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Untersuchungen zu Aquaporin 1 und Aquaporin 4 im Liquor von Patienten mit bakterieller und viraler Meningitis im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe / Study on aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 4 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial and viral meningitis compared to a healthy control groupEckert, Isabel 13 September 2016 (has links)
Hintergrund: Die bakterielle Meningitis hat eine Letalität von 10-20%. Das Hirnödem stellt bei ca. 14 % der Erkrankten eine prognosebestimmende Komplikation dar. Ein aktueller Forschungsansatz umfasst die Bedeutung der Aquaporine für die Entwicklung, Aufrechterhaltung und Resorption der verschiedenen Hirnödemformen, insbesondere des zytotoxischen und des vasogenen Hirnödems. In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, ob Aquaporin 1 und Aquaporin 4 im Liquor von Patienten mit bakterieller und viraler Meningitis, im Vergleich zu einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe, nachweisbar sind. Zudem sollte geklärt werden, ob sich hieraus eine differenzialdiagnostische Einordnung ergibt und sich Rückschlüsse auf das Ausmaß eines Hirnödems und das Outcome schließen lassen.
Methode: Aquaporin 1 und 4 wurde im Liquor und im Serum von Patienten mit bakterieller (nCSF = 35 , nSerum = 20) und viraler (nCSF = 22) Meningitis sowie in einer Kontrollgruppe (nCSF = 27 , nSerum = 12) mittels eines (kommerziell erhältlichen) ELISAs bestimmt. Klinische Daten und Routinelaborparameter wurden verglichen und in Korrelation zu den Aquaporinkonzentrationen gesetzt. Ergänzend wurde bei einer Untergruppe der Patienten mit bakterieller Meningitis (n = 8) eine neuropsychologische Testung durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse: Aquaporin 1 und 4 ließen sich in allen Gruppen nachweisen, ca. 40% der Aquaporin 4 Konzentrationen lagen unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze des ELISAs. Im Gruppenvergleich aller drei Gruppen unterschieden sich die Aquaporin 1-Konzentrationen (p = 0,0001) und die Aquaporin 4-Konzentrationen (p = 0,035) im Liquor signifikant voneinander. In der Gruppe der Patienten mit bakterieller Meningitis ließ sich eine negative Korrelation zwischen Aquaporin 1 und 4 im Liquor feststellen (r = - 0,519, p = 0,002). Aussagekräftige Korrelationen der klinischen Daten, der liquor- und laborchemischen Parameter sowie der neuropsychologischen Testergebnisse zu den Aquaporin 1- und Aquaporin 4-Konzentrationen fanden sich nicht.
Diskussion: In dieser Arbeit konnte erstmalig gezeigt werden, dass Aquaporin 1 und Aquaporin 4 im Liquor (und Serum) von Patienten mit einer bakteriellen und viralen Meningitis sowie in einer Kontrollgruppe nachweisbar sind. Für Aquaporin 1 und Aquaporin 4 im Liquor fanden sich signifikante Unterschiede im Vergleich aller Gruppen im Kruskal-Wallis-Test. Rückschlüsse bezüglich einer differenzial-diagnostischen Einordnung zur viralen Meningitis konnten nicht gezogen werden. Aussagen zur Schwere eines Hirnödems und zur Prognose können mit den vorliegenden Daten nicht getroffen werden. Der Ursprung der gemessenen Aquaporine bei Patienten mit Meningitis lässt sich in dieser Arbeit nicht abschließend klären und bedarf weiterer Grundlagenforschung.
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Espectro da neuromielite óptica : estudo clínico, imunológico e de neuroimagem / Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders : study of the clinical, immunological and neuroimaging aspectsSilva, Felipe von Glehn, 1978- 22 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Leonilda Maria Barbosa dos Santos, Benito Pereira Damasceno / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T19:26:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A Neuromielite óptica (NMO) é uma doença inflamatória e desmielinizante do SNC, de natureza autoimune, caracterizada por surtos graves de neurite óptica e mielite transversa, de evolução mais freqüente na forma recidivante-remitente, com pouca remissão dos déficits entre as crises, altamente incapacitante. A presença do anticorpo anti-aquaporina 4 (anti-AQP4) foi descrito em 73% a 91% dos pacientes com diagnóstico de NMO. Doenças autoimunes podem frequentemente ser desencadeadas após infecções por micro-organismos, como agentes virais. A NMO e a infecção pelo HTLV-1 possuem prevalência coincidentemente elevada em certas áreas do globo, como o Brasil. Com o objetivo de avaliar a associação do HTLV-1 com a NMO, foi pesquisada a presença de anti-AQP4 e anti-HTLV-1 em 34 pacientes com DENMO, 43 pacientes infectados com HTLV-1, assintomáticos ou com a doença mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP) e 23 controles sadios. Nenhum paciente com DENMO apresentou sorologia positiva para HTLV-1. Nenhum paciente infectado pelo HTLV-1 apresentou soropositividade para anti-AQP4. 60% dos casos de DENMO foram positivos para anti-AQP4. Esses resultados sugerem que a mielopatia associada à variante aguda da HAM/TSP e aquela associada ao anticorpo anti-AQP4 são entidades clínicas distintas, e provalvemente, não relacionadas de forma patogênica ao HTLV-1 em nosso meio. O cérebro humano expressa amplamente AQP4, mas estudos anatomopatológicos e de neuroimagem não detectaram lesões corticais desmielinizantes ou infiltrados inflamatórios no DENMO. A fim de avaliar melhor a presença de alterações estruturais nas substâncias cinzenta e branca encefálicas no DENMO, foram estudados 34 pacientes por RNM de 3T e tomografia de coerência óptica retiniana pareados com controles sadios, divididos nas apresentações NMO, mielite transversa longitudinal extensa (MTLE) e neurite óptica (NO), além de soropositivos versus soronegativo para anti-AQP4 e 5 anos ou menos de doença versus mais de 5 anos de doença. Houve maior grau de atrofia retiniana nos grupos NMO e NO, além dos grupos anti-AQP4+ e mais de 5 anos de doença. Foi constatado maior grau de atrofia cortical cerebral e estruturas da substância branca nos grupos NMO e MTLE, anti-AQP4+ e mais de 5 anos de doença. A atrofia retiniana se correlacionou positivamente com a atrofia do lobo occipital. Esses dados sugerem que o DENMO está associado à atrofia de estruturas das substâncias cinzenta e branca cerebrais; que a atrofia não se limita apenas às áreas das vias sensorial, motora e visual, mas é mais difusa; que quanto maior o tempo de doença e a presença do anticorpo anti-AQP4, maior é o grau de atrofia cortical, configurando estes fatores, tempo e anti-AQP4+, como de pior prognóstico; e a correlação positiva entre atrofia da camada de fibras nervosas retinianas e atrofia pericalcarina, além da escala de incapacidade funcional expandida (EDSS), sugere que a degeneração neuronal retrógrada e/ou anterógrada do tipo Walleriana é um importante causador da atrofia cortical no DENMO / Abstract: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of putative autoimmune aetiology, which is characterized by severe attacks of myelitis and optic neuritis (ON). A relapsing course with rapid accumulation of neurological deficits with little or no remission is common. The NMO is autoimmune in nature and antibodies to Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) are associated with the development of the disease. AQP4 is the most common water channel protein of CNS; present in astrocytes processes, endothelium and piamater meninges. It predominates at some sites of the CNS, as optic nerve, brain stem and gray matter of medulla, the same sites of the usual inflammatory lesions. Autoimmune diseases may be triggered by microorganism infections and NMO and HTLV-1 infection have coincidentally high prevalence in certain areas of the world including Brazil. To study a possible relationship between these two diseases, we determined the seroprevalence of antibodies to AQP4 in 43 patients with HTLV-1 infection, asymptomatic or with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP) and that of HTLV-1 antibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). AQP4ab positivity was found in 60% of NMOSD patients, but in none of the HAM/TSP patients and none of the asymptomatic