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The discourse of gender is a relevant and vital subject in the present culture and the space of the scientific research. Masculinity and femininity are defined by their differences, but the gender construct in a certain discourse is a social, cultural product. In an advertising, the act of cultural communication, the gender is determined by a dominant ideology and the stereotypes that are inveterated in the language, literature, society, and media. In this work, the televisual advertisements are analysed by the semiotical –communication research method. However, in the theoretical and practical parts of the work other aspects are also varied: gender, feminism, and men‘s studies, historical – cultural, social, psychological. Therefore, the work is basically of the interdisciplinary nature. The object and the goals of the analysis in the semiotical, televisual advertising are to distinguish a stereotypical femininity and masculinity in a public and private space, dominant in advertisements; to show how they are created, reflected and (or) modified; to compare their expression in a public and private spheres; to disclose their relationship with a public culture and its changes. The accomplished analysis allows to draw a conclusion that masculinity and femininity are diverse in the discourse of media advertising: varying from the stereotypical gender images to the unexpected roles, their modification, caricature. A modern media as if offers a variety of individual choices... [to full text]

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente dissertação apresenta as transformações que proporcionaram a emergência do campo de estudos das masculinidades, resultado das transformações ocorridas na sociedade e na academia a partir do movimento feminista. Com o acesso das mulheres às diferentes esferas da sociedade, a superioridade masculina foi abalada, gerando a crise do modelo de masculinidade tradicional. As fissuras na masculinidade tradicional evidenciaram a existência de masculinidades alternativas. Olhares sobre as masculinidades desde uma perspectiva interdisciplinar permitem identificar três modelos de interpretação das masculinidades. São modelos construídos a partir da perspectiva da análise e não do conteúdo específico das pesquisas. Identificamos também três dimensões recorrentes nas leituras. Embora sejam complementares, foram separadas a fim de proporcionar uma visão mais detalhada sobre cada dimensão. Os estudos sobre as masculinidades centram sua atenção nos signos sexuais da identidade masculina, relacionando as outras dimensões ao falocentrismo e à libido dominandi. Por fim, sistematiza o modo como a teologia tem trabalhado com as masculinidades, fim de identificar qual o papel que a experiência ocupa no fazer teológico. / This dissertation presents the transformations which provided the rise of the study field of manliness, result of transformations which happened in society and academy and were started by the feminist movement. With the access of women to different spheres of society, the masculine superiority was affected, generating the crisis of model of traditional manliness. The fissures in traditional manliness had evidenced the existence of alternative manliness. Glances on manliness since an interdisciplinary perspective allow us to identify three models of interpretation of manliness. They are models built since the analysis perspective and not since the specific content of researches. We also identified three appealing dimensions in the readings. Although they are complementally, they were separated in order to provide a more detailed vision on each dimension. The studies about manliness center its attention in sexual signs of masculine identity, relating the other dimensions to the phallus centrism and the libido dominandi. Finally, it systematizes the way as theology has been working with manliness, in order to identify which is the role that the experience occupies in theological studies.

This paper aims the analysis, interpretation and comprehension of the cognitive, social and cultural elements that consist the identity of cockfighters from the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. Throughout the work, I try to explain the significant cultural manifestations of cockfighting, associating their socio-historical contexts, analyzing the production of multiple forms of social memory and their interrelationships with the social time, the profiles, the relation between the group s members and among them, others from their relationship network. The research attempts to dialogue with the field of anthropology of emotions , seeking to observe the feelings movement expression through symbols, common signs or their own language, how learning takes place on working with feelings such as: loss, grief and sadness around and engrossing game that unleashes a flood of emotions both positive and negative. The methodology utilized was an ethnographic research with open interviews and participant observation. Through the research were addressed issues surrounding this group, whose gatherings are secret, for cockfighting is forbidden by law, for two reasons: assumed animal maltreatment and for being considered gambling. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise, a interpretação e a compreensão dos elementos cognitivos, sociais e culturais que constituem a identidade do grupo de galistas da região central do Rio Grande do Sul. Ao longo deste texto, procuro explicar as manifestações culturais significativas do presente, associando-as aos seus contextos sócio-históricos, analisando a produção das múltiplas formas de memória social e suas inter-relações com o tempo social, os perfis, as relações dos integrantes desse grupo e, entre esses, outras pessoas de sua rede de relações. A pesquisa deseja dialogar com campo da antropologia das emoções , com o objetivo de observar o movimento da expressão dos sentimentos através de símbolos, sinais comuns ou linguagem própria do grupo, de como se dá o aprendizado de trabalhar com sentimentos tais como: a perda, a angústia e a tristeza em torno de um jogo envolvente que desencadeia uma avalanche de emoções tanto positivas como negativas. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa etnográfica, com entrevistas abertas e observação participante. Através da pesquisa, foram tratadas as questões que envolvem esse grupo, que se reúne na clandestinidade por ser proibido pela lei, por dois motivos: por pressupor-se maus tratos aos animais e por ser considerado um jogo de azar.

