This thesis examines the relationship between the three artists' workshops Røde Mor (Red Mother), Folkets Ateljé (The People's Studio) and GRAS, who worked between 1968 and 1975 in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Røde Mor was from the outset an articulated Communist graphic workshop loosely organised around collective exhibitions. It developed into a highly productive and professionalised group of artists that made posters by commission for political and social movements. Its artists developed a familiar and popular artistic language characterised by imaginative realism and socialist imagery. Folkets Ateljé, which has never been studied before, was a close knit underground group which created quick and immediate responses to concurrent political issues. This group was founded on the example of Atelier Populaire in France and is strongly related to its practices. Within this comparative study it is the group that comes closest to collective practises around 1968 outside Scandinavia, namely the democratic assembly. The silkscreen workshop GRAS stemmed from the idea of economic and artistic freedom, although socially motivated and politically involved, the group never implemented any doctrine for participation. The aim of this transnational study is to reveal common denominators to the three groups' poster art as it was produced in connection with a Scandinavian experience of 1968. By ‘1968' it is meant the period from the late 1960s till the end of the 1970s. It examines the socio-political conditions under which the groups flourished and shows how these groups operated in conjunction with the political environment of 1968. The thesis explores the relationship between political movements and the collective art making process as it appeared in Scandinavia. To present a comprehensible picture of the impact of 1968 on these groups, their artworks, manifestos, and activities outside of the collective space have been discussed. The argument has presented itself that even though these groups had very similar ideological stances, their posters and techniques differ. This has impacted the artists involved to different degrees, yet made it possible to express the same political goals. It is suggested to be linked with the Scandinavian social democracies and common experience of the radicalisation that took place mostly in the aftermath of 1968 proper. By comparing these three groups' it has been uncovered that even with the same socio-political circumstances and ideological stance divergent styles did develop to embrace these issue.

As an alternative to existing research which states that the phenomenon of displacement resists theorisation because of its complex nature, this study conducts a Phenomenological examination of the nature of displacement in which the interlinked losses in the key concepts of the consciousness of the displaced, namely Memory, Land and home and Identity, are navigated. It is shown that the current consciousness of society mimics these losses with the effect of displacement being experienced as a state of mind by contemporary society. By comparing selected artworks of artists Rachel Whiteread and Cornelia Parker, it is established that although manifested in diverse ways, contemporary artworks reflect displacement according to a set of broadly defined visual signifiers. The visual documentation of a site of displacement in the North West Province of South Africa and subsequently produced artworks underline these findings and highlight the elusive attributes of loss inherent in the displacement phenomenon. / Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology / M.A. (Visual Arts)

The title of this thesis 'South African History Painting : Reinterpretation By Women Artists' indicated that the focus was to be on South African history painting. As the research progressed, however, it became apparent that the initial title did not encompass a broad enough spectrum. Therefore a more suitable title for this dissertation is 'A Visual Reinterpretation Of Aspects Of South African History By Women Artists: Penelope Siopis and Philippa Skotnes'. It is the intention of this dissertation to examine the way in which two contemporary South African women artists namely, Penelope Siopis (1953-) and Philippa Skotnes (1957) visually challenge in their paintings and prints respectively the conventional depictions of recorded South African history. Poststructuralism, deconstruction, new historicism and Postmodernism are among the theoretical currents upon which this research is based. It is from a Postmodern standpoint that selected works by Siopis and Skotnes will be analysed. The intention of this analysis is to examine their attempts to access the Postcolonial condition in South Africa through their visual presentations. The work of Siopis and Skotnes reflectects an interest in Postcoloniality. Furthernore, their visual imagery addresses questions of culture and power in South African visual representation. Works such as those created by Siopis and Skotnes can be seen as uncovering some of the contradictions within the process of decolonization. Nederveen, Pieterse and Parekh (1995 ) describe decolonization in the following way: 'Decolonization is a process of emancipation through mirroring, a mix of defiance and mimesis. Like colonialism itself, it is deeply preoccupied with boundaries - boundaries of territory and identity, borders of nation and state. (Nederveen, Pieterse and Parekh 1995: 11)' The focus in this dissertation is on the works of Siopis and Skotnes and their use of specific deconstructive methods to undermine prejudicial historical imagery and question established perceptions within South African history. In other words, the visual presentation of these two artists explores the boundaries or margins of established history. Both Siopis and Skotnes confront in visual terms the prejudicial representations of women and/or ethnic groups who have been subjugated by what they perceive as white, middle class, patriarchal history. The primary concern of the research is the visual imagery produced by these two artists and the effect of deconstruction on their respective art works. In the first chapter selected works from Siopis's 'History Painting' (1980s) series are to be analysed. In the second chapter the focus is on Skotnes's etchings in 'Sound From The Thinking Strings' (1993) exhibition. The investigation then moves to a project entitled 'Miscast' (1996). Skotnes was the curator of the 'Miscast' exhibition. It does not contain original art works by Skotnes. It is however an extension of the ideas which her prints embody and is therefore relevant to this dissertation. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1996.