HTLV-1 infected individuals. Conversely, all AQP4-Ab-positive NMOSD patients were negative for HTLV-1 antibodies. The results argue both against a role of antibodies to AQP4 in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP and against an association between HTLV-1 infection and the development of AQP4-Ab. Moreover, the absence of HTLV-1 in all patients with NMOSD suggests that HTLV-1 is not a common trigger of acute attacks in patients with AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD in populations with high HTLV-1 seroprevalence. Although AQP4 is also expressed widely in the human brain cortex, beyond the common sites of lesions in NMO, recent studies have found no MRI or histopathological evidence for cortical demyelination. To investigate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) abnormalities in patients with NMO and its incomplete forms, isolated longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis and optic neuritis, and to assess the prognostic impact of GM and WM abnormalities in these conditions, we performed both 3T high-resolution T1-weighted and diffusion tensor MRI in thirty-four patients with NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and 34 matched healthy controls. Voxel-based morphometry (SPM8/MATLAB2012b), cortical analyses (Freesurfer), and diffusion tensor imaging analyses (TBSS-FSL) were used to investigate brain abnormalities. In addition, retinal nerve fiber layer was measured by means of optic coherence tomography (OCT). These analyses resulted in following findings: (1) NMOSD is associated with GM and WM atrophy, which encompasses more brain structures than the motor, sensory, and visual pathways; (2) this atrophy is more widespread in patients with NMO and LETM than in patients with ON; (3) the extent of GM atrophy correlates with disease duration, and (4) GM/WM atrophy in NMOSD is more pronounced in AQP4 antibody-seropositive than in -seronegative patients. Furthermore, it was demonstrated for the first time in NMOSD a correlation between RNFL atrophy and GM atrophy in the occipital lobes as assessed by OCT, indicating a role for retrograde degeneration in GM atrophy and suggesting that the extent of brain GM/WM atrophy may be of prognostic relevance in NMOSD / Doutorado / Neurologia / Doutor em Ciências Médicas
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Clonagem e expressão da aquaporina-4 recombinante em E. coli para aplicação no imunodiagnóstico da neuromielite ótica / Cloning and expression of recombinant aquaporin-4 in E. coli for neuromyelitis optica imunnodiagnosisMedici, Marcela dos Anjos, 1985- 23 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Marcelo Brocchi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T06:15:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A neuromielite ótica (NMO) é uma doença inflamatória do sistema nervoso central. Por muito tempo, a NMO foi considerada uma variante da Esclerose Múltipla (EM). Atualmente, as duas doenças são distinguidas por meio de exames da neuroimagem e achados laboratoriais. Em 2004, mostrou-se a presença de um anticorpo, inicialmente nomeado de anti-NMO, em 85% dos pacientes portadores de NMO. Pacientes com EM clássica não apresentam esse anticorpo em seu soro. Através de técnicas de imunofluorescência indireta, em que o soro do paciente entra em contato com tecido de SNC de camundongos ou de macacos, mostrou-se que o alvo desse anticorpo era a aquaporina-4 (AQP4). Alguns pacientes podem apresentar também autoanticorpos que reconhecem a mielina de oligodendrócito (MOG). A obtenção da AQP4 recombinante seria de grande importância para aplicação em imunodiagnóstico e pesquisa científica. Como a AQP4 é uma proteína transmembrânica, visamos nesse trabalho melhorar o rendimento e a solubilização da proteína recombinante. Buscando maximizar o processo de expressão da AQP4 em E. coli, foram escolhidos vetores de expressão e linhagens apropriadas para expressão de proteínas heterólogas recombinantes. Ainda, foram utilizados alguns artifícios moleculares, como a utilização de proteínas e tags de fusão e o aprimoramento do processo de extração protéica. Desta forma, neste estudo descrevemos a clonagem e expressão da AQP4 humana e a detecção de anticorpos anti-MOG no soro de pacientes com diagnóstico de NMO / Abstract: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). For a long time, NMO was considered a Multiple Sclerosis (MS) variant. Nowadays, the two diseases are differentiated by neuroimaging exams and laboratorial findings. In 2004 was shown the presence of an antibody, initially named anti-NMO, in 85% of NMO patients. Classic MS patients were tested seronegative for this antibody. Through indirect immunofluorescence techniques, in which patient's serum and CNS tissue from mice and monkeys are in contact with each other, was shown that the antibody's target was aquaporin-4 (AQP4). Some patients can also present autoantibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG). The attainment of recombinant AQP4 would be of great importance for immunodiagnosis and scientific research applications. As the AQP4 is a transmembranic protein, the improvement of the recombinant protein yields and its solubility were envisioned for this study. Seeking to maximize the AQP4 expression process in E. coli, we chose expression vectors and specific safe lineages for heterologous recombinant protein expression. Moreover, molecular artifice was utilized, as fusion proteins and tags and the enhancement of protein extraction process. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clone and express human AQP4 and the detection of anti-MOG antibodies in NMO patients' serum / Mestrado / Imunologia / Mestra em Genética e Biologia Molecular
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Pathophysiology of edema and macrophage invasion in brain inflammation / Physiopathologie de l’œdème et de l’infiltration cellulaire dans les lésions inflammatoires cérébralesTourdias, Thomas 16 December 2011 (has links)
De très nombreuses pathologies cérébrales s’accompagnent de phénomènes inflammatoires soit primitifs comme dans la sclérose en plaques (SEP), soit secondaires comme après un infarctus cérébral ou un traumatisme crânien. Dans tous les cas on observe la présence d’œdème vasogénique et de cellules inflammatoires.Dans une première approche chez l’animal, nous avons étudié la régulation et le rôle de la protéine canal aquaporine 4 (AQP4) dans l’œdème associé à l’inflammation et dans la sévérité de l’inflammation elle-même. Nous avons, de plus, validé un modèle de lésion inflammatoire focale type SEP pour étudier l’œdème et l’inflammation en fonction du microenvironnement, soit dans la substance blanche (SB), soit dans la substance grise (SG). Dans une seconde approche translationnelle chez les patients SEP, nous avons combiné un marqueur IRM d’altération de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (gadolinium) avec un marqueur plus spécifique de la composante cellulaire (USPIO) pour détecter les lésions « actives » et déterminer leur pronostic.Nous avons d’abord montré qu’AQP4 était surexprimée en situation d’œdème vasogénique associé à l’inflammation. Plus précisément, la surexpression d’AQP4 était plus marquée lors de la phase de résorption que lors de la phase de formation de l‘œdème. De plus, le fait d’inhiber AQP4 aggravait la sévérité de l’œdème et de l’inflammation dans la SB et dans la SG. Nous avons conclu au rôle protecteur d’AQP4 en situation d’inflammation en accord avec les données sur l’implication d’AQP4 dans la résorption de l’œdème et la mise en place de la cicatrice gliale. La surexpression d’AQP4, en tant que mécanisme protecteur, semblait insuffisante pour contrer la phase initiale de l’inflammation car elle ne devenait importante que secondairement. Deuxièmement, lorsque l’on induisait la même attaque inflammatoire dans la SB et dans la SG (modèle focal de SEP), les différences de microenvironnement ne permettaient pas d’induire de différence en termes de sévérité de l’œdème et de l’inflammation. Cette observation suggère de rechercher des différences de physiopathologie