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Destruktiv maskulinitet är en aktuell form av maskulinitet bland män idag som kort innebär att visa makt genom våldsbruk, utfrysning och exkludering. Därför syftar denna studie till att undersöka hur olika föreställningar om maskuliniteter påverkar vardagsvillkoren för unga män i ålder 21–24 år samt vilka olika maskuliniteter som unga män förhåller sig till. Studien utgår från fem kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med unga män från olika bakgrunder. Genus, hegemonisk maskulinitet och homosocialitet är begreppen som används för vidare analysering av det insamlade materialet. Det insamlade materialet analyserades och delades in i fem olika teman utifrån tematisk analysmetod. En del av intervjuguiden består av exponering av bilder som intervjupersonerna förhöll sig till. Utifrån dessa bilder kunde unga mäns föreställningar om manlighet blottläggas. Resultatet visar vilka maskuliniteter som unga män förhåller sig till samt att den dominerande formen är den traditionella maskuliniteten. Den traditionella maskuliniteten ställer krav på män som till exempel att försörja familjen. Resultatet visar även att intervjupersoner förknippar ordet manlig till kroppshets och fysik. Avgörande aspekter för unga mäns syn på maskulinitet är kultur, etnisk bakgrund, trosuppfattning samt samhällets förväntningar genom exempelvis sociala medier. Detta påverkar dem genom att de väljer att agera och se ut utifrån dessa aspekter till exempel att en vältränad man är manligare än en överviktig. / Destructive masculinity is a current form of masculinity among men today which in short means to show power through violence, freezing and exclusion. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how different conceptions of masculinities affect the living conditions of young men aged 21-24 and what different masculinities young men relate to. The study is based on five qualitative semi-structured interviews with young men from different backgrounds. Gender, hegemonic masculinity and homosociality are the terms used for further analysis of the collected material. The collected material was analyzed and divided into five different themes based on thematic analysis method. Part of the interview guide consists of exposure of pictures to which the interviewees related. From these images young men's conceptions of masculinity could be exposed. The result shows the masculinities that young men relate to and that the dominant form is the traditional masculinity. The traditional masculinity demands young men, such as providing for the family. The results also show that interviewers associate the word male with body image and physique. Crucial aspects for young men's view of masculinity are culture, ethnic background, beliefs and society's expectations through, for example, social media. This affects them by choosing to act and look from these aspects, for example that a well-trained man is more manly than an overweight man.

