In this dissertation, I examine the Coptic, gnostic Apocalypse of Paul. Only one copy of this text has survived, a Coptic translation of a Greek original, contained in codex V of the Nag Hammadi collection of ancient heterodox Christian writings found in Upper Egypt near the town of Nag Hammadi in 1945. Drawing on the apostle Paul's laconic accounts of his revelation and his rise through the heavens (in 2 Cor 12:2-4 and Gai 1:13- 17), the Apocalypse of Paul expands the brief mentions into a more detailed account of Paul's spiritual "awakening" by a holy Spirit, and his subsequent ascension through the ten heavens. The Apocalypse of Paul has in the past tended to be either neglected, or only cursorily examined, by scholars of gnosticism. This dissertation, in conjunction with a recently released volume in the Bibliothèque copte de Nag Hammadi series (Rosenstiehl/ Kaler 2005), is an attempt to fill this scholarly gap. In it, I argue that the work was composed in the late second or early third century by a Valentinian gnostic author and that it was influenced by the debates of the period over the proper interpretation of the apostle Paul's writings. The Apocalypse of Paul may be understood as the product of mingled apocalyptic, Pauline and Valentinian literary influences. In its form it is clearly indebted to works of apocalyptic ascension such as the Enoch writings or the Ascension of Isaiah, which tell of the ascent of a religious figure through the heavens. In its choice of the apostle Paul as a protagonist, and its presentation of him as a stereotypical ascension apocalypse hero, it can be compared with a wide variety of early Christian writings that take up and transform the figure of Paul. The author of the Apocalypse of Paul, like many other Christians of her period, revered Paul not just as a theologian, but also as a heroic figure of the earliest church, and in presenting this figure, she made it adhere to apocalyptic norms. Finally, I argue that its motivations can best be understood by regarding it as a work that advances a Valentinian (gnostic) view of the church and the cosmos, using its Pauline and apocalyptic features as a means of legitimating these views for its readership. In short, it can be said that the Apocalypse of Paul is an apocalypse, and like other apocalypses it takes a revered religious hero from the past—in this case, Paul—as its protagonist, creating around him a story of divine revelation, a story that reflects or comments upon its author's contemporary context. / Cette thèse de doctorat traite de l’Apocalypse de Paul, une apocalypse gnostique dont seulement une copie existe, et qui est préservée dans le cinquième codex de la fameuse « bibliothèque » copte de Nag Hammadi, une collection d'écrits chrétiens hétérodoxes enterrée à la fin du quatrième ou au début du cinquième siècle découverte par hasard près de la ville de Nag Hammadi en Haute-Egypte en 1945. Inspirée par 2 Co 12,2-4 et Gai 1,13- 17, où Paul fait allusion à la révélation qu'il a reçue et à son ascension céleste, l’Apocalypse de Paul propose un récit plus détaillé de l'éveil spirituel de Paul et de son ascension à travers les dix cieux. On a eu la tendance jusqu'ici à ignorer l’Apocalypse de Paul dans les recherches gnostiques ou apocalyptiques. Cette thèse de doctorat, qui fait suite à un volume récemment publié dans la section « Textes » de la collection Bibliothèque copte de Nag Hammadi (Rosenstiehl/ Kaler 2005), veut partiellement combler cette lacune. Elle présente et défend une hypothèse selon laquelle l’Apocalypse de Paul a été composée à la fin du deuxième ou commencement du troisième siècle de notre ère par un auteur valentinien, et que son récit a été influencé par les débats contemporains sur l'interprétation des écrits pauliniens et de la figure même de Paul. L'Apocalypse de Paul peut être comprise comme le produit de trois traditions paulinienne, apocalyptique et gnostique. Sa forme a été modelée sur les récits apocalyptiques d'ascension céleste, comme par exemple les livres d'Hénoch ou l’Ascension d'Isaïe, qui racontent le voyage d'une figure religieuse à travers les cieux. En choisissant l'apôtre Paul comme protagoniste et en le transformant en héros apocalyptique, elle est comparable à d'autres écrits chrétiens primitifs qui utilisent et transforment l'image de Paul. Pour l'auteur de l’Apocalypse de Paul, comme pour d'autres auteurs chrétiens, Paul n'est pas seulement un théologien, mais plutôt une figure légendaire, et il ou elle construit cette figure selon les normes apocalyptiques. Enfin, cette thèse soutient que le dessein de l'Apocalypse de Paul peut être mieux compris si on le considère comme un texte qui a pour fonction de défendre une interprétation gnostique, plus précisément valentinienne, du cosmos, de l'église et de l'initiation chrétienne, et qui utilise les matériaux pauliniens et apocalyptiques pour légitimer cette interprétation auprès de ses lecteurs. En bref, l’Apocalypse de Paul est une apocalypse, et comme d'autres apocalypses, elle crée autour d'un héros religieux le récit d'une révélation divine, récit qui reflète la situation de communication dans laquelle elle a été produite.

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This study investigated how the age of an environmental movement organisation and its degree of institutionalisation impacted the usage of threat-related framing and blame attribution in regards to environmental issues. Environmental discourse has lately developed a rhetoric that embraces urgency and severity, but how different types of environmental movement organisations have approached this, historically and today, has not been widely studied. A mixed-methods approach was therefore employed that thematically examined texts from the Swedish branch of Extinction Rebellion and The Swedish Society for Nature Conservation at several points in time. The analysis indicated that the degree of institutionalisation had an influence on the organisation’s blame attribution, whilst age did not. Furthermore, no conclusive implications followed the analysis of the organisation’s framings. The study concluded that the degree of institutionalisation is an important factor behind how environmental movement organisations choose their blame attribution. The study provided insights into how institutionalisation affects strategic choices of movement organisations, possibly providing a foundation for future research in the field.

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Literary tales about the lives and vicissitudes of officials serving in the courts of powerful kings are attested throughout the writings of the ancient Near East. Such ‘court tales’ were a popular literary form during the Jewish Second Temple period (515 BCE-70 CE). With the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, a collection of previously unknown ancient Jewish court tales was discovered, along with others preserved in their original languages. The discovery of these texts has expanded our corpus of extant Jewish court tales. Research on these texts has yet to be systematically integrated into broader analyses of the Jewish court tales. This dissertation addresses this desideratum and integrates the court tale evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls into research on the already extant Jewish court tales, with a focus on the themes of punishment, exile, and restoration. Chapter One outlines the history of scholarship on the Jewish court tales. Chapter Two examines the literary themes and concerns of other ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean court tale traditions. Chapters Three and Four analyze the themes of punishment, exile, and restoration within the Jewish court tales, and highlight their uniqueness to the Jewish tales. Chapter Five discusses the development and decline of the Jewish court tales. In doing this, I demonstrate that a major purpose of the Jewish adoption of the court tale tradition was to upend earlier convictions that exilic life was solely a form of punishment, with the purpose of demonstrating the benefits of exilic life and God’s sovereignty over foreign political actors. My examination of the court tales contributes to discussions about the origins of Jewish apocalyptic literature, with the court tales employing eschatological terminology to address the theme of restoration. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)