entre les lésions de la SB et celles de la SG pour expliquer le caractère faiblement inflammatoire et œdémateux des lésions de la SG chez les patients SEP. Pour finir, nous avons montré que l’observation de la composante cellulaire de l’inflammation in vivo grâce aux USPIO augmentait la sensibilité pour la détection des lésions actives de SEP. Les USPIO montraient également la faible inflammation résiduelle dans les formes chroniques de SEP. L’association des USPIO et du gadolinium augmentait également la spécificité en identifiant un sous-groupe de lésions se rehaussant avec les deux agents et apparaissant plus sévère.Nous avons apporté des connaissances nouvelles sur la physiopathologie de l’œdème et de la composante cellulaire de l’inflammation. Si nos résultats se confirment chez l’homme, l’AQP4 pourrait devenir une nouvelle cible thérapeutique. La meilleure compréhension des différences entre les lésions de la SB et de la SG dans la SEP est également une étape importante pour des thérapeutiques plus ciblées. Un bio-marqueur utilisable in vivo reflétant la composante cellulaire de l’inflammation (USPIO) améliore la sensibilité et la spécificité et pourrait aider à évaluer les nouvelles thérapeutiques. / Inflammation is a contributing factor in many diseases of the brain, including primary inflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and secondary inflammation following stroke, brain trauma or even tumors. Vasogenic edema and white blood cell infiltration are common features of all inflammatory reaction subtypes. We first performed experimental studies in rodent animal models to better understand the regulation and role of the water channel protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in edema associated with inflammation and in the severity of the inflammation itself. We further validated a focal animal model of MS-like lesions to explore whether inflammation and edema differed according to the microenvironment either in gray matter (GM) or white matter (WM). In a second approach in MS patients, we combined a MR marker of blood brain barrier alteration (gadolinium) with a more specific marker of the cellular component of inflammation (USPIO) to detect active lesions and address their prognosis.First, we found that AQP4 was upregulated under conditions associated with vasogenic edema such as inflammation. Specifically, AQP4 upregulation was more important in the edema resolution phase than in the edema build-up phase. Furthermore, silencing AQP4 aggravated the severity of edema and inflammation in both WM and GM. We concluded that AQP4 has a protective role under inflammatory conditions, in agreement with the previously demonstrated role of AQP4 in edema resolution and glial scar formation. AQP4 upregulation, a potential protective mechanism, seems insufficient to counter the initial phase of inflammation because it reached a maximum only after a delay. Second, the severity of the edema and inflammation in WM and GM was not significantly different according to the microenvironment (either WM or GM) upon induction by the same inflammatory attack. This suggests that the pathogenesis in WM and GM is different and should be further explored to explain why little inflammation and edema is encountered in GM lesions of MS patients. Finally, we found that tracking the cellular macrophage component of inflammation with USPIO increased the sensitivity to active lesions in MS patients. It could even detect mild residual inflammation in patients with a progressive MS. Combining USPIO and gadolinium also increased the specificity; the subgroup of lesions that were enhanced with both contrast agents had more severe features. We have provided a better understanding of edema and the cellular component of inflammation. If confirmed in humans, AQP4 could be a new target for medication of edema. A better understanding of the WM/GM difference in MS is also a first step in developing more specific therapeutic strategies. Finally, the in vivo marker of the cellular component of inflammation (USPIO) provides more sensitive and specific information that could be useful in monitoring the efficacy of treatments.
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Pathological changes in Alexander disease : a comparative study in human and mice with GFAP mutations / Modifications neuropathologiques dans la maladie d'Alexander : une étude comparative chez l'homme et la souris avec des mutations GFAPAbuawad, Mohammad 29 November 2017 (has links)
La maladie d'Alexander est une maladie neurodégénérative due à des mutations hétérozygotes du gène GFAP codant le principal filament intermédiaire des astrocytes matures. Nous avons étudié l'effet des mutations GFAP dans l'hippocampe d'un patient avec AxD infantile et de deux souris knockin, l'une portant une mutation dans le rod domain (p.R85C) et l'autre dans le tail domain (p.T409I). Chez le patient, nous décrivons pour la première fois: (i) des changements morphologiques sévères des cellules GFAP+ dans la zone subgranulaire du gyrus denté, qui ont perdu la plupart de leurs processus radiaux; (ii) une réactivité microgliale; (iii) et un déficit de la neurogénèse hippocampique postnatale. Nous avons trouvé des anomalies similaires dans les deux souris knockin, plus sévères chez les homozygotes. La comparaison de ces modèles a montré que ces anomalies prédominent chez les souris GFAPT409I, tandis que l’accumulation de GFAP est supérieure chez les souris GFAPR85C. La comparaison des deux modèles de souris a montré que les conséquences pathologiques dépendent la localisation de la mutation dans la GFAP. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'en plus du gain évident de fonction, d'autres dysfonctions astrocytaires dans peuvent être dues à une perte de fonction. De plus, nous avons traité les souris mutantes avec de la ceftriaxone, connu pour son effet neuroprotecteur, mais nous n'avons observé aucun effet significatif. Enfin, la mégalencéphalie étant fréquente chez les patients AxD, nous avons mesuré la quantité d'eau cérébrale chez les souris mutantes GFAP. Nous avons trouvé une augmentation significative de la teneur en eau chez les souris GFAPR85C/R85C âgées d'un an. Nous avons observé une localisation anormale de l'AQP4 dans les astrocytes des asouris mutées, pouvant participer au déséquilibre hydrique cérébral. / Alexander disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by heterozygous mutations of GFAP gene coding the major intermediate filament of mature astrocytes. We studied the effect of GFAP mutation in the hippocampus of infantile onset AxD patient and two novel knockin mouse models, one bearing a mutation located in the rod domain (p.R85C), and the other bearing a mutation located in the tail domain (p.T409I) of mouse Gfap. In the AxD patient, we describe for the first time: (i) obvious morphological changes of GFAP+ cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, which have lost most of their radial processes; (ii) microglial reactivity; (iii) and deficit in postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis. We found similar abnormalities in the two knockin mouse lines, more obvious in homozygous mice. A comparison of these mouse models showed that pathological findings predominated in the GFAPT409I mice, whereas GFAP accumulated in larger amounts in the GFAPR85C mice. The comparison of the two mouse models showed that their pathological consequences depend on the location of the mutated residues in GFAP. These findings suggest that in addition to the evident gain of GFAP function, other astrocyte dysfunctions in this disease may be due to a loss of function of GFAP. In addition, we treated the mice mutants with ceftriaxone, which has been reported to have a neuroprotective effect, but we observe no significant effect. Finally, AxD patients have often megalencephaly, therefore we measured the brain water content in AxD mouse models. We found a significant increase in brain water content in the one year old GFAPR85C/R85C mice vs controls. We observed mislocalization of AQP4 in mutant mice astrocytes that can participated to water imbalance in brain.