Na die 1994-verkiesing in Suid-Afrika het die posisie van wit, Afrikaanse mans (WAM’s) binne die gender-orde verander. Die vervlegting van WAM’s se subjektiwiteit met ’n dominante ideologie is deur die nuwe regering ongedaan gemaak. Gevolglik het veranderde diskoerse van mag en maskuliniteit al hoe meer in Suid-Afrikaanse literatuur ter sprake gekom. Hierdie verhandeling kyk na hoe WAM’s se maskuliniteit in twee literêre tekste, Kontrei deur Kleinboer (2003) en Om na ’n wit plafon te staar deur Jaco Kirsten (2009), manifesteer. Hierdie twee tekste is aan ’n stiplees onderwerp en, gebaseer op sekere teorieë van maskuliniteit, is sekere merkers van maskuliniteit belig. Beide tekste het die lewe van ’n WAM in post-apartheid Suid-Afrika as onderwerp en in beide tekste manifesteer magsverlies, onsekerheid, psigologiese gefragmenteerdheid en vervreemding op verkillende wyses in die manlike subjektiwiteit. ’n Eklektiese benadering tot maskuliniteit word in hoofstuk twee gevolg deurdat verskeie teorieë oor maskuliniteit bestudeer is. Die teoretiese perspektiewe van Jacques Lacan, Michel Foucault en Judith Butler word bespreek, aangesien hulle idees aangaande maskuliniteit suksesvol en ekstensief deur ander akademici toegepas is op die analise van maskuliniteit en literatuur. Psigoanalise en maskuliniteit word bespreek met spesifieke verwysing na die simboliek van die Oedipus-kompleks en die Lacaniaanse leegte wat maskuliniteit onderlê. In samehang met psigoanalise word maskuliniteit belig deur die falliese aard van die tekste en karakters uit te wys. Foucault se teorie oor diskoerse wat mekaar onderhou en terselfdertyd ondermyn, word in die tekste belig en die fragmentering van die karakters se maskuliniteit word uitgewys. Butler se herhaaldelike “performances” van die manlike rol kom in beide tekste voor. Verder word maskuliniteit as ’n sosiale konstruksie teen die agtergrond van Marxisme en sosiologie beskou. Hoofstuk drie kyk na die konteks waarbinne WAM’s se maskuliniteit in Suid-Afrika afspeel. In hoofstuk vier en vyf word die manlike karakters in beide tekste bespreek deur na hegemoniese merkers van maskuliniteit te kyk. Die man as jagter, soldaat en boer, beoefenaar van geweld en hoë-risiko gedrag, sy gebrek aan emosionele intimiteit, sy optrede teenoor vrouens en swartes as “ander”, sy seksualiteit, patriargale en fratriargale verbintenisse en politiese ingesteldhede word as merkers van maskuliniteit bespreek. ENGLISH : After the 1994 elections in South Africa the position of white, Afrikaans men (WAM’s) changed within the gender order. The intertwinement of WAM’s subjectivity with a dominant ideology was undone by the new government. Consequently, changing discourses of power and masculinity became more present within South African literature. This dissertation looks at how WAM’s masculinity manifests in two literary texts, Kontrei by Kleinboer (2003) and Om na ’n wit plafon te staar by Jaco Kirsten (2009). These two texts were submitted to a close reading and, based on certain theories of masculinity, certain markers of masculinity were exposed. Both texts have the life of a WAM in post-apartheid South Africa as subject and in both texts the loss of power, uncertainty, psychological fragmentation and alienation manifest in different ways in the masculine subjectivity. An eclectic approach of masculinity is followed in chapter two as a variety of theories about masculinity were studied. The theoretical perspectives of Jacques Lacan, Michel Foucault and Judith Butler are discussed, as their ideas have been used successfully and extensively by academics to analyze masculinity an literature. Psycho-analysis and masculinity are discussed with specific reference to the symbolism of the Oedipus complex and the Lacanian emptiness that underlies masculinity. Interconnected with psycho-analysis the phallic nature of the text and characters are exposed. Foucault’s theory about discourses that support and undermine each other simultaneously is exposed in the texts and the fragmentation of the characters’ masculinities are shown. Butler’s repetitive “performances” of the male role appears in both texts. Furthermore, masculinity is seen as social construct against a Marxist and sociological background. Chapter three looks at the context in which masculinity unfolds for WAM’s in South Africa. In chapter four and five the male characters in both texts are discussed by looking at hegemonic markers of masculinity. The man as hunter, soldier and farmer, perpetrator of violence and high risk behaviour, his lack of emotional intimacy, his behaviour towards women and blacks as “other”, his sexuality, patriarchal and fraternal connections and political predispositions are discussed as markers of masculinity. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Afrikaans / unrestricted