Focusing on Cyrene and Serima art workshops under the tutelage of Paterson and Groeber, respectively, the study acknowledges the foundational importance of Christian art (from the late 1930s up to the 1960s) in the rise of prominent first generation artists in Zimbabwe such as Mukomberanwa, Ndandarika, Khumalo, Songo, Sambo and many others. It rejects perceptions of African modernism as inauthentic imitations of artistic innovations that originated with European art. While accepting that there was a deliberate fusion of traditional art into mission mainstream education to produce Christian art forms with a strong Africanised identity, the study reveals missionaries’ conservatism and restrictions on artistic freedom. It, therefore, locates the formation of modern art in Zimbabwe largely within a broader spectrum of Africans’ encounter with colonialism or western culture which induced artists to invent new artistic expressions reflecting their own emergent political and socio-economic circumstances. The novelty and outright rejection of missionary impact are, therefore, alien to the natural synthesis that informed artistic modernism in Zimbabwe. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M.A. (Art History)

As an alternative to existing research which states that the phenomenon of displacement resists theorisation because of its complex nature, this study conducts a Phenomenological examination of the nature of displacement in which the interlinked losses in the key concepts of the consciousness of the displaced, namely Memory, Land and home and Identity, are navigated. It is shown that the current consciousness of society mimics these losses with the effect of displacement being experienced as a state of mind by contemporary society. By comparing selected artworks of artists Rachel Whiteread and Cornelia Parker, it is established that although manifested in diverse ways, contemporary artworks reflect displacement according to a set of broadly defined visual signifiers. The visual documentation of a site of displacement in the North West Province of South Africa and subsequently produced artworks underline these findings and highlight the elusive attributes of loss inherent in the displacement phenomenon. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M.A. (Visual Arts)

Esta tese apresenta estudos sobre a arte contemporânea inserida nas tecnologias, denominada Artemídia, e suas possíveis correspondências com o contexto do jogo. Embasados em uma metodologia de investigação teórico-bibliográfica, na preocupação de entender e evidenciar nesta trajetória, as possibilidades e os tipos de interações sociais que ocorrem durante a participação do espectador nesta referida proposição artística, buscamos articular, de modo interdisciplinar, conceitos e teorias que envolvem arte, tecnologia e sociedade. Para isso, na observação de diversas instalações artísticas em suas formas de interação, identificamos e analisamos alguns parâmetros que contribuíram para a produção desta associação entre arte, jogo e sociabilidade, dentre eles, olhamos com mais proximidade para as circunstâncias da abertura à participação e interação do sujeito na obra de arte, bem como deslocamento da mesma para os centros urbanos; além disso, foi examinada sua vocação à interatividade quando mediada pelos artefatos tecnológicos, fator que abriu passagem para perceber e considerar a provocação para um olhar de encantamento e fascínio em determinados participantes, observamos também as possibilidades de ampliação das percepções e estímulo às sensações de sinestesia, além de analisar mais a fundo os conceitos contextuais do jogo. Desta maneira, explanamos sobre a Artemídia, suas relações com as tecnologias e seus aspectos voltados para a brincadeira, diversão e entretenimento, o que evidenciou sua capacidade de produção de estímulos, tanto para as interações sociais quanto na motivação de mudanças de comportamento dos sujeitos. Deste modo, consideramos que as possíveis correspondências entre o jogo e a Artemídia, bem como suas formas de interação e mediação, podem constituir um estado de transformação social e produção de socialidade. / This thesis presents studies about contemporary art embedded in recent technologies, denominated as Media Art, and their possible relations with the game context. Based on a theoretical bibliographic research methodology, to understand and evidence in this trajectory, social interactions possibilities that occur during the spectator participation in this referred artistic proposition, we articulate, in interdisciplinary way, concepts and theories that involve art, technology and society. For this, from the observation of the artistic installations and theirs interaction