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Changements de l’unité neurovasculaire après un traumatisme crânien juvénile léger / Neurovascular unit changes after juvenile traumatic brain injuryIchkova, Aleksandra 05 April 2019 (has links)
Le traumatisme crânien (TC) est la première cause de visite aux urgences pour la population pédiatrique. Indépendamment du niveau de sévérité du TC, les patients pédiatriques souffrent sur le long-terme de troubles cognitifs et émotionnels, cependant les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires sous-jacents sont encore peu connus, et il n’existe pas de traitement efficace disponible à ce jour. L’unité neurovasculaire est composée de vaisseaux sanguins, neurones et astrocytes. Les astrocytes sont essentiels à une variété de fonctions physiologiques assurées par cette unité tels que l’homéostasie cérébrale et le couplage neurovasculaire. Suite à une lésion, les astrocytes deviennent « réactifs », et cette « astrocytopatie » peut impacter leur rôle physiologique et empirer les conséquences de la lésion.Nous avons étudié le rôle de l’astrocytopatie dans le TC juvénile et fait l’hypothèse que : (1) les astrocytes réactifs contribuent à la propagation de l’œdème via les jonctions serrées connexines après un TC juvénile modéré ; (2) l’astrocytopatie se développe également après un TC juvénile léger avec des changements calciques qui pourraient contribuer à (3) une altération de la réactivité vasculaire, tout cela impactant sur les conséquences comportementales qui font suite à la lésion.Nous avons montré que :(1) Réduire l’astrocythopatie en sous-régulant la connexine 43 permettait d’améliorer les conséquences comportementales après un TC modéré juvénile, mais n’impactait pas la propagation de l’œdème.(2) Les astrocytes devenaient réactifs et subissaient des changements morphologiques après un TC juvénile léger avec des perturbations dans les signaux purinergiques-calciques liés à des changements dans l’expression du canal aqueux aquaporine 4 (AQP4).(3) Une dysfonction vasculaire majeure s’était développée après le TC juvénile léger avec des changements fonctionnels et morphologiques des vaisseaux intraparenchymaux parallèles aux altérations comportementales et précédant les dommages axonaux après la lésion.Ce travail apporte un nouvel aperçu de la pathophysiologie du TC juvénile et ouvre des possibilités pour développer des thérapies ciblant l’astrocytopatie après une lésion. / Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the first cause for emergency department visits in the pediatric population. Regardless of the severity of TBI, pediatric patients suffer long-term cognitive and emotional impairments but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood and there are no effective treatments available. The neurovascular unit is composed by blood vessels, neurons and astrocytes. Astrocytes are crucial for various physiological functions of this unit such as brain homeostasis and neurovascular coupling. In injuries astrocytes become “reactive”, and this “astrocytopathy” can impact their physiological roles and worsen the outcome after injury.We investigated astrocytopathy in juvenile TBI and hypothesized that: (1) reactive astrocytes contribute to spread of edema through connexin gap junctions after juvenile moderate TBI; and that (2) astrocytopathy also develops after juvenile mild TBI with calcium changes that could contribute to (3) impaired vascular reactivity, all of which impacts the behavioral outcome after injury.We have shown that:(1) Reducing astrocytopathy by downregulating the gap junction protein connexin 43 improved the behavioral outcome after juvenile moderate TBI, but did not impact the spread of edema.(2) Astrocytes became reactive and underwent morphological changes after juvenile mild TBI with disturbances in purinergic-calcium signaling related to expression changes of the water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4).(3) Major vascular dysfunction developed after juvenile mild TBI with functional and morphological changes of the intraparenchymal vessels that paralleled behavioral impairments and preceded axonal damage after injury.This work brings new insights in the pathophysiology of juvenile TBI and opens prospects for developing therapeutics targeting astrocytopathy after injury.
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Functional microdomains in the specialized membranes of skeletal myofibresKaakinen, M. (Mika) 27 September 2011 (has links)
Abstract
The function of skeletal muscle is to generate force and produce movement. These tasks are carried out by long multinucleated cells, the skeletal myofibres. The membrane system and the cytoskeleton of these cells are uniquely organized to respond rapidly to neuronal stimuli and to achieve efficient contraction. In the present study the organization and distribution of selected protein/lipid based microdomains that reside in the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum of isolated rat skeletal myofibres, were investigated.
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) water channels are arranged as higher order oligomers of several sizes in the sarcolemma and in the T tubules. These oligomers, however, were absent from many specialized micro- and- macrodomains. The distribution of AQP4 coincided with that of a highly organized protein assembly, the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC), in the sarcolemma. A chimaeric venus-AQP4 was equally mobile in the T tubules and sarcolemma, but the anchoring mechanisms of the protein appeared to be different.
In contrast to AQP4, the proteins resident in cholesterol and sphingolipid-based microdomains, known as rafts, also occupied DGC deficient areas, which surround the T tubule openings. Indeed, flotillin-1 rafts were located in the neck portions of the T tubules. The rafts defined by the influenza haemagglutinin (HA) also resided in DGC deficient areas, but at the borders of the DGC area. Importantly, of the raft proteins, only the localization of caveolin 3 (CAV3) was dependent on the cholesterol enriched lipid environment, as evidenced by cholesterol depletion experiments and localization studies on a non-raft associated variant of HA.
