Cette thèse porte sur les notions d'archétypes, caricatures et stéréotypes et leurs applications aux personnages noirs dans le film d'animation américain du XXe siècle. C'est en 1907 qu'est diffusé aux Etats-Unis le tout premier film d'animation mettant en scène un personnage noir. Ce dernier, appelé coon, était l'héritier d'une longue tradition de représentations péjoratives qui visaient à maintenir les Noirs dans une position d'altérité et d'infériorité face aux Blancs. Les premiers exemples de ces représentations se retrouvent notamment dans le comic strip américain dont les artistes ont d'abord été dessinateurs, puis « animateurs ». Toutefois, une grande partie des traits physiques et de l'idéologie qui sous-tendent à la création de ces personnages avait déjà été déterminée au XIXe siècle par des disciplines pseudo scientifiques consacrant « l'infériorité » des Noirs sous couvert d'une fausse science, surtout la physiognomonie et la phrénologie, des disciplines émettrices de ce type d'observations et de dessins qui connurent un succès important aux Etats-Unis après avoir été diffusées en Europe. Une autre source d'influence dans l'édification des stéréotypes noirs des films d'animation est celle du spectacle vivant, en particulier les numéros de vaudeville et du Blackface (spectacles populaires de la fin du XIXe siècle aux années 1960 durant lesquels des comédiens blancs grimés en Noirs parodiaient ces derniers). Les personnages noirs du cinéma d'animation reprenaient ces trois influences dont les traces sont largement perceptibles jusqu'aux années 1940. Les représentations péjoratives des Noirs dans l'animation évoluent lentement à partir de 1941 et la conscription des soldats Africains-Américains durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Bien qu'une majorité de films d'animation continuent de mettre en scène des personnages caricaturaux, des changements commencent à poindre légèrement, notamment à travers l'exploitation de la musique bebop. L'après-guerre marque une transition définitive entre anciennes caricatures et nouvelles représentations. La montée des revendications des Africains-Américains en faveur d’une égalité de traitement créé une ambivalence entre leurs velléités réformatrices et la persistance d'archaïsmes dépréciatifs dans le cinéma d'animation. Au gré des avancées sociales obtenues par le Mouvement pour les Droits Civiques et du combat mené par les partisans du Black Power, les personnages noirs du cinéma d'animation, puis du dessin animé télévisuel intègrent ces nouvelles dynamiques positives mais également conformistes, parfois déconnectées des réalités des Africains-Américains. Les représentations les plus en adéquation avec leur époque proviennent finalement du milieu du film d'animation underground des années 1970 où se côtoient prostituées et bonimenteurs autour d'un sous-texte social inédit. / This thesis focuses on the notions of archetypes, caricatures and stereotypes as well as their application to black characters in twentieth-century American animated films. In 1907, the very first animated film depicting a black character, “Coon”, was screened. “Coon” came from a long tradition of pejorative depictions that targeted African Americans and defined them down as “others” and “inferiors”. The first regular examples of these representations emerged in American comic strips and were drawn by cartoonists who soon became “animators”. A large part of the ideology and physical representations leading to the creation of these characters was inspired by pseudo-scientific theories that sanctioned black people “inferiority”, graphically and ideologically in the name of pseudo-sciences, including first and foremost physiognomy and phrenology, which first gained influence in Europe before reaching the United States. Vaudeville and Blackface Minstrelsy performances – popular shows that lampooned Black people and were performed by white actors in make-up from the end of the nineteenth century to the 1960s – also played a significant role in the creation of black otherness. The black characters in animated films were a reflection of these three cultural influences and remained unchanged until the 1940s. The negative depictions of African Americans in animated films began to evolve slowly when the United States entered World War II. Slow changes were perceptible through the use of bebop music in such films, although the vast majority of those films remained full of caricatures of Black people. Irrevocable changes rose in the post-war period, from old caricatures to new representations. Increasing demands by African Americans for equal rights created an ambiguity between their integrationist aspirations and the remaining visual traces going back to the period of slavery. The gradual legal gains achieved through their fight in the Civil Rights and Black Power movements led to a new televisual and cinematic imagery, which showed more positive sides of Blackness, despite the persistence of a conformist tone, sometimes out of touch with African American reality. The most faithful reflections of African American experience ultimately came from underground animated movies in the 1970s, in which prostitutes and hustlers added to a new social subtext.

