l’inhibition de la formation du cristal s’est faite en utilisant des monocouches de Langmuir, servant ainsi de biocapteurs. Ces travaux ont montré que l’énantiomérie, mais aussi la lipophilicité des nouveaux composés antipaludiques sont des paramètres importants en vue de la synthèse de molécules plus efficaces. / The main purpose of this work is to better understand the mechanisms of interaction between pharmaceutical relevant molecules and model membranes in order to facilitate the synthesis of new molecules, more efficient against their molecular target and less toxic for Humans. In the first part, we studied the interactions occuring between these models and antifungal polyene molecules. It has been reported that these molecules interacted preferentially with sterols. We specifically focused on Nystatin and Amphotericin B, two polyenes with a very similar chemical structure and presently used as a treatment against fungi and molds. Using different kind of model membranes, we showed PhosphatidylEthanolamine could have a very important role in the mechanism of action of these molecules. In the second part of this work, we studied the inhibition of the formation of a cristal called « hemozoïn », which is growing during the life cycle of the parasite responsible of malaria. This cristal is made of hematin, a toxic by-product of the degradation of hemoglobin, the main source of amino-acids for the parasite. Hematin and the inhibition of the growth of this cristal is a ideal molecular target to combat malaria. Chloroquine, mefloquine and new mefloquine-derivatives were studied. The study of the inhibition of the formation of the cristal was done using Langmuir monolayers as a biosensor. We showed that stereochemistry, but also lipophilicity of these compounds, are important parameters for the synthesis of more efficient antimalarial molecules.

O aumento da resistência do parasita da malária a maioria da drogas antimaláricas disponíveis, tornandose necessário pesquisar novos compostos com potencial atividade antimalárica. O objetivo desta tese foi inicialmente caracterizar a atividade do risedronato contra as formas intraeritrocitárias do parasita in vivo, além de identificar seu possível mecanismo de ação. A IC50 do risedronato foi de 20 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM em culturas de Plasmodium falciparum. Risedronato reduziu a biossíntese de FOH e GGOH e a isoprenilação de proteínas, inibindo a transferência do grupo FPP para as proteínas farnesiladas, entretanto, a transferência do GGPP para as proteínas geranilgeraniladas não foi inibida, isto também ocorreu quando proteínas ras e rab foram analisadas, sugerindo que a droga está inibindo a enzima FPPS. A enzima FPPS de P. falciparum foi expressa e obtivemos uma proteína recombinante fusionada a GST (rPfFPPS). Os substratos IPP, DMAPP, GPP e FPP foram utilizados para determinação da atividade catalítica da enzima, demonstrando FPP e GGPP como principais produtos. Os valores de Km para os diferentes substratos foi determinado. Demonstramos também que rPfFPPS é inibida por risedronato, podendo ser explorado como potencial alvo antimalárico. / The increased resistance of the malaria parasite most of antimalarial drugs are available, making it necessary to search for new compounds with potential antimalarial activity. The aim of this thesis was initially characterize the activity of risedronate against intraerythrocytic forms of the parasite in vivo, and identify its possible mechanism of action. The IC50 of risedronate was 20 <font face=\"Symbol\">mM in cultures of Plasmodium falciparum. Risedronate reduced biosynthesis and FOH, GGOH and protein isoprenylation, inhibiting the transfer of FPP group for farnesylated proteins, however, the transfer of GGPP to geranygeranylated proteins was not inhibited, this also occurred when ras and rab proteins were analyzed, suggesting that the drug is inhibiting the enzyme FPPS. The FPPS enzyme from P. falciparum was expressed and obtained a recombinant protein fused to GST (rPfFPPS). The substrates IPP, DMAPP, GPP and FPP were used to determine the catalytic activity of the enzyme, demonstrating FPP and GGPP as main products. The Km values for the various substrates were determined. We also demonstrate that rPfFPPS is inhibited by risedronate, which can be exploited as potential antimalarial target.

MSc (Chemistry) / Department of Chemistry / See the attached abstract below

MSc (Chemistry) / Department of Chemistry / This dissertation focuses on the application of 1, 3, 5-triazine in a pharmaceutical point of view since it has wide range of uses as described in chapter 1. Malaria is one of the most prevalent and deadly infectious diseases worldwide though there are already many synthesized anti-malarial drugs which are in use presently, drug resistance seems to be one of the major problem and combination therapy seems to be the only solution for now. Hence in this study we used hybridization as a tool (Figure 9) to synthesize new antimalarial drugs using 1, 3, 5-triazine as an intermediate linker, linking known anti-malarial drug, different amine and chloroquine-like amines together using nucleophilic substitution reaction. As explained in chapter four of this dissertation, triazine is used to synthesize mono-, di- and tri-amino-1, 3, 5-triazine substituted products. Using THF as a solvent and K2CO3 as a base changing in temperatures, from 0 oC 25 oC or reflux. Some products were synthesized using microwave irradiation. The application of triazine as an intermediate linker in the above mentioned condition yielded five mono-amino substituted dichloro-1, 3, 5-triazine (21-25) in an average yield of 82%, three amino substitution chloro-1, 3, 5-triazine (26-28) in an average yield of 87%, two amino substituted-1, 3, 5-triazine (29, 30) in an average of 90%, nine chloroquine-like synthesized compounds (33-41) in 84 % average yields respectively. / NRF