The organization and distribution of membrane associated rough ER (RER) proteins were also analysed. Biochemical detergent extraction analyses and immunofluorescence staining indicated that the ER proteins were assembled as microdomains within the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The microdomains were distributed throughout the SR network and they were capable of protein translocation.
Taken together, skeletal myofibres comprise visually distinct microdomains both in the plasma membrane and in the SR. In the plasma membrane, different types of microdomains are not homogenously distributed and function in diverse locations. This may have important physiological implications concerning, among other things, local regulation of ion concentrations and cell signalling cascades. Different constraints ranging from protein-protein interactions to the surrounding lipid environment are important for dictating the observed distribution patterns. / Tiivistelmä
Luustolihaksen toimintojen perustana ovat supistumiskykyiset lihassolut, joiden kalvorakenne on järjestynyt erityisellä tavalla ohjaamaan supistusta. Tässä tutkimuksessa analysoitiin proteiini- ja lipidiperustaisten mikroalueiden järjestäytymistä ja tähän vaikuttavia tekijöitä luustolihassolun solukalvolla sekä lihassolun sisäisessä kalvojärjestelmässä, sarkoplasmisessa verkossa (SR).
Ensin analysoitiin vesikanavatyyppiä 4 (AQP4), joka oligomerisoituessaan muodostaa erikokoisia mikroalueita. Havaittiin, että AQP4-mikroalueita esiintyy kaikkialla solukalvolla lukuun ottamatta eräitä erilaistuneita mikro- ja makroalueita. AQP4-oligomeerien jakauma solukalvon lateraalisessa osassa, sarkolemmalla, noudatti dystrofiini-glykoproteiinikompleksin jakaumaa. Fluoresoivan venus-AQP4-proteiinin avulla osoitettiin, että proteiinin liikkuvuus oli samanlainen solun sisään ulottuvissa poikkiputkistoissa ja sarkolemmalla, mutta liikkuvuutta rajoittavat tekijät olivat erilaisia näissä solukalvon osissa.
Toiseksi analysoitiin kolesteroli- ja sfingolipidipitoisia mikroalueita, kalvolauttoja. Flotilliini-1- ja influenssaviruksen hemagglutiniini (HA) -proteiinia sisältäviä lauttoja esiintyi vain poikkiputkien suuaukkojen alueella, mutta lauttojen jakauma oli erilainen. Lauttojen lipidiympäristöllä ei ollut vaikutusta proteiinien sijaintiin. Tämä osoitettiin kolesterolin poistokokeilla sekä kokeilla, joissa käytettiin mutatoitua HA-proteiinia, joka ei hakeudu kolesteroliympäristöön. Kaveoliini-3-proteiinin sijainti poikkeaa edellä mainituista, ja kolesterolin poisto vaikutti merkittävästi sijainnin määräytymiseen.
Kolmanneksi analysoitiin, miten karkean endoplasmakalvoston proteiinit ovat järjestäytyneet SR:ssä. Havaittiin, että endoplasmiset kalvoproteiinit eivät ole homogeenisesti levittäytyneet SR-kalvostoon vaan muodostavat pieniä mikroalueita. Detergenttiuuttoanalyysit osoittivat lisäksi, että näissä mikroalueissa on erilainen lipidikoostumus kuin SR:ssä yleensä. Huomattavaa oli myös, että mikroalueet olivat toiminnallisia kaikkialla SR-kalvostossa.
Tulosten perusteella luustolihassolujen kalvojärjestelmä sisältää mikroalueita, joiden jakautuminen vaikuttaa hyvin organisoituneelta. Erityisesti solukalvon mikroalueet esiintyvät tietyillä spesifeillä alueilla, joissa niiden voidaan olettaa toimivan mm. erilaisissa solusignalointitapahtumissa ja paikallisessa ionipitoisuuksien säätelyssä. Eräissä tapauksissa lipidiympäristöllä on merkitystä mikroalueiden sijainnin määräytymisessä, mutta proteiinien sitoutuminen solukalvo- tai solukalvon alaisiin rakenteisiin saattaa myös olla määräävä tekijä.
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Estudo das relações entre populações celulares, expressão de aquaporina-4 e sulfato de condroitina com o tempo de relaxamento e a taxa de transferência de magnetização no hipocampo de pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal farmacorresistente / Study of the associations between cellular populations, aquaporin 4 and chondroitin sulfate with T2 relaxation and magnetization transfer in the hippocampus of patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsySantos, José Eduardo Peixoto 30 September 2014 (has links)
Racional: A epilepsia do lobo temporal está comumente associada à farmacorresistência e tem a esclerose hipocampal como achado neuropatológico em mais da metade dos casos. Histologicamente, a esclerose hipocampal está associada à perda neuronal diferencial e gliose, além de alterações nos níveis de moléculas associadas à homeostase da água tecidual, como a aquaporina 4 e a molécula de matriz sulfato de condroitina. Em imagens de ressonância nuclear magnética, a esclerose é caracterizada por redução de volume em sequências ponderadas em T1, aumento de sinal e tempo de relaxamento em sequências ponderadas em T2 e redução na transferência de magnetização. Justificativa e Objetivos: Uma vez que tanto o sinal T2 quando a transferência de magnetização são dependentes da água tecidual, nosso objetivo é avaliar, na formação hipocampal de pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal, as correlações entre populações celulares e moléculas ligadas à homeostase da água e as imagens ponderadas em T2 e transferência de magnetização. Visamos ainda definir, na formação hipocampal de indivíduos sem alterações neuropatológicas, o volume de cada um dos subcampos hipocampais. Metodologia: Pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal farmacorresistente (ELT, n = 43), bem como voluntários sadios (controle radiológico, CH, n = 20), foram submetidos a exames de ressonância magnética em máquina de 3T para mensuração da volumetria hipocampal, tempo de relaxamento T2 e transferência de magnetização hipocampal (exames in vivo). Após o tratamento cirúrgico para o controle das crises, os hipocampos dos pacientes com ELT foram fixados por 8 dias e submetidos aos exames ex vivo em máquina de 3T para cálculo do tempo de relaxamento T2 de cada subcampo hipocampal. Hipocampos controle (Controle historadiológico, CHR, n = 14), foram obtidos de autópsias de pacientes sem histórico ante-mortem de doença neurológica ou presença de patologia no exame do encéfalo pos mortem. Ambos os grupos controle foram pareados para idade em relação ao grupo ELT. Alguns dos casos CHR (n = 6) foram também submetidos à imagem 3D T2 em máquina de 4,7T para cálculo de volumetria dos subcampos hipocampais. Após emblocamento em parafina, secções coronais hipocampais dos casos CHR e ELT foram submetidas às técnicas de histoquímica básica Hematoxilina e Eosina e Luxol Fast Blue, e às imuno-histoquímicas para avaliação das populações neuronais (NeuN), astrócitos reativos (GFAP), micróglias ativadas (HLA-DR) e para a expressão de aquaporina 4 (AQP4) e níveis de sulfato de condroitina (CS-56). Para a comparação entre os grupos, foram realizados testes t para dados paramétricos e Mann-Whitney para dados não-paramétricos. Testes de correlação