Ähnlich wie in den Sozialwissenschaften blieben Männlichkeiten lange Zeit ein blinder Fleck innerhalb einer Gender-orientierten Literaturwissenschaft und die Konstruktionsmechanismen literarischer Männlichkeit im Dunklen. Erforscht wurden zunächst herausragende Modelle von Männlichkeit(en): einerseits dominante Leitbilder, andererseits deviante Alternativen, etwa der Dandy, der Homosexuelle, der Cross-Dresser. Mittlerweile liegt in nahezu allen Philologien eine Fülle von Einzelstudien zur Darstellung von Männlichkeit innerhalb bestimmter Epochen oder Autoren-Oeuvres vor, wiewohl der Stand der theoretischen Reflexion unterschiedlich ausgeprägt ist.

Studien handlar om den könssegregerade arbetsmarknaden i förskolan i Borås stad, närmare bestämt bristen på manliga förskollärare. Tidigare forskningar har visat att diskussionen om att få män arbetar i förskolan har pågått under en lång tid men ännu har det inte skett några större förändringar. Det har bland annat visat att yrket ses som typiskt kvinnligt och att yrket behöver mer uppmärksamhet för att locka män. Problemen som denna könssegregering kan skapa är ekonomiska, både privata och för samhället, samt att barnen i förskolan inte får träffa kvinnor och män. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur Borås stad arbetar för att minska könssegregeringen inom förskolan och varför vissa män väljer att bli förskollärare. Information och material till studien har samlats in genom kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studiens resultat visar att de manliga förskollärarna anser att yrket fortfarande ses som typiskt kvinnligt och att det är en anledning till könssegregeringen. Förskollärarna berättar dock att de känner sig välkomna och uppskattade av sina kollegor samt av barnens föräldrar. Debatten om sexuella övergrepp på förskolor ses även ett problem för att kunna förändra situationen. Intervjupersonerna anser att yrket behöver marknadsföras mer och att det behöver introduceras tidigare i grundskolan eller på gymnasiet. Vidare visar resultatet att synen på att alla män i förskolan är pedofiler behöver förändras för att få fler män till förskolan i framtiden. Vårt resultat visade även att Borås stad inte arbetar med någon specifik strategi för att få fler män till förskolan. För att manliga förskollärare ska bli allmänt accepterade behöver uppfattningen och synen på yrket förändras till att män som arbetar i förskolan är lika accepterade som kvinnor / This study examines the gender segregation among preschool teachers in Borås stad. Earlier research shows that the discussion about male pre-school teacher has been going on for several years but there is still no big development in the issue. The profession is still regarded as typical “women's work” and that the pre-school teacher profession need more highlighting to get attention among men. The gender segregation in the labour market can cause economic problems. Also the children only get to meet women during their time in preschool. The purpose of this study is to investigate how Borås stad work to reduce the gender segregation in preschools and to discover why some men choses to become preschool teachers. The material and information used in this study has been gathered through qualitative, semi structured interviews. The result of the study shows that the interviewed male preschool teachers think that the reason for the issue is that the profession is still considered to typical work for females. However the preschool teachers feel welcomed and appreciated by their colleagues and the parents of the children. Another contributing reason to the problem is the ongoing debate about sexual abuse in preschools. Also advertisement for the profession is lacking and seen as another reason for the problem according to the results. Furthermore, the result shows the perception that all male preschool teachers are pedofiles is need to change in order to get more males working in preschool in the future. The result also shows the Borås stad does not have a clear strategy to get more men to work in preschools. The appreciation of the profession needs to change in order for men to be fully accepted as preschool teachers by society.

This undergraduate thesis is written for an ethnological standpoint with the purpose of studying how concepts of masculinity is discursively constructed in relation to the women dominated work field of nursing. This is done by analysing the material gained from six interviews with male and female nurses with the poststructuralist theory of political discourse by the theorist Laclau and Mouffe. By doing this the thesis has concluded that masculinity is foremost constructed in relation to the nursing femininity within the work field and the strong masculinity from outside of it. While also being interconnected in systems of meaning where masculinity is created, reproduced and questioned in a continual cycle.