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Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka arbetspendling med kollektiva färdmedel i VästraGötalandsregionen under covid-19-pandemin samt faktorer som spelar in vid val av kollektiv trafik som färdmedel för att förklara eventuell påverkan på mobilitet. De frågeställningar som besvarats är: 1. Hur har resandet med kollektiva färdmedel i Västra Götalandsregionen förändrats till följd avcovid-19-pandemin? 2. Hur kan valet av kollektiva färdmedel för arbetspendling under covid-19-pandemin förklaras? 3. Hur har mobiliteten bland personer som använder kollektiva färdmedel för arbetspendlingpåverkats av covid-19-pandemin? För att besvara frågeställningarna har en induktiv studie med kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder genomförts. Ett omfattande material om antalet resor med kollektivtrafik i Västra Götalandsregionen från 2019 och 2020 har använts för att visa hur resandet förändrats. En enkätundersökning med personer som arbetspendlat med kollektiva färdmedel under covid-19-pandemin har genomförts. Studien bekräftar att antalet resenärer i kollektivtrafiken har minskat kraftigt i majoriteten av kommunerna i VästraGötalandsregionen. Ekonomiska faktorer visas vara en stark förklaringsfaktor för valet av kollektivtrafik som färdmedel. Studien visar även att en avgörande faktor för möjligheten att arbeta hemifrån ligger i vilken typ av arbete en individ har och att covid-19-pandemin kan ha bidragit till en ökad transportrelaterad social exkludering. Studiens tydligaste slutsats är att personer som använt kollektivafärdmedel för arbetspendling har tagit till olika mobilitetsstrategier för att kringgå de barriärer i form av oro och upplevd otrygghet som pandemin givit upphov till. Slutligen visade studien att covid-19-pandemin har mobilitetsbegränsande effekter på den grupp som inte haft några alternativa färdmedel än kollektivtrafik för sina resor till och från arbetet. / The purpose of this study was to investigate commuting by public transport in the Västra Götaland region during the covid-19 pandemic and the factors that play a role in the choice of public transport as a meansof transport to explain any impact on mobility. The questions answered are: 1. How has travel by public transport in the Västra Götaland region changed as a result of the covid19 pandemic? 2. How can commuting for work with public transportation during the covid-19 pandemic beexplained? 3. How has the mobility of people using public transport for commuting been affected by the covid19 pandemic? To answer these questions, an inductive study with quantitative and qualitative methods has been conducted. Extensive material on the number of travels with public transport in the Västra Götaland region from 2019 and 2020 has been used to show how travel has changed. A survey of people who commuted to work by public transport during the covid-19 pandemic has been conducted. The study confirms that the number of passengers using public transport has decreased vastly in the majority of municipalities in the Västra Götaland region. Economic implications are shown to be a strong explanatoryfactor for the choice of public transport as a means of transport. The study also shows that a key factor for the opportunity to work from home lies in the type of work an individual has and that the covid-19pandemic may have contributed to an increased transport-related social exclusion. The clearest conclusion of the study is that people who have used public transport for work commuting have resorted to different mobility strategies to circumvent barriers in the form of anxiety and perceived insecurity that the pandemic has given rise to. Moreover, it can be concluded that the covid-19 pandemic has mobility limiting effects on the group that does not have any other means of transport than public transport for their commuting to and from work.