The aim of this diploma thesis is a comparative analysis of the image of a forsaken child in the stories written by a popular English writer Neil Gaiman. The survey of a forsaken child in the Gothic, Romantic and Victorian literature (Walpole, Radcliffe, Blake, Dickens, the Brontë sisters) precedes the interpretation. In addition, this diploma thesis considers the separation of the young hero from his family and friends in traditional fairy tales. In this respect, the thesis discusses the role of transitional rituals and their links to the theme of the test in adventurous literature (Gennep, Bachtin). The first, theoretical chapters point out the fact that the transition to a new existence (adulthood) is often accompanied by horror elements or the nearness of death in the adventurous stories. The novel Coraline is a basis for the literary analysis. The psychological characteristic of the main heroine and her family is linked to the function of home and the role of "the other mother" as a source of the Gothic atmosphere and danger. The following chapters analyse other Gaiman's works ("M is for Magic", The Graveyard Book, Odd and the Frost Giants, Fortunately, the Milk, The Ocean at the End of the Zone) in order to study the relations between the reality and dreams, violence and interpersonal relationships, and to describe the heroes' search for the individual identity.

<p>Dagens elektroniska patientjournalsystem har begränsade möjligheter att på likartat sätt strukturera och lagra patientinformation. Det är en anledning till att det är problem med att utbyta patientjournaldata mellan olika system. Detta försvårar bland annat forskning och tillgänglighet till patientinformation. Brist på tillgänglighet minskar i sin tur möjligheten att ge en god vård oberoende av var patienten befinner sig.</p><p>Inom projektet openEHR har en idé med så kallade arketyper tagits fram som ett enhetligt sätt att strukturera utbytbar patientjournaldata för att möta framtida krav på patientjournaler och patientjournalsystem. Arketyper är formella modeller av kliniska informationsentiteter, exempelvis blodtryck. De byggs upp av restriktioner, struktur och termer med eventuella bindningar till medicinska terminologisystem. Dessutom kopplas medicinsk kunskap i arketyperna fri från journalsystemen.</p><p>Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att utveckla ett verktyg, en så kallad arketypeditor, som kan användas för att skapa och redigera arketyper. Utöver detta skulle möjligheterna undersökas att i verktyget implementera en koppling till medicinska terminologisystem. Utvecklingen har skett i en iterativ process med fokus på användbarhet och stabilitet. Det har även ingått att ta reda på syftet med en arketypeditor.</p><p>Resultatet är ett plattformsoberoende och stabilt verktyg som är utvecklat enligt användbarhetsprinciper med koppling till terminologisystemet Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). En arketypeditors syfte i ett bredare perspektiv är att lösa brister i dagens medicinska informationssystem som tas upp i denna rapport. Trots att openEHR-projektet är nytt finns det många tekniskt gångbara idéer, men det finns även problem som beror på för lite praktisk testning och tillämpning.</p> / <p>Present-day electronic health record systems have limited possibilities to structure and store patient information in a similarly manner. This causes problems with exchanging patient record data between different systems and it gives rise to problems with, among other things, research and patient information availability. Lack of availability will in turn decrease the possibility of giving good care irrespective of where the patient is located.</p><p>Within the openEHR project an idea with so called archetypes has been introduced as a uniform way to structure exchangeable patient record data in order to meet future requirements on electronic health records and systems. Archetypes are formal models of clinical information entities, for example blood pressure. They are constructed from constraints, structure and terms which may have bindings to medical terminology systems. Furthermore, medical knowledge in the archetypes is separated from the patient record systems.</p><p>The purpose of the thesis has been to develop a tool, a so called archetype editor, that can be used to create and edit archetypes. In addition, the possibilities of implementing a connection to medical terminology systems should be explored. The development has followed an iterative process with focus on stability and usability. Another task has also been to find out the purpose with an archetype editor.</p><p>The result is a platform-independent and stable tool, developed according to usability principles with a connection to the terminology system Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). An archetype editor’s purpose in a wider perspective is to solve shortcomings in medical information systems of today, which are brought up in this thesis. Although the openEHR project is new, there are many technically applicable ideas but also problems because of insufficient practical testing and application.</p>