forms, we identified and analyzed some parameters that contributed to the production of this association between art, game and sociability, so we look more closely at the openness circumstances of the art participation and their interaction to the subject, and to displacement of the Media Art to the urban centers were also seen; moreover, its vocation to interactivity was examined when mediated by technological artifacts, the reason that made us to perceive and consider a look of enchantment and fascination in certain participants, was also observed synesthesia as possibilities of expanding perceptions and stimulating feelings, as well as analyzed deeply the game contextual concepts. In this way, we explain about Media Art, their relation with technologies and aspects that with involve play, fun and entertainment, whose motivation ability was demonstrated both for social interactions and for the instigation of subjects' behavior changes. Therefore, we consider that the possible matches between the game and Media Art, including their forms of interaction and mediation, constitute in some kind of social transformation and sociality production.

Esta tese apresenta estudos sobre a arte contemporânea inserida nas tecnologias, denominada Artemídia, e suas possíveis correspondências com o contexto do jogo. Embasados em uma metodologia de investigação teórico-bibliográfica, na preocupação de entender e evidenciar nesta trajetória, as possibilidades e os tipos de interações sociais que ocorrem durante a participação do espectador nesta referida proposição artística, buscamos articular, de modo interdisciplinar, conceitos e teorias que envolvem arte, tecnologia e sociedade. Para isso, na observação de diversas instalações artísticas em suas formas de interação, identificamos e analisamos alguns parâmetros que contribuíram para a produção desta associação entre arte, jogo e sociabilidade, dentre eles, olhamos com mais proximidade para as circunstâncias da abertura à participação e interação do sujeito na obra de arte, bem como deslocamento da mesma para os centros urbanos; além disso, foi examinada sua vocação à interatividade quando mediada pelos artefatos tecnológicos, fator que abriu passagem para perceber e considerar a provocação para um olhar de encantamento e fascínio em determinados participantes, observamos também as possibilidades de ampliação das percepções e estímulo às sensações de sinestesia, além de analisar mais a fundo os conceitos contextuais do jogo. Desta maneira, explanamos sobre a Artemídia, suas relações com as tecnologias e seus aspectos voltados para a brincadeira, diversão e entretenimento, o que evidenciou sua capacidade de produção de estímulos, tanto para as interações sociais quanto na motivação de mudanças de comportamento dos sujeitos. Deste modo, consideramos que as possíveis correspondências entre o jogo e a Artemídia, bem como suas formas de interação e mediação, podem constituir um estado de transformação social e produção de socialidade. / This thesis presents studies about contemporary art embedded in recent technologies, denominated as Media Art, and their possible relations with the game context. Based on a theoretical bibliographic research methodology, to understand and evidence in this trajectory, social interactions possibilities that occur during the spectator participation in this referred artistic proposition, we articulate, in interdisciplinary way, concepts and theories that involve art, technology and society. For this, from the observation of the artistic installations and theirs interaction forms, we identified and analyzed some parameters that contributed to the production of this association between art, game and sociability, so we look more closely at the openness circumstances of the art participation and their interaction to the subject, and to displacement of the Media Art to the urban centers were also seen; moreover, its vocation to interactivity was examined when mediated by technological artifacts, the reason that made us to perceive and consider a look of enchantment and fascination in certain participants, was also observed synesthesia as possibilities of expanding perceptions and stimulating feelings, as well as analyzed deeply the game contextual concepts. In this way, we explain about Media Art, their relation with technologies and aspects that with involve play, fun and entertainment, whose motivation ability was demonstrated both for social interactions and for the instigation of subjects' behavior changes. Therefore, we consider that the possible matches between the game and Media Art, including their forms of interaction and mediation, constitute in some kind of social transformation and sociality production.