<p>Gottfridsson, H. O., 2007, Färdmedelsvalets komplexa förutsättningar – En studie av arbetspendling i småbarnshushåll med Kils kommun som exempel, (Complex conditions governing choice of transport – A study of parents of young children commuting to work from the municipality of Kil).</p><p>Travel is a means through which people fulfil a variety of social and biological requirements. In turn, the purpose, destination and identity of the traveller set different requirements that different forms of transport have different opportunities of fulfilling.</p><p>The purpose of this dissertation is to find out about the complex conditions that form the scope for action in the choice of transport, in this particular case for parents of young children when travelling to and from work. The dissertation emphasises the importance of studying the whole picture and of the interchange between the component parts in order to gain a better understanding of the conditions governing a commuter’s choice of transport.</p><p>In the study a theoretical framework of reference is gradually established by mixing empiricism and theory. As a result, a number of factors significant for the transport selection process are identified. These factors include the composition and organisation of the household, transport system structures, local community structures and the resources and preferences of the commuter.</p><p>Several methods were used during the collection of data. Data about commuters was collected via surveys and travel diaries. Traffic systems and associated structures were studied with the help of maps.</p><p>Work requirements combined with local structures such as the location of the home, workplace and services, and how the household chooses to organise daily activities, place specific demands on the planning of the journey to and from work. Different transport systems meet these demands in varying degrees. The choice of transport is also determined by the commuter’s socio-economic situation, travel resources and how he or she, depending on motives, knowledge and habits finally perceives the alternatives available.</p><p>The results confirm that car users and public transport users have different strategies when choosing transport. The results also indicate that there are commuters who declare the same grounds for their choice of transport, but who in practice conclude different consequences and choose different means of transport. The data also indicates clearly that among users of public transport there are major differences in journey times, number of stops, distance to bus stops and travel costs, and that commuters who use public transport are more complex as a group.</p>

Gottfridsson, H. O., 2007, Färdmedelsvalets komplexa förutsättningar – En studie av arbetspendling i småbarnshushåll med Kils kommun som exempel, (Complex conditions governing choice of transport – A study of parents of young children commuting to work from the municipality of Kil). Travel is a means through which people fulfil a variety of social and biological requirements. In turn, the purpose, destination and identity of the traveller set different requirements that different forms of transport have different opportunities of fulfilling. The purpose of this dissertation is to find out about the complex conditions that form the scope for action in the choice of transport, in this particular case for parents of young children when travelling to and from work. The dissertation emphasises the importance of studying the whole picture and of the interchange between the component parts in order to gain a better understanding of the conditions governing a commuter’s choice of transport. In the study a theoretical framework of reference is gradually established by mixing empiricism and theory. As a result, a number of factors significant for the transport selection process are identified. These factors include the composition and organisation of the household, transport system structures, local community structures and the resources and preferences of the commuter. Several methods were used during the collection of data. Data about commuters was collected via surveys and travel diaries. Traffic systems and associated structures were studied with the help of maps. Work requirements combined with local structures such as the location of the home, workplace and services, and how the household chooses to organise daily activities, place specific demands on the planning of the journey to and from work. Different transport systems meet these demands in varying degrees. The choice of transport is also determined by the commuter’s socio-economic situation, travel resources and how he or she, depending on motives, knowledge and habits finally perceives the alternatives available. The results confirm that car users and public transport users have different strategies when choosing transport. The results also indicate that there are commuters who declare the same grounds for their choice of transport, but who in practice conclude different consequences and choose different means of transport. The data also indicates clearly that among users of public transport there are major differences in journey times, number of stops, distance to bus stops and travel costs, and that commuters who use public transport are more complex as a group.

No description available.

Summary Aim The study examines a theoretical model developed to capture cyclist´s perceptions of the route environment. The survey focuses on if level two and three in the theoretical model captures what it´s intended to do. More specific we ask ourselves how the three appraisals (unsafe/safe by traffic reasons, stimulating/inhibiting route environment, unsafe/safe by other reasons) in the model´s second level relates among themselves and if these three appraisals can capture the degree of environmental well-being/unwell-being in the model´s third level. The questions were: Do the three appraisals differ among themselves? What is the difference/-s in such cases? And, is there a correlation between any of the three appraisals and environmental unwell-being/well-being? What is the correlation in such case?   Method The gathering of data was done through questionnaires. The participants got to assess their perceptions of four photographs on route environments. The assessment was done by four questions too each photograph. The four appraisals in the theoretical model about the route environment, which the study is based on, have formed the basis for respectively question. The four questions read: “How unsafe/safe by traffic reasons would you feel in this route environment?” ([1] unsafe/safe by traffic reasons). “To what extent do you assess that this route environment would stimulate/inhibit your cycling?” ([2] stimulating/inhibiting route environment). “How unsafe/safe by other reasons than traffic would you feel in this route environment?” ([3] unsafe/safe by other reasons) and “How would you assess your environmental well-being/unwell-being in this route environment?” ([4] environmental well-being/unwell-being). To rate the photographs The ACRES (Active Commuting Route Environment Scale) 15-degree point scale has been used. 157 students from The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, aged from 19 to 43 years, were included in the study, of which 62 students were males (mean age: 24,3 years) and 95 students were females (mean age: 23,4 years). The data was analyzed with Pearsons correlation analysis, dependent t-test and multiple regression.   Results The dependent t-test analysis showed that there was a significant difference in assessments between all of the appraisals for photography 1, 2, and 3. Photograph 4 showed a significant difference in assessments between the appraisals [1] unsafe/safe by traffic reasons and [2] stimulating/inhibiting route environment and between [1] unsafe/safe by traffic reasons and [3] unsafe/safe by other reasons. However, no significant difference was shown between [2] stimulating/inhibiting route environment and [3] unsafe/safe by other reasons. The correlation matrices for each photograph showed a significant correlation between [4] environmental well-being/unwell-being and the three appraisals. However, the multiple regression analysis showed no significant correlation between the appraisals [1] unsafe/safe by traffic reasons and [4] environmental well-being/unwell-being. This applies for all four photographs.   Conclusion Appraisal [1] unsafe/safe by traffic reasons seems to be distinguished from the other two appraisals. Appraisal [3] unsafe/safe by other reasons and appraisal [2] stimulating/inhibiting route environment may possibly be distinguished from each other. The appraisals [2] stimulating/inhibiting route environment and [3] unsafe/safe by other reasons may have an effect on [4] environmental well-being/unwell-being during cycling. Appraisal [2] and [3] can to 30-57% explain the changes of [4] environmental well-being/unwell-being during cycling of the four route environments that were assessed in this study. Appraisal [1] Unsafe/safe by traffic reasons does not seem to have an effect on the degree of [4] environmental well-being/unwell-being during cycling. With that being said level 2 and 3 of the theoretical model about the route environment do partially work. This study was an attempt, through photographs, examine a theoretical model about the route environment but more studies are needed to explore uncertainties of this model. / Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar Studien granskar en teoretisk modell framtagen för att fånga cyklisters uppfattningar av färdvägsmiljön. Undersökningen fokuserar på om nivå två och tre i den teoretiska modellen fångar vad de är ämnade att göra. Mer specifikt frågar vi oss hur de tre utsagorna (otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl, otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker och stimulerande/motverkande färdvägsmiljö) i modellens andra nivå förhåller sig sinsemellan samt om dessa tre utsagor kan fånga graden av miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande i modellens tredje nivå. Frågeställningarna var: Skiljer sig de tre utsagorna åt sinsemellan? Hur ter sig skillnaden/-erna i sådana fall? Och finns det ett samband mellan någon/några av de tre utsagorna och miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande? Hur ser sambanden i sådana fall ut?   Metod Datainsamlingen skedde genom enkäter. Respondenterna fick bedöma sina upplevelser av fyra fotografier på färdvägsmiljöer. Bedömningarna skedde genom fyra frågor till varje fotografi. De fyra utsagorna i den teoretiska modellen om färdvägsmiljön som studien bygger på har legat till grund för utformningen av respektive bedömningsfråga. De fyra frågorna lyder: ”Hur otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl skulle du känna dig i denna färdvägsmiljö?” ([1] otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl). ”I vilken grad uppfattar du att denna färdvägsmiljö skulle stimulera/motverka din cykling?” [2] stimulerande/motverkande färdvägsmiljö). ”Hur otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker än trafiken skulle du känna dig i denna färdvägsmiljö?” ([3] otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker) samt ”Hur skulle du uppfatta ditt miljömässiga välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande i denna färdvägsmiljö?” ([4] miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande). För skattning av fotografierna har ACRES (Active Commuting Route Environment Scale) 15-gradiga skala använts. 157 studenter från Gymnastik-och idrottshögskolan i åldrarna 19-43 år inkluderades i studien, varav 62 studenter var män (medelålder 24,3 år) och 95 studenter var kvinnor (medelålder 23,4 år). Dataanalyserna gjordes genom Pearsons korrelationsanalys, beroende t-test och multipel regression.   Resultat Analysen med beroende t-test visade att det fanns statistiskt signifikanta skillnader i skattningarna mellan samtliga utsagor för fotografi 1, 2 och 3. För fotografi 4 kan man se att det fanns en signifikant skillnad i skattningar mellan utsagorna [1] otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl och [2] stimulerande/motverkande färdvägsmiljö samt mellan [1] otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl och [3] otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker. Dock fanns det ingen signifikant skillnad mellan [2] stimulerande/motverkande färdvägsmiljö och [3] otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker. Korrelationsmatrisen för varje fotografi visade att det fanns ett statistiskt signifikant samband mellan [4] miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande och de tre utsagorna. Dock visade den multipla regressionsanalysen inget signifikant samband mellan utsaga [1] otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl och [4] miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande. Detta gäller för samtliga fyra fotografier.   Slutsats Utsaga [1] otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl verkar kunna särskiljas från de två övriga utsagorna. Utsaga [3] otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker och utsaga [2] stimulerande/motverkande färdvägsmiljö kan möjligtvis särskiljas från varandra. Utsagorna [2] stimulerande/motverkande färdvägsmiljö och [3] otrygg/trygg av andra orsaker verkar kunna påverka graden av [4] miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande under cykling. Utsaga [2] och [3] kan till 30-57% förklara förändringen av [4] miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande under cykling för de fyra färdvägsmiljöer som bedömdes i den här studien. Utsaga [1] otrygg/trygg av trafikmässiga skäl verkar inte kunna påverka graden av [4] miljömässigt välbefinnande/ovälbefinnande under cykling. Med detta sagt fungerar nivå 2 och 3 i den teoretiska modellen om färdvägsmiljön delvis. Denna studie var ett försök att med hjälp av fotografier granska en teoretisk modell om färdvägsmiljön men fler studier behövs för att utforska oklarheter i denna modell.

Passenger traffic for train journeys has been limited in northern Sweden due to the fact that the railway has mainly been used in industrial business. The establishment of Botniabanan enabled passenger traffic by train and created a train connection between the cities in the region. A continuation of Botniabanan quickly began to be planned so that the railway would continue along the Norrland coast, and the so-called Norrbotniabanan came into being. Today, northern Norrland is also facing one of the largest industrial investments in Sweden's history, which will require an increased workforce and supply of skills. In order to meet the demand for labor, Norrbotniabanan can provide a good opportunity for increased work commuting. An efficient and improved transport supply can in turn increase work commuting without people having to move to work. This in turn can create regional enlargement.  The purpose of the study is to investigate and analyze the effects Botniabanan had on commuting and further analyze and compare these with the effects that can be expected to occur with commuting through the establishment of Norrbotniabanan. The study is based on predictions about Norrbotniabanan and whether these can be expected to be achieved. This is then compared with whether the expected effects of Botniabanan were fulfilled. The establishment of Norrbotniabanan is then presented in a context of regional enlargement. The study has been carried out based on a quantitative method by processing quantitative data (register data) as well as carrying out literature studies and content analysis.  The study found that commuting has increased since the establishment of Botniabanan and that commuting mostly increased to Umeå municipality but also to Kramfors, which may be due to the municipality not belonging to Umeå's area of influence. In relation to this, commuting can be expected to increase with the establishment of Norrbotniabanan and in the same way that commuting mainly takes place to the larger municipalities such as Umeå, Luleå and Skellefteå. In order for Norrbotniabanan to achieve a greater increase in commuting than Botniabanan, the travel times need to be well planned. Provided that Norrbotniabanan has taken into account the reasons why the journey times for Botniabanan were not achieved, Norrbotniabanan has a good opportunity for a greater increase in commuting. Botniabanan can be declared to have achieved a regional enlargement, which Norrbotniabanan also makes possible. With the industrial investments in northern Sweden, Norrbotniabanan can create a stronger regional expansion than what Botniabanan did.