Dagens elektroniska patientjournalsystem har begränsade möjligheter att på likartat sätt strukturera och lagra patientinformation. Det är en anledning till att det är problem med att utbyta patientjournaldata mellan olika system. Detta försvårar bland annat forskning och tillgänglighet till patientinformation. Brist på tillgänglighet minskar i sin tur möjligheten att ge en god vård oberoende av var patienten befinner sig. Inom projektet openEHR har en idé med så kallade arketyper tagits fram som ett enhetligt sätt att strukturera utbytbar patientjournaldata för att möta framtida krav på patientjournaler och patientjournalsystem. Arketyper är formella modeller av kliniska informationsentiteter, exempelvis blodtryck. De byggs upp av restriktioner, struktur och termer med eventuella bindningar till medicinska terminologisystem. Dessutom kopplas medicinsk kunskap i arketyperna fri från journalsystemen. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att utveckla ett verktyg, en så kallad arketypeditor, som kan användas för att skapa och redigera arketyper. Utöver detta skulle möjligheterna undersökas att i verktyget implementera en koppling till medicinska terminologisystem. Utvecklingen har skett i en iterativ process med fokus på användbarhet och stabilitet. Det har även ingått att ta reda på syftet med en arketypeditor. Resultatet är ett plattformsoberoende och stabilt verktyg som är utvecklat enligt användbarhetsprinciper med koppling till terminologisystemet Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). En arketypeditors syfte i ett bredare perspektiv är att lösa brister i dagens medicinska informationssystem som tas upp i denna rapport. Trots att openEHR-projektet är nytt finns det många tekniskt gångbara idéer, men det finns även problem som beror på för lite praktisk testning och tillämpning. / Present-day electronic health record systems have limited possibilities to structure and store patient information in a similarly manner. This causes problems with exchanging patient record data between different systems and it gives rise to problems with, among other things, research and patient information availability. Lack of availability will in turn decrease the possibility of giving good care irrespective of where the patient is located. Within the openEHR project an idea with so called archetypes has been introduced as a uniform way to structure exchangeable patient record data in order to meet future requirements on electronic health records and systems. Archetypes are formal models of clinical information entities, for example blood pressure. They are constructed from constraints, structure and terms which may have bindings to medical terminology systems. Furthermore, medical knowledge in the archetypes is separated from the patient record systems. The purpose of the thesis has been to develop a tool, a so called archetype editor, that can be used to create and edit archetypes. In addition, the possibilities of implementing a connection to medical terminology systems should be explored. The development has followed an iterative process with focus on stability and usability. Another task has also been to find out the purpose with an archetype editor. The result is a platform-independent and stable tool, developed according to usability principles with a connection to the terminology system Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). An archetype editor’s purpose in a wider perspective is to solve shortcomings in medical information systems of today, which are brought up in this thesis. Although the openEHR project is new, there are many technically applicable ideas but also problems because of insufficient practical testing and application.

This essay uses interviews to gather information regarding the experience and belief which exists in regards to possession within the Anglican faith. It also uses Jungian psychology to analyse these experiences and beliefs; this is interesting because even in the modern day of science, possession continues to be a phenomenon. It still occurs closer to home than we may think; a modern western country such as England, where Anglicanism is the state religion, have special ministries assigned to deal with this in every diocese. The information was gathered through interviews and literature, to give both a qualitative and a quantitative perspective. This essay presents a possible psychological explanation for the cases of possession as experienced within the Anglican faith, which provides an alternative to the distress these individuals are experiencing rather than assuming it necessarily is of a spiritual nature. It does not, however, seek to prove or disprove the possibility of a spiritual cause behind this phenomenon.