Créé le 8 novembre 1948 à Paris par huit peintres et écrivains belges, hollandais et danois, Cobra est l’acronyme de Copenhague, Bruxelles, Amsterdam. Le mouvement se propose rapidement de devenir un lien souple entre artistes et poètes de différents pays, par le biais d’un certain nombre de publications et d’expositions. Son existence officielle sera brève, puisqu’elle prend fin en 1951 avec le dernier numéro de la revue éponyme. Si les premières tentatives d’analyse historique et de synthèse sont venues des artistes et des poètes membres du mouvement, plusieurs études abouties ont vu le jour depuis les années 1970.<p>S’appuyant sur un certain nombre d’affirmations émanant des acteurs de Cobra comme des historiens ayant écrit sur le sujet, l’auteur s’est penché sur la question de la violence picturale et théorique au sein de ce mouvement. Picturale, par la propension des artistes à brouiller la lisibilité de la composition et des figures, par leur volonté de « faire brut » et enfantin, de « mal peindre », de maltraiter le sujet en le rendant méconnaissable, hybride, défiguré. Théorique, par un certain nombre de déclarations (pour la plupart, parues dans la revue Cobra) véhémentes, engagées, politiques, relatives au climat sociopolitique de l’après-guerre comme au contexte artistique et culturel contemporain.<p>Au cours des recherches, il est apparu que la violence de Cobra était plus ambiguë que ce qui avait été imaginé initialement. Elle relève en réalité d’une forme d’instrumentalisation émanant des acteurs, qui ont multiplié les effets rhétoriques, les attitudes et les déclarations allant dans ce sens, conduisant Cobra à user d’une violence « décorative » nettement instrumentée :un outil utilisé par les artistes dans la construction de leur image, de leur identité individuelle et collective. Cette piste a ainsi débouché vers d’autres résultats que ceux imaginés au préalable mais n’en a pas moins permis de réévaluer le mouvement sur le plan de l’histoire des représentations, en étudiant les stratégies développées par ses membres dans les œuvres et les discours. La mise en perspective critique de ceux-ci a permis de cerner la capacité rhétorique de certains membres de Cobra, qui ont valorisé l’image d’un mouvement artistique résolument « moderne », c’est-à-dire violent et revendicateur, tout en puisant leur inspiration dans certaines formes d’art primitives et brutes.<p>La thèse s’articule de façon thématique, autour de quatre pôles révélateurs des formes et du sens de la violence détectée dans les œuvres et les discours des Cobra :<p>Répondre à la guerre – Cobra face au siècle<p>Une violence générationnelle<p>Le primitif ou le jeu de la violence<p>Aspirations libertaires<p> / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Selon différents théoriciens (Guénoun, Lehmann, Ryngaert, etc.), la fin du vingtième siècle se caractérise par l'émergence de nouvelles formes théâtrales, marquées par la contamination des pratiques spectaculaires.<p>Hans-Thies Lehmann reprend la notion de "théâtre postdramatique" proposée par Richard Schechner pour qualifier ces formes métissées de spectacle vivant La thèse défendue est la suivante :le théâtre postdramatique trouve sa spécificité non seulement dans la transgression des codes dramatiques mais surtout dans des processus de réception spécifiques qu'il importe de définir, à l'aide d'outils notamment sémiotiques. Ces processus sont situés et construits par rapport à différents modèles interdisciplinaires. / Doctorat en Information et communication / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Entre 1780 et 1850, les Belges développent une image symbolique de leur environnement physique. Cette image, conjuguée à une action de transformation du terrain, participe à la structuration de l’environnement belge en un territoire national. Elle témoigne d’une grande stabilité durant l’époque considérée. Dans cette optique symbolique, l’environnement belge incarne les caractères de la communauté nationale, il exprime non seulement le long passé partagé par le sol et les hommes, les interactions séculaires qui les lient, mais aussi les aspirations nourries par les Belges à l’égard de l’avenir.