foram empregados para análise da associação entre as avaliações histológicas e os exames de ressonância magnética. Resultados: Pacientes com ELT apresentaram menor volume hipocampal, maior tempo de relaxamento T2 e menor transferência de magnetização no exame in vivo, quando comparados com o CR. O exame ex vivo para a volumetria dos subcampos hipocampais em casos do grupo CHR indicou que a fascia dentata, a região CA1 e o subículo correspondem à 85 % do volume hipocampal total. Quanto ao tempo de relaxamento T2 ex vivo, foi observado aumento em todos os subcampos hipocampais do grupo ELT, à exceção da fascia dentata, quando comparados ao CHR. A avaliação da densidade neuronal indicou redução significativa em todos os subcampos dos casos ELT, à exceção do subículo, quando comparados ao CHR. Em relação aos valores do grupo CHR, foi observada astrogliose em quase todos subcampos da formação hipocampal (a exceção da zona subgranular e do hilo) e microgliose em todos os subcampos (exceto pelo subículo) dos casos com ELT. Pacientes com ELT apresentaram redução na expressão de aquaporina 4 perivascular em todos os subcampos do hipocampo, comparados ao CHR. Aumento nos níveis de sulfato de condroitina foi observado em todos os subcampos da formação hipocampal, à exceção da camada granular, nos pacientes com ELT. O volume hipocampal e a transferência de magnetização in vivo dos pacientes com ELT correlacionaram-se tanto com a população neuronal como com os níveis de sulfato de condroitina, enquanto que o tempo de relaxamento in vivo correlacionou-se com a população astroglial e os níveis de sulfato de condroitina. O exame ex vivo corroborou a correlação entre a população glial e o tempo de relaxamento observado nos pacientes com ELT. A diferença entre o tempo de relaxamento in vivo e ex vivo correlacionou-se tanto com a difusibilidade da água no tecido como com os níveis de sulfato de condroitina. Conclusões: Nossos dados indicam correlação entre a patologia hipocampal e as imagens de ressonância nuclear magnética, sendo que a maior qualidade das imagens ex vivo permitiu uma avaliação mais direta entre o sinal de ressonância e a patologia, indicando importância da população celular e matriz extracelular para o volume hipocampal e a transferência de magnetização, e da astrogliose para o tempo de relaxamento T2. Finalmente, nossos dados mostraram que CA1, subículo e fascia dentata tem grande participação no volume hipocampal, sendo que alterações nestas regiões tem um papel mais relevante nas alterações observadas na ressonância magnética, como indicado por nossas correlações. / Rationale: Drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy is often associated with hippocampal sclerosis. Histological evaluation reveals differential neuronal loss, gliosis and changes in molecules associated with water homeostasis, such as aquaporin 4 and chondroitin sulfate. Magnetic resonance imaging in these cases often reveals hippocampal atrophy, increased T2 signal and T2 relaxation and reduced magnetization transfer ratio in the hippocampus. Aims: Once both T2 signal and magnetization transfer are affected by tissue water, our goal was to evaluate, in the hippocampus of drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy patients who underwent surgery for seizure control, the associations between cellular populations, aquaporin 4 and chondroitin sulfate with T2 relaxation time and magnetization transfer. Additionally, we intended to measure the individual volume of each hippocampal subfield in hippocampus from patients without neurological disease. Methods: Patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE, n = 43) and age-matched health volunteers (radiological control, RC, n = 20) were submitted to magnetic resonance in a 3T machine for hippocampal volumetry measure, T2 relaxation and magnetization transfer (in vivo examination). After surgical treatment for seizure control, hippocampi from the TLE patients were fixed in formalin for 8 days and then submitted to ex vivo imaging in 3T for relaxation time of every hippocampal subfield. Control hippocampi were obtained from autopsies of age-matched patients without ante mortem history of neurological disease or post mortem neurological pathology, and underwent the same ex vivo imaging (histo-radiological control, HRC, n = 14). Six cases from the HRC underwent 3D T2 imaging in a 4.7T machine, in order to measure the volumes of the hippocampal subfields. Paraffin embedded hippocampal sections from TLE and HRC were submitted to Hematoxilin-Eosin and Luxol Fast Blue histochemistries, and to immunohistochemistries for the evaluation of neurons (NeuN), reactive astrocytes (GFAP), activated microglia (HLA-DR), for aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and for chondroitin sulfate (CS-56). Students t-test or Mann-Whitneys test were performed for comparison between groups, and correlation tests were performed for the comparison between histological and magnetic resonance measures. Results: Patients with TLE presented reduced hippocampal volume, increased T2 relaxation time and reduced magnetization transfer, when compared to RC. The ex vivo volumetry of the hippocampal subfields revealed that fascia dentata, CA1 and subiculum together correspond to 85 % of the total hippocampal volume. Ex vivo relaxation time, as the in vivo, were increased in the subfields of TLE patients, when compared to HRC. Compared to HRC, TLE patients presented neuron loss and microgliosis in all hippocampal subfields but the subiculum, and astrogliosis in all hippocampal subfields but the subgranule zone and the hilus. Reduced perivascular aquaporin 4 was observed in all hippocampal subfields of TLE patients, and increased chondroitin sulfate was observed in all hippocampal subfields, with the exception of granule cell layer, of TLE patients, when compared to HRC. In TLE, both in vivo hippocampal volume and magnetization transfer correlated with the levels of chondroitin sulfate and the neuronal population, whereas the in vivo relaxation time correlated with the astroglial population and the levels of chondroitin sulfate. Ex vivo relaxation time also correlated with the astroglial population in TLE patients. The difference between in vivo and ex vivo relaxation values correlated with water difusibility and the levels of chondroitin sulfate. Conclusion: Our data indicate the importance of neuron population and extracellular matrix to both hippocampal volume and magnetization transfer, and of the reactive astrocytes for T2 relaxation. Ex vivo relaxation time allowed a more detailed evaluation, and indicated more robust correlations between reactive astrocytes and T2 relaxation. Finally, Our data indicated that CA1, the subiculum and fascia dentata are the major contributors to hippocampal volume, so changes in these subfields most likely will affect magnetic resonance imaging.
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Estudo prospectivo da mielite transversa longitudinalmente extensa: análise dos fatores clínicos, laboratoriais e imagenológicos / Prospective study of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis: analysis of clinical, diagnosis and prognosis factorsPereira, Samira Luisa dos Apóstolos 01 February 2013 (has links)
ntrodução: A mielite transversa longitudinal extensa (MTLE), uma forma grave de síndrome medular (SM) inflamatória associada à lesão da medula espinhal (LME) propagada por três ou mais segmentos vertebrais (SV) à ressonância magnética (RM), é considerada um espectro da neuromielite óptica (ENMO). A neuromielite óptica (NMO), caracterizada por episódios graves e recorrentes de neurite óptica e mielite, é associada a um anticorpo específico, direcionado contra a aquaporina-4 (AQP4-IgG), presente em cerca de 80% dos casos da NMO e 40% dos casos de MTLE isolada. O uso de terapia imunossupressora de manutenção, indicada em pacientes com NMO, é indefinido naqueles com primeiro episódio de MTLE (PEMTLE), cujos casos soronegativos podem representar o evento inicial da NMO ou uma forma isolada da MTLE (MTLEI). A distinção entre estas entidades, por critérios clínicos, paraclínicos e evolutivos, ainda não foi estudada e constitui o objetivo deste estudo. Métodos: Entre 2005 e 2011, 182 pacientes consecutivos admitidos na Clinica Neurológica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo com MTLE foram avaliados. Critérios de exclusão: doença vascular, desmielinizante, infecciosa ou sistêmica que justificasse o quadro de MTLE. Critérios de inclusão: 41 pacientes com PEMTLE, sem etiologia definida. A casuística consistiu de 27 (65,9%) mulheres, e 33 (80,5%) afrodescendentes, com idade média de 39,5 anos. Avaliados quanto à sorologia para o AQP4-IgG (imunofluorescência indireta) e quanto à recorrência, os pacientes foram classificados como ENMO ou MTLEI ao final do acompanhamento prospectivo. Os dados clinicos, laboratoriais, imagenológicos e evolutivos foram comparados, e o modelo de análise discriminante (AD) foi utilizado para diferenciar as duas condições clínicas. Resultados: Após o seguimento prospectivo médio de 3,7 anos (DP±2,2), 22 pacientes (53,%) apresentaram MTLE isolada monofásica e soronegativa e 19 (46,3%) receberam diagnóstico de ENMO, em razão da soropositividade para AQP4-IgG em 11 (26,8%) e/ou recorrência em 12 (29,3%) pacientes. O perfil demográfico não distinguiu os grupos (p>0,5), e as seguintes variáveis clínicas sugeriram o diagnóstico de MTLEI (p<0,05): SM estrita de instalação aguda, com média de 7 dias, com déficit motor moderado, menor freqüência de sinal de Lhermitte e espasmos tônicos, ausência de sintomas sistêmicos e sugestivos de comprometimento do tronco, tais como mialgia, astenia, anorexia, soluços, náuseas ou vômitos. As seguintes variáveis paraclínicas suportaram o diagnóstico de MTLEI (p<0,05): discreta pleocitose no líquido cefalorraquidiano, sobretudo com menos de 50 células/mm3, e LME à RM com extensão menor que 6 SV, associado à ausência de lesões bulbares e alterações encefálicas inespecíficas. A distinção entre a MTLE isolada e o ENMO foi validada pelo modelo de AD (p=0,005). Na fase aguda, a redução na incapacidade funcional ocorreu em todos os pacientes tratados (p<0,05). Na fase crônica, o uso de tratamento imunossupressor associou-se à menor chance de recorrência quando comparada à historicamente estimada, em pacientes soropositivos, e não implicou em menor chance de recorrência no grupo de soronegativos (p=1,0). Conclusão: O primeiro episódio de MTLEI apresenta características clinicas, laboratoriais e radiológicas distintas do ENMO. O perfil clínico, a soronegatividade ao AQP4-IgG e a evolução monofásica no período de 3 anos, permitem delinear uma entidade clínica restrita à medula espinhal / Background: Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM), refers to severe inflammatory spinal cord syndrome associated with propagate lesion spanning over three or more vertebral segments (VS) on spinal cord Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI), and is regarded a spectrum of NMO (NMOSD). NMO, characterized by recurrent course of severe optic neuritis and myelitis, is associated with serum antibody that target aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG) in 80% of NMO and around 40% of LETM. Chronic immunosupression is suggested in NMO, while is uncertain in first-ever LETM (FELETM). In this context, seronegative cases may represent a limited form of NMO or an isolated LETM (ILETM). Discriminate between this clinical conditions, through significant therapeutic implications, are not clear. The aim of present study is distinguish ILETM from NMOSD by clinical, paraclincal and evolution parameters. Methods: We evaluated all 182 consecutive patients admitted with LETM at Neurologic Clinic of Sao Paulo University School of Medicine between 2005 until 2011. Exclusion criteria were vascular, demyelinating, infectious or systemic disease associated with LETM. The sample consists of 41 FELETM patients, 27 (65.9%) female, e 33 (80.5%) afro-brazilian, with mean age of onset of 39.5 (±15.5 of standard deviation (SD). Patients, evaluated to AQP4-IgG serologic status and recurrence, were classified as ILETM or NMOSD at end of follow-up. Clinical, serological, neuroimaging and evolutive data were compared and discriminant analysis model were done to distinguish between both conditions. Results: Over the mean time of follow-up of 3.7 years (±2.2SD), 22 patients presents as monophasic seronegative ILETM, while 19 (46.3%) were diagnosed as NMOSD due AQP4-IgG seropositivity in 11 (26.8%) or recurrent evolution in 12 (29.3%) patients. Demographic data did not discern groups (p>0.5), while following clinical features suggested ILETM (p<0.05): acute installation, over seven days mean, of strict spinal cord syndrome, characterized by moderate motor impairment, and lower frequency of Lhermitte sign and tonic spasms, associated without systemic and brainstem symptoms such as myalgia, anorexia, asthenia, nausea, hiccups or vomiting. Subsequent paraclinical findings discern both conditions and endured ILETM (p<0.05): mild pleocitosis, typically under 30 cels/mm3, and SCL propagate over lesser then six VS on MRI beside absence of bulbar and nonspecific brains abnormalities. AD model validate distinction between ILETM and NMOSD (p=0.005). Reduction in disability occurred in all patients treated with immunesuppressors at acute stage (p<0.001). Seropositive LETM patients developed lower recurrence rate when compared with hystoric controls. In seronegative LETM patients, relapse rate did not correlate with chronic imunossupression (p=1.0). Conclusion: First-ever LETM presents clinical and paraclinical features distinctive from NMOSD. Thus, clinical pattern, AQP4-IgG negative serologic status and monophasic evolution over three years follow-up, allowed us delineate a spinal cord-restrict clinical entity
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Estudo prospectivo da mielite transversa longitudinalmente extensa: análise dos fatores clínicos, laboratoriais e imagenológicos / Prospective study of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis: analysis of clinical, diagnosis and prognosis factorsSamira Luisa dos Apóstolos Pereira 01 February 2013 (has links)
ntrodução: A mielite transversa longitudinal extensa (MTLE), uma forma grave de síndrome medular (SM) inflamatória associada à lesão da medula espinhal (LME) propagada por três ou mais segmentos vertebrais (SV) à ressonância magnética (RM), é considerada um espectro da neuromielite óptica (ENMO). A neuromielite óptica (NMO), caracterizada por episódios graves e recorrentes de neurite óptica e mielite, é associada a um anticorpo específico, direcionado contra a aquaporina-4 (AQP4-IgG), presente em cerca de 80% dos casos da NMO e 40% dos casos de MTLE isolada. O uso de terapia imunossupressora de manutenção, indicada em pacientes com NMO, é indefinido naqueles com primeiro episódio de MTLE (PEMTLE), cujos casos soronegativos podem representar o evento inicial da NMO ou uma forma isolada da MTLE (MTLEI). A distinção entre estas entidades, por critérios clínicos, paraclínicos e evolutivos, ainda não foi estudada e constitui o objetivo deste estudo. Métodos: Entre 2005 e 2011, 182 pacientes consecutivos admitidos na Clinica Neurológica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo com MTLE foram avaliados. Critérios de exclusão: doença vascular, desmielinizante, infecciosa ou sistêmica que justificasse o quadro de MTLE. Critérios de inclusão: 41 pacientes com PEMTLE, sem etiologia definida. A casuística consistiu de 27 (65,9%) mulheres, e 33 (80,5%) afrodescendentes, com idade média de 39,5 anos. Avaliados quanto à sorologia para o AQP4-IgG (imunofluorescência indireta) e quanto à recorrência, os pacientes foram classificados como ENMO ou MTLEI ao final do acompanhamento prospectivo. Os dados clinicos, laboratoriais, imagenológicos e evolutivos foram comparados, e o modelo de análise discriminante (AD) foi utilizado para diferenciar as duas condições clínicas. Resultados: Após o seguimento prospectivo médio de 3,7 anos (DP±2,2), 22 pacientes (53,%) apresentaram MTLE isolada monofásica e soronegativa e 19 (46,3%) receberam diagnóstico de ENMO, em razão da soropositividade para AQP4-IgG em 11 (26,8%) e/ou recorrência em 12 (29,3%) pacientes. O perfil demográfico não distinguiu os grupos (p>0,5), e as seguintes variáveis clínicas sugeriram o diagnóstico de MTLEI (p<0,05): SM estrita de instalação aguda, com média de 7 dias, com déficit motor moderado, menor freqüência de sinal de Lhermitte e espasmos tônicos, ausência de sintomas sistêmicos e sugestivos de comprometimento do tronco, tais como mialgia, astenia, anorexia, soluços, náuseas ou vômitos. As seguintes variáveis paraclínicas suportaram o diagnóstico de MTLEI (p<0,05): discreta pleocitose no líquido cefalorraquidiano, sobretudo com menos de 50 células/mm3, e LME à RM com extensão menor que 6 SV, associado à ausência de lesões bulbares e alterações encefálicas inespecíficas. A distinção entre a MTLE isolada e o ENMO foi validada pelo modelo de AD (p=0,005). Na fase aguda, a redução na incapacidade funcional ocorreu em todos os pacientes tratados (p<0,05). Na fase crônica, o uso de tratamento imunossupressor associou-se à menor chance de recorrência quando comparada à historicamente estimada, em pacientes soropositivos, e não implicou em menor chance de recorrência no grupo de soronegativos (p=1,0). Conclusão: O primeiro episódio de MTLEI apresenta características clinicas, laboratoriais e radiológicas distintas do ENMO. O perfil clínico, a soronegatividade ao AQP4-IgG e a evolução monofásica no período de 3 anos, permitem delinear uma entidade clínica restrita à medula espinhal / Background: Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM), refers to severe inflammatory spinal cord syndrome associated with propagate lesion spanning over three or more vertebral segments (VS) on spinal cord Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI), and is regarded a spectrum of NMO (NMOSD). NMO, characterized by recurrent course of severe optic neuritis and myelitis, is associated with serum antibody that target aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG) in 80% of NMO and around 40% of LETM. Chronic immunosupression is suggested in NMO, while is uncertain in first-ever LETM (FELETM). In this context, seronegative cases may represent a limited form of NMO or an isolated LETM (ILETM). Discriminate between this clinical conditions, through significant therapeutic implications, are not clear. The aim of present study is distinguish ILETM from NMOSD by clinical, paraclincal and evolution parameters. Methods: We evaluated all 182 consecutive patients admitted with LETM at Neurologic Clinic of Sao Paulo University School of Medicine between 2005 until 2011. Exclusion criteria were vascular, demyelinating, infectious or systemic disease associated with LETM. The sample consists of 41 FELETM patients, 27 (65.9%) female, e 33 (80.5%) afro-brazilian, with mean age of onset of 39.5 (±15.5 of standard deviation (SD). Patients, evaluated to AQP4-IgG serologic status and recurrence, were classified as ILETM or NMOSD at end of follow-up. Clinical, serological, neuroimaging and evolutive data were compared and discriminant analysis model were done to distinguish between both conditions. Results: Over the mean time of follow-up of 3.7 years (±2.2SD), 22 patients presents as monophasic seronegative ILETM, while 19 (46.3%) were diagnosed as NMOSD due AQP4-IgG seropositivity in 11 (26.8%) or recurrent evolution in 12 (29.3%) patients. Demographic data did not discern groups (p>0.5), while following clinical features suggested ILETM (p<0.05): acute installation, over seven days mean, of strict spinal cord syndrome, characterized by moderate motor impairment, and lower frequency of Lhermitte sign and tonic spasms, associated without systemic and brainstem symptoms such as myalgia, anorexia, asthenia, nausea, hiccups or vomiting. Subsequent paraclinical findings discern both conditions and endured ILETM (p<0.05): mild pleocitosis, typically under 30 cels/mm3, and SCL propagate over lesser then six VS on MRI beside absence of bulbar and nonspecific brains abnormalities. AD model validate distinction between ILETM and NMOSD (p=0.005). Reduction in disability occurred in all patients treated with immunesuppressors at acute stage (p<0.001). Seropositive LETM patients developed lower recurrence rate when compared with hystoric controls. In seronegative LETM patients, relapse rate did not correlate with chronic imunossupression (p=1.0). Conclusion: First-ever LETM presents clinical and paraclinical features distinctive from NMOSD. Thus, clinical pattern, AQP4-IgG negative serologic status and monophasic evolution over three years follow-up, allowed us delineate a spinal cord-restrict clinical entity
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