I dagens samhälle är klimatet och påverkan på miljön en av de viktigaste frågorna som bör ställas. Transportsektorn står för en stor del av de utsläpp som påverkar miljön och genom att minska utsläppen från transportsektorn kan frågor om klimatet adresseras. Arbetspendling är en del av transportsektorn och har använts som fokusområde för rapporten på grund av dess möjligheter till förändring som kommit i ljuset under Covid-19 pandemin. Syftet med rapporten är således att undersöka hur klimatpåverkan från arbetspendling kan reduceras. För detta har Järfälla kommun valts som fokusområde.  För att svara på syftet har en scenario- och litteraturstudie genomförts för att ge svar på vilka förändringar i resvanor som skett i samband med pandemin samt på vilket sätt en reducering av utsläppen relaterade till arbetspendlande kan ske. Scenariostudien utformades som en backcastingstudie vilken resulterade i fyra scenarier där samtliga beskriver sätt att nå målet om en reducering av klimatpåverkan från arbetspendling. Resultatet av studien presenteras i form av scenarier som alla ger ett svar på syftet, ‘hur kan klimatpåverkan från arbetspendling reduceras’ genom att visa effekterna av åtgärder såsom att arbeta från hemmet och begränsa möjligheten till parkering vid arbetsplatsen.  Genom att göra en scenariostudie har syftet kunnat besvaras. Däremot har flera antaganden behövts göras som påverkar resultatet. Slutsatsen som kan dras av arbetet är således att klimatpåverkan från arbetspendling kan minska genom att tillämpa åtgärder såsom hemarbete och en begränsning av antalet parkeringsplatser, men ytterligare studier bör genomföras på energianvändningens skifte från arbetsplatsen till hemmet, digitala mötens effekt på transportbehovet, arbetspendlingens klimatpåverkan utöver CO2-utsläpp och hur anställdas hälsa påverkas av hemarbetet. / In today's society, the climate and the impact on the environment is one of the most important questions that should be asked. The transport sector accounts for a large part of the emissions that affect the environment, and by reducing emissions from the transport sector, such questions about the climate can be addressed. Work commuting is part of the transport sector and has been used as a focus area for this study due to the potential for change that came to light during the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is thus to investigate how the climate impact from commuting can be reduced. For this Järfälla in Stockholm has been chosen as the area of study.  To answer the purpose, a scenario and literature study has been conducted to provide answers to what changes in travel habits have occurred due to the pandemic and in what ways a reduction in emissions related to commuting can happen. The scenario study was designed as a backcasting study which resulted in four scenarios where all describe ways to achieve the goal of reducing the climate impact from commuting. The results of the study are therefore presented in the form of scenarios that all provide an answer to the purpose, ‘how can the climate impact from commuting be reduced’ by showing the effects of measures such as working from home and limiting the possibility of parking at the workplace.  By doing a scenario study, the purpose of the study has been answered. However, several assumptions have had to be made that affected the result. The conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that the climate impact from commuting can be reduced by applying measures such as working from home and a limitation of the number of parking spaces available, but further studies needs to be carried out regarding the shift in energy usage from the workplace to the home, the effect of digital meetings on the need for transport, the climate impact of commuting in addition to CO2 emissions and how employees' health is affected by working from home.

Skellefteå befinner sig i en expansiv stadsutvecklingsfas vilket ställer högre krav på trafiksystemet. Studien syftar därmed till att undersöka den lokala planeringen av kollektivtrafik och hur den relaterar till ett Bus rapid transit (BRT)-system. Transit oritented development (TOD) som innebär en samplanering av kollektivtrafik och bebyggelse, utgör arbetets teoretiska ram och är nära kopplat till BRT. Metoden utförs genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer och dokumentanalys av policydokument från Skellefteå kommun. Studien visar att trafiknätet i centrala tätorten har en dålig framkomlighet, vilket kommunen vill åtgärda genom att bland annat utveckla sin kollektivtrafik med fördel framför bilen. I denna utveckling finns det aspekter som är lika ett BRT-system men även vissa delar som avviker från det. Det går även att urskilja tecken på TOD i den lokala planeringen, något som också underlättar en BRT-implementering. Det finns därmed tendenser och ansatser för en BRT-utveckling, men där andra likande alternativ övervägs. / Skellefteå is in an expansive urban development phase that causes higher demands on the traffic system. The study aims to investigate the local planning of public transport and how it relates to a Bus rapid transit (BRT) system. Transit-oriented development (TOD), which involves a co-planning of public transport and settlements, forms the theoretical framework of the study and is closely linked to BRT. The method consisted of semi-structured interviews and document analysis of policy documents from Skellefteå municipality. The study show that the traffic network in the central urban area consists of poor accessibility, which the municipality wants to solve by developing the public transport. In this development there are aspects that are similar to BRT, but some parts that deviate from it. It is possible to distinguish signs of TOD in the local planning, which also facilitates a BRT implementation. There are thus tendencies and approaches for a BRT development, but where other similar alternatives are considered.