En este estudio comparamos dos novelas españolas del género fantástico – Aranmanoth de Ana María Matute y La Emperatriz de los etéreos de Laura Gallego García. Ambas obras tienen tramas parecidas pero están dirigidas a dos grupos diferentes de lectores – jóvenes y adultos. Aplicamos el método comparativo, es decir, identificamos y analizamos las similitudes y las diferencias en cuanto a los elementos fantásticos presentes en ambas novelas con el propósito de analizar las consecuencias en la literatura para estos dos grupos de lectores. Asimismo nos interesan las razones de las similitudes y las diferencias, las cuales buscamos sobre todo, en los antecedentes de las autoras, los diferentes grupos de lectores y la gran influencia de los cuentos de hadas en este género fantástico.   Los elementos fantásticos que analizamos se encuentran en las categorías del motivo, el entorno y los personajes. Algunos de los ejemplos más conocidos de estas categorías son el viaje de aventura, la presencia de la magia y el mundo de imaginación pero asimismo se presentan elementos menos esperados como la importancia de los cuentos y las apariencias de los personajes. Dado que el lenguaje es un elemento diferenciador muy evidente cuando se compara la literatura juvenil con la de adultos, lo excluimos de la investigación.   Concluimos que existe una concordancia clara entre muchos elementos fantásticos en las dos novelas. A pesar de esto, las historias no dan la impresión de ser iguales. En la novela para adultos, por ejemplo, el elemento mágico es más complejo debido en parte a la gran cantidad de símbolos utilizados lo cual hace más difícil su comprensión. Además las autoras tienen objetivos diferentes con respecto a lo fantástico y este hecho afecta en gran medida la narración de las historias. Por consiguiente, los jóvenes posiblemente no entiendan toda la magnitud del elemento mágico intrincado en el libro para adultos y los adultos por su parte encuentren los elementos mágicos un poco simples en el libro juvenil. Sin embargo, es probable que los dos grupos distintos de lectores, puedan disfrutar la lectura de ambas novelas siempre y cuando tengan interés por el género.

In light of pressing challenges including climate change and energy security, urban planners are increasingly being required to make decisions that can be attributed to reductions in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Energy mapping is an emerging approach used to make improved energy-related decisions and predict energy performance, although at the time of writing, has not been applied within a Manitoban context. Informed by promising practice utilized in other Canadian locales, this research creates an energy mapping process for use in the City of Winnipeg’s residential sector. The Ebby-Wentworth neighbourhood is analyzed to develop and test the mapping process. The process begins with determining baseline energy use for the neighbourhood, and is then compared to three development scenarios, which include the use of retrofits, and new construction on an adjacent development site. The results of applying the energy mapping approach in Winnipeg demonstrates this to be a key decision-making tool for planners looking to make informed decisions related to energy-using equipment, building and site design, and land use and infrastructure. Recommendations include: increased use of the energy mapping approach as a decision-making tool through enhanced collaboration between federal and provincial authorities, municipalities, and utilities; incorporating energy considerations into the planning and development process through revised and updated energy legislation, policy and programming; and, further refining and testing of the energy mapping process designed for this research to develop a best-practice approach for mapping energy use within the Province of Manitoba.

One approach to dealing with complexity in a public policy context is horizontality, the act of working across the various ministries and divisions of a government in order to harness the organization’s capacity and resources and direct them towards the addressing of complex problems. And one prominent mechanism for promoting horizontality is greater organization-wide collaboration, knowledge sharing and active knowledge seeking amongst a network of government knowledge workers commonly referred to as policy analysts. The emergent use of Web 2.0 tools and approaches within organizations has raised the possibility that we have entered a new knowledge era - Enterprise 2.0 - that can address the horizontality problem, facilitate the sharing of knowledge between policy analysts and across organizations, and promote transformative governance. This research investigated how policy formulation processes in the government of the Canadian province of British Columbia are being affected by the adoption of Web 2.0 tools internally within the organization as a way to facilitate knowledge sharing and collaboration amongst government policy analysts. Semi-structured interviews with members of corporate policy units in the Government of British Columbia were conducted (n = 14), and an on-line questionnaire was completed by Government of British Columbia policy analysts (n = 129). These mixed methods form the basis for a triangulation approach to assessing the research questions. Respondents conceptualized policy analysis as rooted in an apolitical synthesis of evidence and best practices from a variety of sources, leading to a recommendation designed to support decision-making. The diversity and reach of the policy analyst’s organizational social network is related to their length of service in the organization and is an important supplement to the analyst’s knowledge base. There was little evidence that technology networks generally, and Web 2.0 tools specifically, play a prominent role in facilitating the knowledge organization; in fact, policy analysts may refrain from sharing knowledge with colleagues using technology networks in order to avoid contributing to their colleagues' information overload. Following the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991), attitudes, followed by subjective norms, were the strongest and most consistent predictors of the policy analyst’s intention to collaborate and share knowledge with their colleagues. Perceived behavioural control was not a factor, leading to the possibility that while policy analysts may believe and be told that knowledge sharing and collaboration are advantageous, they may not feel they have the authority, latitude or ability to do so. A significant gender result was consistently revealed, that women were found to be less supportive of knowledge sharing and collaboration than men, a result possibly due to a culture dominated by masculine characteristics. The findings have implications for public sector organizations seeking to provide support for knowledge workers to make effective use of the organizational social network, new collaboration technologies and organizational capacity to address complex public policy problems. Interested readers should consult http://jlphdcand.wordpress.com for updated versions of this research, and related work. / Graduate

Twentieth century American fiction assimilates archetypes of traditional mythologies, in particular the hero archetype, to create a contemporary mythology which relays social issues relevant to its age. This is first approached by creating a theoretical framework, which primarily consists of both Jungian theories of the collective unconscious and the model on which Joseph Campbell based his conception of the archetype in what is known as myth criticism. The theoretical framework also introduces and describes the graphic novel and its use of characterisation distinctive to post-modern fiction. The Sandman, which is the subject of this study, is then contextualised against the backdrop of the evolution of the American comic book, with its influence of folklore, mythology and visual presentation. Through an overview and analysis of The Sandman series as a whole, as well as a reading of its pivotal narrative, The Kindly Ones, this thesis explores the way in which The Sandman fulfils its purpose of integrating an archetypal hero into contemporary mythology. This is achieved by validating claims proposing the existence of a contemporary mythology through an analysis of Morpheus, The Sandman's protagonist and his unique heroic journey. The conclusion reached is that The Sandman indeed represents a contemporary mythology that contains a new form of social commentary, incorporating archetypes from traditional mythology and re-evaluating the role of the hero in this day and age. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M. A. (Theory of Literature)

But : comparer le processus de transformation intérieure au cours de la psychothérapie par le Jeu de Sable avec la transformation du néophyte au cours des rites d’initiation chez les Chamans, dans l’Alchimie et dans les cultes à mystères en Egypte et en Grèce. Méthodologie : Analyse de 856 photos des jeux de sable construits par 28 enfants de 4 à 12 ans. Conclusion : Il existe une similitude entre le processus de transformation vécu en psychothérapie et la première des trois étapes de l'initiation vécue par le néophyte. On retrouve dans les jeux de sable des scénarios archétypiques qui peuvent être classés dans des catégories spécifiques associées aux différentes étapes de la transformation intérieure décrites dans les mythes initiatiques. / Aim : comparison between the stages of inner transformation in Sandplay therapy with children and the stages of initiation in the Mystery cults of the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, in Alchemy and in Shamanism. Sample : 28 children from 4 to 12 years old. Instrument of analysis : 856 photos made during the therapy. Results : We report on a similarity between the process of transformation in Sandplay therapy and the first stage of initiation in the different cultures. We found out that in Sandplay therapy the archetypes appeared according to the own internal logic of the transformation process described in the great myths. The archetypes can be classified in categories, which are specific to different stages of the inner transformation.