<p>Les premières images mentales du territoire national développées dans le chef des Belges consistent en lieux génériques (les expressions en italiques sont empruntées à Bernard Debarbieux). Définis par le discours, ces lieux génériques sont des environnements physiques dont la physionomie résulte des donnés naturels et de leur transformation par l’homme. La physionomie de ces lieux est donc dominée par l’agriculture, l’industrie et l’habitat humain. Ces configurations génériques ne recouvrent en réalité qu’une partie du territoire national. Leur élection en tant que résumé idéal du territoire belge, reflète les aspirations de la communauté.<p>La qualité esthétique paysagère des lieux génériques du territoire belge n’apparaît pas cependant avec évidence aux contemporains. Un écart sépare le discours et la représentation picturale. Si le premier reconnaît souvent une qualité esthétique aux lieux génériques, qui deviennent alors des paysages, la représentation iconographique se montre plus réticente à leur égard.<p>Les Belges de l’époque développent une seconde facette symbolique de leur territoire. Ils soulignent l’omniprésence des souvenirs historiques nationaux dans leur environnement. La Belgique leur apparaît telle un ensemble de lieux de condensation. Le discours contemporain et les œuvres des peintres, lithographes ou graveurs, témoignant d’une cohésion remarquable, illustrent abondamment les lieux de condensation belges. <p>Les Belges cherchent à diffuser ces images mentales parmi leurs compatriotes. Ce projet collectif répond à une volonté de faire connaître et adopter ces paysages symboliques par l’ensemble des membres de la nation. Cette connaissance passe pour le socle sur lequel peuvent se développer les sentiments d’attachement à la patrie et d’identification à la nation. Le discours et l’image sont mobilisés à cette fin.<p>Ces préoccupations interviennent dans le travail des peintres de paysages. Toutefois, le choix d’un site par un paysagiste belge représentant l’environnement national, est d’abord guidé par des critères internes à la pratique picturale. Ses critères de choix rencontrent en effet ceux qu’émet le discours de l’époque définissant les normes de qualité esthétique d’un tableau. L’artiste tend en outre à satisfaire les attentes du public, lequel cherche à combler son envie d’évasion hors de la cité, mais aussi à se rassurer quant à l’harmonie et à la viabilité de la société contemporaine. Les peintres (et donc leur public) manifestent pourtant une faveur particulière envers les sites belges. Ce goût dénote une identification et un attachement au pays habité par la nation historique, telle que la décrit le discours contemporain. Même s’il vient après la satisfaction des critères esthétiques, le critère de l’identification à un site belge intervient de façon notable dans l’attrait exercé par un paysage peint. <p>Il apparaît ainsi que les lieux génériques (agricoles et industriels) passent difficilement le premier crible, esthétique, tandis que les lieux de condensation satisfont tant les attentes esthétiques que les attentes symboliques – qualité qui assure leur succès en tant que motifs picturaux.<p>Les paysagistes élaborent en outre une image paysagère générique de la Belgique qui est une adaptation, conforme aux critères d’appréciation en vigueur dans le champ de la représentation picturale, du paysage générique agricole et industriel défini par le discours contemporain. Leurs œuvres dépeignent en effet la Belgique comme un territoire réalisant les canons pittoresques, comme un environnement verdoyant, boisé, vallonné, peuplé, traversé de rivières, semé d’habitations, de moulins ou autres fabriques anciennes. Dans les années 1840, les paysagistes développent également une nouvelle facette dans ce paysage générique pictural, en représentant les étendues arides, stériles et très peu peuplées, présentes sur le territoire. Cette apparition inaugure une période nouvelle, durant laquelle l’image picturale de la Belgique se dédouble, embrassant, d’une part, les sites prisés durant les premières décennies du siècle et, de l’autre, les plaines de bruyères désertes peu à peu investies d’une valeur identitaire et élevées au rang de configuration générique nationale. / Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire de l'art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished