Syftet med studien är att förstå hur två gymnasieelever i läs- och skrivsvårigheter, på olika yrkesprogram, upplever sin undervisning i kursen Engelska 5. Följande frågeställningar har valts för att nå studiens syfte: Hur upplever eleverna att deras läs- och skrivsvårigheter påverkat deras studieresultat i kursen Engelska 5? Hur upplever eleverna att studieresultaten i kursen Engelska 5 påverkat den akademiska självbilden? Hur upplever eleverna olika bedömningspraktiker i engelskundervisningen? Studien har en kvalitativ ansats med livsberättelseintervju som metod. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i studien är fenomenologi och Amedo Giorgis femstegsmodell har tillämpats för att analysera studiens data. I resultatet framkommer att eleverna upplever att deras läs- och skrivsvårigheter har påverkat både studieresultatet i kursen Engelska 5 och den akademiska självbilden negativt. De upplever att undervisningens upplägg, med stora undervisningsgrupper, begränsat lärarstöd och inga stödinsatser, är bidragande orsaker till att de inte lyckats nå kunskapskraven i kursen Engelska 5. Eleverna upplever att den muntliga feedbacken från läraren är mest effektiv för kunskapsinhämtandet samt att strategin kamratbedömning upplevs som negativ på grund av nya gruppkonstellationer varje läsår i kursen Engelska 5. Båda elever anser att de kommer ut i ett yrke efter gymnasiestudierna oavsett om de lyckas nå kunskapskraven i kursen Engelska 5 eller ej. / The purpose of the study is to understand how two students in upper secondary school, with reading- and writing difficulties, experience their education in the course English 5. To clarify and deepen the aim of the study three questions have been used: Do the students experience that their reading- and writing difficulties have affected their academic results? In what way do the students experience that their academic results have affected their academic self-concept? How do the students experience different types of assessment? The study has a qualitative approach with life stories as a method and the theoretical frame of the study is phenomenology. Amedo Giorgi's five steps model has been used to analyze the data of the study. The results show that the students experience that their reading- and writing difficulties have affected both their academic results and their academic self-concept negatively. They experience that the structure of their lessons, with big classes, limited teacher support and no special educational support, affect their possibility to accomplish the knowledge requirements. The students experience that the oral feedback from the teacher is the most important thing to accomplish knowledge. The strategy peer review is experienced as negative due to new classes every semester in the course English 5. Both students are convinced that they will be employable after their studies regardless if they have accomplished the knowledge requirements in the course English 5 or not.

This dissertation could be viewed as being exploratory on the role that teachers play in continuous assessment in Windhoek primary schools. The demand for new knowledge, skills and abilities necessitate the change in assessment of learning. The various literature that the researcher consulted indicate that not only Namibia, but many other countries worldwide have implemented continuous assessment methods in schools. The challenges and experiences with regard to continuous assessment in these countries are somehow different although there are also some commonalities. Thus, sharing and exchanging of views and ideas on continuous assessment among these countries is advisable. A deducible meaning of continuous assessment from the various literatures is that continuous assessment means any assessment event or activity in which there is a high level of interaction between the learner and the teacher who conducts the assessment. Thus, continuous assessment may be used solely for formative purposes but may also contribute in part or in whole to a summative decision. It became clear that all assessment practices reflect a number of assumptions relating to the nature of learning and teaching, and the purpose of assessment. The researcher gained insight from the teachers themselves as participants through analysis of their textual responses. The research was primarily qualitative. Open-ended questions were used to gain a contextualised and comprehensive understanding of the teachers’ perceptions and experiences regarding continuous assessment. From this study, it transpires that an effective and transparent assessment policy is not only vital to the success of educational practice, but it can help to meet the aspirations contained in the prevailing national education system of a country. The findings provide an alternative point of view from teacher-focussed research which is often conducted in Namibia. The data analysis outlines the role teachers’ play in continuous assessment in Windhoek primary schools. The researcher proposes concrete actions and programmes that could be embarked upon for the benefit of continuous assessment practice in schools. / Teacher Education / M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

MENEZES, Lídia Azevedo de. Formação inicial de professores para avaliar na educação básica: pré e pós reforma curricular na Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú (UVA), no município de Sobral (CE). 2014. 254f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-11T11:52:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_lamenezes.pdf: 1780929 bytes, checksum: 2943b3dd0898bfa32d700ef8b2745cc7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-11T15:05:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_lamenezes.pdf: 1780929 bytes, checksum: 2943b3dd0898bfa32d700ef8b2745cc7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T15:05:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_lamenezes.pdf: 1780929 bytes, checksum: 2943b3dd0898bfa32d700ef8b2745cc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The thesis reflects the initial training of teachers pre and post curriculum reform in basic education to evaluate, considering the movement of curriculum reform and change in the model training, rational-technical, for the critical-reflective as well as the demands of educational policies of large-scale assessment. Based on the critical curriculum theory and the perspective of formative assessment. The research is characterized as qualitative, hermeneutic-dialectic of nature, of the following data: bibliographic - literature review and documentary analysis of the Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education 9394/96 - higher education, guidelines, guidelines, opinions and resolutions of the Board national Education (CNE / MEC); qualitative comparative analysis of statistical data with SPSS version 20.0: content opinion scale with a sample of 72 graduates and 254 undergraduates eleven undergraduate programs formed by Acaraú Valley State University (AVU), in Sobral, Ceará, totaling 326 subjects. The results confirmed the thesis that the initial training of teachers pre and post curriculum reform in basic education to assess demand skills and abilities provided by the Higher Education and Ministry of Education (MEC), in large-scale assessments legislation, but that have found in the course menu with a focus on evaluation of teaching and learning in undergraduate , prescriptive curriculum in the pedagogical and political project in action, is a fragmented, disciplinary, diverse background, which does not fully relate theory and practice, therefore, partially graduates and undergraduates do not develop skills and abilities to assess in basic education , and as a result of its aspects a design review that corroborates for a formative evaluation of teaching and learning in basic education prevails, as well as limitations in the development of tools and strategies review . Thus, the curricular reforms took place following the guidance of the higher education legislation, only the prescriptive curriculum, but the curriculum in action, academics have not collectively planning disciplines, interdisciplinary, relating theory and pedagogical practice, and it was found the diversity of menus with the same nomenclature, superficiality in content focusing on evaluation. Only the pedagogy course has two disciplines in the area and comparing the perceptions of graduates and undergraduates, it is understood that partially considered an improvement, as well as diversity in the design of assessment and training for the development of tools and strategies set out the need to rethink the effectiveness of initial teacher education model, based on action, reflection and action, making the reflective teacher of their practice, with the political and social commitment in ensuring learning in favor of a quality education for citizenship. One hopes that the suggestions for initial teacher training and curriculum guidelines for a policy of continuing education, contribute effectively to the development of new research and activities of the university and the government to subsidize teachers to assess in basic education, with the purpose of using evaluation results as a pedagogical tool to enhance learning. / A tese reflete a formação inicial de professores pré e pós reforma curricular para avaliar na educação básica, considerando-se o movimento de reformas curriculares e a mudança no modelo de formação, do racional-técnico, para o crítico-reflexivo, bem como as demandas das políticas educacionais de avaliação em larga escala. Fundamenta-se na teoria crítica do currículo e na perspectiva da avaliação formativa. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como qualitativa, de natureza hermenêutico-dialética, dos seguintes dados: bibliográfica - revisão de literatura e análise documental da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação 9394/96 – educação superior, orientações, diretrizes, pareceres e resoluções do Conselho Nacional de Educação (CNE/ MEC); análise comparativa qualitativa de dados estatísticos com utilização do SPSS versão 20.0: conteúdo da escala de opinião com uma amostra de 72 licenciados e 254 licenciandos de onze cursos de licenciatura formados pela Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú (UVA), em Sobral, Ceará, totalizando 326 sujeitos. Os resultados confirmaram a tese de que a formação inicial de professores pré e pós reforma curricular para avaliar na educação básica demanda competências e habilidades previstas pela legislação da educação superior e Ministério da Educação (MEC), nas avaliações em larga escala, porém o que se tem constatado, em ementa de disciplina com foco na avaliação do ensino-aprendizagem nas licenciaturas, no currículo prescritivo do projeto político pedagógico e em ação, é uma formação fragmentada, disciplinar, diversificada, que não relaciona plenamente teoria e prática, por conseguinte, parcialmente licenciados e licenciandos não desenvolvem competências e habilidades para avaliar na educação básica, e em decorrência desses aspectos, prevalece uma concepção de avaliação que não corrobora para uma avaliação do ensino-aprendizagem formativa na educação básica, bem como limitações na elaboração de instrumentos e estratégias de avaliação. Assim, as reformas curriculares aconteceram seguindo as orientações da legislação da educação superior, somente no currículo prescritivo, porém no currículo em ação, os professores universitários ainda não planejam coletivamente as disciplinas, de forma interdisciplinar, relacionando teoria e prática pedagógica, e isso foi constatado na diversidade de ementas com a mesma nomenclatura, superficialidade em conteúdos com foco na avaliação. Somente o curso de Pedagogia possui duas disciplinas na área e comparando-se a percepção de licenciados e licenciandos, compreende-se que parcialmente consideraram uma melhora, bem como a diversidade na concepção sobre avaliação e formação para a elaboração de instrumentos e estratégias enunciam a necessidade de se repensar a efetivação do modelo de formação inicial de professores, fundamentados na ação, reflexão e ação, tornando o professor reflexivo de sua prática pedagógica, com o compromisso político-social na garantia da aprendizagem em prol de uma educação de qualidade, para a cidadania. Almeja-se que as sugestões para a formação inicial de professores, bem como diretrizes curriculares para uma política de formação continuada, contribuam efetivamente para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas e ações da universidade e do governo, que subsidiem os professores para avaliar na educação básica, com a finalidade de utilizar os resultados das avaliações como ferramenta pedagógica, para melhorar a aprendizagem.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-12-03T09:31:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Liviam Santana Fontes - 2015.pdf: 1855378 bytes, checksum: a223bc0cfd9826481481645ddce26389 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-04T07:44:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Liviam Santana Fontes - 2015.pdf: 1855378 bytes, checksum: a223bc0cfd9826481481645ddce26389 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-04T07:44:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Liviam Santana Fontes - 2015.pdf: 1855378 bytes, checksum: a223bc0cfd9826481481645ddce26389 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-24 / In this dissertation, we present a qualitative investigation about assessment of learning in Differential and Integral Calculus (DIC) in Science and Mathematics courses. We did a survey about scientific production on assessment of learning in higher education from 2009 to 2013. We observed that the predominant conception of evaluation is the traditional one, which values accumulation of information and reproduction of concepts. The evaluative instruments more often used are individual written examinations. Some research shows others perspectives of evaluation, such as the formative assessment, which aims to improve learning though a process of information gathering for further reflection and action. We also investigated the assessment of learning according to teacher and student comprehension in DIC, in Science - Biology, Physics and Chemistry – and Mathematics degrees of the Unidade Universitária de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas of the Universidade Estadual de Goiás. We verified that traditional evaluation is predominant in this institution much like the scientific production showed us, but some teachers have tried different evaluation procedures in favor of student learning. After this investigation, we analyze other evaluation proposal, apart from written examination, which emerged in published articles, theses, dissertations and books. We also considered the suggestions of teachers who participated in this study, and the impressions and proposals from students interviewed about this topic. With all this information, we planned and created pedagogical interventions with a group of Degree in Physics in this university. We utilized evaluative activities that could indicate learning problems to solve them through a teaching learning environment. We evidenced that the activities contributed to the teaching-learning process in a positive way. They caused changes in the teacher/researcher about her way of thinking and acting, and getting her to realize the importance of systematizing evaluation results to show to students and for better planning work. / Nesta dissertação apresentamos uma pesquisa qualitativa sobre avaliação da aprendizagem em Cálculo Diferencial e Integral (CDI) nos cursos de Licenciatura em Ciências e Matemática. Fazemos um levantamento da produção científica sobre o tema avaliação da aprendizagem no ensino superior do período de 2009 a 2013 e destacamos que a concepção de avaliação predominante é a tradicional, que valoriza a acumulação de informações e a reprodução de conceitos, e os instrumentos avaliativos mais utilizados são as provas escritas individuais. Algumas pesquisas apresentam indicativos de mudanças, com outras perspectivas de avaliação; a formativa é a mais frequente e visa melhorar as aprendizagens por meio de um levantamento de informações para reflexão e ação posteriores. Após esse levantamento, investigamos a avaliação da aprendizagem segundo a compreensão dos professores e dos estudantes da disciplina CDI nos cursos de Licenciatura em Ciências - Ciências Biológicas, Física, Química - e Matemática da Unidade Universitária de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas da Universidade Estadual de Goiás. Constatamos que, de modo semelhante ao que se apresentou nas produções científicas, nessa instituição a avaliação tradicional é predominante, mas alguns professores têm buscado procedimentos avaliativos diferenciados em favor da aprendizagem de seus alunos. Após o levantamento dessas informações, analisamos as propostas de avaliação, para além da prova escrita, que emergiram nos artigos científicos, teses, dissertações e livros publicados no período de interesse. Consideramos também as sugestões apontadas pelos professores participantes deste estudo e as impressões e propostas dos alunos entrevistados com relação a estas. Com essas informações, planejamos e realizamos intervenções pedagógicas com uma turma de Licenciatura em Física dessa universidade. Utilizamos atividades avaliativas que pudessem indicar problemas de aprendizagem para que, por meio de estratégias de ensinagem, pudéssemos solucioná-los. Constatamos que as atividades contribuíram com o processo de ensino-aprendizagem e, além disso, provocaram mudanças no modo de pensar e agir da professora/pesquisadora, ao levá-la a perceber a importância de sistematizar os resultados das avaliações, tanto para apresentá-los aos alunos quanto para um melhor planejamento do trabalho.

INTRODUÇÃO: A utilização de treinamento on-line para capacitação técnica e atualização dos profissionais de saúde sofre grande expansão, sendo importante a avaliação do impacto na prática profissional. OBJETIVOS: desenvolver e avaliar o impacto do treinamento on-line Identificação da demência em idosos, aplicado aos profissionais de saúde da atenção básica. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de produção tecnológica, quantitativa, descritiva, multivariada, correlacional, longitudinal, do tipo painel. As variáveis de critério foram: Escores de Aprendizagem e Impacto do Treinamento no Trabalho, medido em Profundidade e em Amplitude. As variáveis antecedentes integram os componentes de Reação, Características da Clientela e Suporte à Transferência. O local do estudo foi um ambulatório de atenção secundária do Sistema Único de Saúde especializado na atenção à saúde ao idoso, referência para 100 unidades básicas na zona norte de São Paulo. A amostra compôs de 40 profissionais que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão. Na análise dos dados, as escalas de Likert (1 a 5) foram apresentadas por frequências absolutas e relativas e as associações entre questões utilizaram o teste Exato de Fisher. As medidas contínuas foram apresentadas em médias, desvios padrão e medidas de posição (mínimo, máximo, quartis), a correlação das notas e das demais variáveis utilizaram os testes t-student (2 fatores) e ANOVA (3 ou mais fatores). A análise de correlação entre as variáveis de impacto utilizou o teste de Spearman, com p de 5%. RESULTADOS: O desenvolvimento do treinamento foi fundamentado na perspectiva da aprendizagem significativa, abrangendo quatro módulos. A avaliação de aprendizagem pré treinamento on-line foi 6,24 + 1,25, da pós imediata 7,66 + 1,21 e a pós tardia (180 dias após o fim do curso) 7,24 + 0,84 (notas 0 a 10) com ganho estatisticamente significante entre pré e pós imediata (p<0.005). A avaliação de reação apresentou escore de 4,26 + 0,62 com os itens tutor e material didático apresentando, respectivamente, as maiores média, 4,75 + 0,77 e 4,33 + 0,85. O impacto em profundidade foi positivo, com escore geral de 3,66 + 0,76 e o domínio da avaliação da demência teve melhor impacto 4,12 + 0,95. O impacto em Amplitude, apresentou média de 2,23 + 0,81. O Suporte à Transferência obteve média geral 2,97 + 0,81, demonstrando que há necessidade de investimentos na política de desenvolvimento de pessoal com apoio gerencial, social (dos colegas) e organizacional para a aplicação de novos conhecimentos na prática profissional. Constatou-se a associação positiva entre reação e a aprendizagem e reação com os impactos em profundidade e amplitude. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo demonstrou que o treinamento on-line construído com base nos pressupostos da aprendizagem significativa contribuiu para a capacitação dos profissionais de saúde, identificando a importância do papel do tutor especialista na área e de materiais didáticos educacionais teórico-práticos, dirigidos, dinâmicos, objetivos e contextualizados na prática profissional. A pesquisa contribuirá para o fortalecimento de propostas de educação permanente inovadoras e aderentes ao contexto tecnológico atual da saúde e da enfermagem. / INTRODUCTION: The use of e-learning for technical training and continuing education of health professionals is greatly expanding; therefore, it is important to assess its impact on professional practice. OBJECTIVES: To develop and evaluate the impact of an e-learning module on the identification of dementia in the elderly, as applied to health professionals working in primary care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a survey of production technology, quantitative, descriptive, multivariate, correlational, longitudinal panel data. The variables of criterion were: Scores of Learning and Impact of Training on Work, measured in Depth and in Breadth. The previous variables comprise the components of Reaction, Characteristics of the clientele and Support the Transfer. The study site was an outpatient secondary care in the Unified Health System specialized in health care for the elderly, and used as a reference to 100 other units in the northern region of São Paulo. Following the inclusion criteria, 40 professionals were part of the research. Evaluation of the contribution of e-learning on acquired and strengthen skills and on transfer support. In data analysis, the Likert scales (1-5) were presented as absolute and relative frequencies and associations between questions used the Fisher exact test. Descriptive analyses of continuous variables were conducted using means, standard deviations and measures of position (minimum, maximum, quartiles). notes the correlation with the other variables used the Student t test (2 factors) or ANOVA (3 or more risk factors). Correlation analysis between impact variables used Spearman\'s test, with p = 5%. RESULTS: The development of e-learning was based on the prospect of meaningful learning, with 04 module. Assessing learning on-line pre e-learning was 6.24 + 1.25, the immediate aftermath was 7.66 + 1.21 and late post (180 days after the end stroke) was 7.24 + 0.84 ,in a scale from 0 to 10, with a statistically significant increase between pre and immediate post (p<0.005). The reaction evaluation scores were 4.26 + 0.62, in a scale from 0 to 05, items with the tutor and teaching materials presenting, respectively, the highest average of 4.75 + 0.77 and 4.33 + 0.85. The impact was positive in depth with overall score of 3.66 + 0.76 It was found that the e-learning had an effect on the acquisition of the skills, with a score of 4.29 + 0.66, in a scale from 0 to 10. The impact amplitude was positive, with a mean of 2.23 + 0.81. The Transfer Support showed overall , mean 2.97 + 0.81, in a scale from 0 to 05, demonstrating that there is a need to invest in staff development policy management, social support (from colleagues), and for organizational implementation of continuous learning on the job. Constatou-se associação positiva entre reação e a aprendizagem e reação com os impactos em profundidade e amplitude. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that e-learning built from assumptions of meaningful learning contributes to the training of health professionals, identifying the importance of the role of the expert tutor in the areas of theoretical and practical education, targeted educational learning materials, dynamic, contextualized goals and professional practice. The research contributes to the literature by strengthening the evidence that innovative proposals for lifelong learning and adherence to the current technological context of health and nursing are promising.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att söka svar på om och hur formativ bedömning påverkar elevers resultat inom geometri, samt hur elever beskriver formativ bedömning. För att få svar på elevers resultat har en intervention genomförts med 21 elever i årskurs 6 där tio elever ingick i två testgrupper och elvaelever ingick i två kontrollgrupper. Elever från testgrupperna blev även intervjuade i fokusgrupper där de beskrev sitt lärande i geometri kring formativ bedömning. Den teoretiska bakgrunden som studien utgått ifrån samt studiens analysverktyg är ett begreppsligt ramverk för formativ bedömning där fem nyckelstrategier har varit i fokus både i interventionen och fokusgrupperna. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av eleverna i de två testgrupperna fick ett positivt resultat efter ha mött formativ bedömning som stöd, medan majoriteten av kontrollgruppernas resultat visade ett sämre resultat efter ha haft ordinarie stöd i matematik. Efter avslutad intervention beskrev eleverna i fokusgrupperna att de inte är vana vid formativ bedömning, utan att bedömning för dem är en samlad bedömning från lärare med betyg efter avslutande prov. Sammanfattade beskrivningar efter elevernas nya erfarenheter av formativ bedömning var att: de tydligt förstod målen med arbetet, de var positiva till öppna uppgifter som skapar diskussioner, önskade att få både återkoppling från lärare och klasskamrater samt stöd av lärare vid självbedömning. / The purpose of this study is to investigate if and how formative assessment affect pupils’ results within the area of geometry; as well look in to how pupils describes formative assessment. To answer this, an intervention was made with 21 pupils in grade 6 where ten of them was a part of two test groups and the other eleven was a part of two control groups. The pupils in the test group, was also a part of two focus groups where they described their thoughts about formative assessment in geometry. The theoretical background from which the study was based as well as the study’s analytical tools is a conceptual framework about formative assessment where five key strategies been in focus, both in the intervention and the focus groups. The result showed that most of the pupils in the two test groups had a positive result after the experience of formative assessment as support, while most of the control group showed a negative result after ordinary support in mathematics. After closed intervention, the focus groups said they´re not used to formative assessment. They are used to a summed-up assessment from their teachers consisting of grades, given after tests. To summarise the pupils’ thoughts about their new experiences of formative assessment: it was clear they understood the purpose with their work, they were open minded to tasks that lead to discussions, wanted feedback from teachers and classmates as well as support from teachers when it comes to self-assessment.

Syftet med studien är att synliggöra lärares perspektiv på hur feedback görs föratt stödja elevens lärande i grundsärskolans undervisning. Två frågeställningarhar formulerats utifrån syftet: Med vilka olika verbala och icke-verbala uttryckkommunicerar lärare feedback till eleverna i undervisningen? och Hur beskriverlärare i grundsärskolan den feedback de ger sina elever? Studien har enkvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer där 10 intervjuer med lärareinom grundsärskolan har genomförts. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är detsociokulturella perspektivet, där vi använt oss av sociokulturella begrepp somkommunikation och interaktion, proximal utvecklingszon och scaffolding i våranalys. Det insamlade datamaterialet har sedan transkriberats och analyserats. Ivår argumentation har vi tolkat det analyserade datamaterialet utifrån detsociokulturella perspektivet.Studiens resultat visar att feedback i grundsärskolan är beroende av att lärarehittar sätt att kommunicera och interagera med eleverna för att kunna gefeedback. För att lyckas med detta behöver lärarna börja med att bygga relationtill sina elever. Både lärare och elever kommunicerar på olika sätt medvarandra. Utöver verbal kommunikation används ofta bildstöd, tecken som stödoch kroppsspråk. Lärarna i studien beskriver sin feedback som individuelltanpassad utifrån varje elevs personlighet, kommunikationssätt ochutvecklingsnivå. De menar vidare att feedback ges som ett strukturellt stödunder elevens hela skoldag och som en motor för att orka jobba lite till. Mångaav lärarna menar att feedback i grundsärskolan ska utformas så att denfokuserar på och förstärker positiva beteenden eller goda prestationer. / The purpose of this study is to describe teachers' perspectives on how to offerfeedback to students with intellectual disability. Two questions have beenformulated based on this objective: What different verbal and nonverbalresources does the teacher use to communicate feedback to the students duringteaching? And how do teachers describe the feedback they give to students withan intellectual disability? A qualitative approach has been used, wheresemi-structured interviews of 10 interviews with teachers of students withintellectual disability have been conducted. The theoretical starting point is thesociocultural perspective, where we have used sociocultural concepts such ascommunication and interaction, proximal development zone and scaffolding toanalyze our results. The collected data has been transcribed and analyzed. Ourresult is an argumentation based on the sociocultural perspective.The study's results show that teachers need to find suitable ways tocommunicate and interact in order to provide feedback when teaching studentswith intellectual disability. By establishing a relationship, teachers can find away of communication that works. Both teachers and students communicatewith each other in different ways. In addition to verbal communication, imagesupport , sign language and body language are often used. The teachers in thisstudy explain that their feedback is individually designed to fit every student’spersonality, level of communication and development. They further describehow feedback is provided in the shape of structural support throughout thestudents' school day and as motivation to encourage them to do extra work.Many of the teachers believe that feedback should be designed to focus on andreinforce positive behaviors and good performances.

Inom ramen för svensk grundskola har enskilda lärare varit betrodda med en högre grad av autonomi än lärare i många andra europeiska länder. Exempelvis har lärare givits ett stort ansvar att bedöma och betygssätta elevers kunskaper. Hur lärares bedömningar går till eller hur dessa bedömningar speglar en elevs kunskap framstår inte alltid tydligt för elever. Som en följd av att svenska elevers resultat i t.ex. matematik sjunkit i internationella kunskapsmätningar, har utvärdering av skolor, lärare och elevernas prestationer ökat – därmed har lärares bedömningsarbete fått mer uppmärksamhet i den skolpolitiska debatten, i såväl partipolitik som media. Utifrån de sjunkande resultaten har flera omfattande reformer inom skolan trätt i kraft sedan juli 2011. Som exempel på dessa reformer kan nämnas en ny skollag, en reviderad läroplan för grundskolan, samt nya föreskrifter för kunskapskrav för grundskolans ämnen med ny betygsskala vilka alla är styrande för lärares undervisning och bedömning av elevers kunskaper fr.o.m. årskurs 1 t.o.m. årskurs 9. Studien beskriver och analyserar svenska matematiklärares tankestilar om bedömning och matematikkunnighet. Det teoretiska ramverk som använts är relaterat till Flecks begrepp tankekollektiv och tankestil. För att studera lärares professionella samtal om bedömning och matematikkunnighet genomfördes semistrukturerade, materialbaserade fokusgruppsintervjuer. Materialet var elevers arbete, t.ex. prov- och matematikuppgifter. Fokusgruppsintervjuerna var sekventiella, dvs. inför respektive intervju användes föregående intervjus utskrift som underlag vid planering av nya frågor. Två fokusgrupper med matematiklärare i årskurs 4-6 från två skolor intervjuades sammanlagt vid åtta tillfällen under ett år. Detta betyder att det genomfördes fyra intervjuer på respektive skola. Intervjuerna ljudinspelades och transkriberades. Lärarna från de två skolorna hade olika förutsättningar i sitt arbete. På en av skolorna fanns redan et fungerande ämneslärarlag – lärarna träffades och samverkade återkommande varje vecka för att planera och diskutera matematik. På den andra skolan hade lärarna endast kommit samman för att delta i fokusgruppsintervjuerna. Resultaten visar att även om respektive lärargrupp hade olika förutsättningar, så kan grupperna ändå betraktas som ett tankekollektiv. Resultaten visar också att två övergripande tankestilar har urskilts: bedömning som borde göras kontinuerligt och matematikkunnighet är när du kan visa och redogöra för ditt resonemang. I återkommande kollegiala samtal kan tankestilen om bedömning och matematikkunnighet synliggöras. I samtalet finns möjlighet att utmana rådande traditioner genom att formulera och omformulera den kunskap och erfarenhet som redan finns för att bygga vidare på ny. Samtalen ger även möjlighet till att problematisera och utveckla lärarnas professionella språk samt visualisera lärarnas bedömningsarbete, vilket bidrar till att utveckla matematikundervisningen. / Individual teachers have been trusted with a higher degree of autonomy within the Swedish compulsory school than teachers in many other European countries. For example, teachers have been given the responsibility to assess and grade students’ knowledge. However, how teachers’ assessments reflect students’ knowledge is not always clear to students. As a result of that the Swedish students’ performance have declined in international knowledge measurements such as PIRLS, TIMSS and PISA, evaluation of schools, teachers and students’ performance has increased. Thus, teachers’ assessment work has received much attention in the debate on education policy as well as in media. This thesis describes and analyses Swedish mathematics teachers’ thought styles on assessment and mathematical knowing. The theoretical framework that was used is related to Fleck’s concepts thought style and thought collective. In order to study teachers’ conversations on assessment, semi structured material-based focus group interviews were carried out. The material was students’ work, e.g. test items. Selection was limited to certified mathematics teachers in Swedish compulsory school, year 4-6. The interviews were sequential, i.e. the transcription from the previous interview was used as basic data when planning the next interview. Two focus groups from two schools were interviewed on eight occasions during one year, four times with each school. The interviews were audio recorded and subsequently transcribed. The conditions for the two groups were different. At one school the teachers already met and interacted every week to plan and discuss mathematics. At the other, the teachers only came together when starting to participate in these focus group interviews. The results show that even though the two teacher groups had different conditions, they can be seen as one thought collective. Moreover, the results show the emergence of two thought styles: assessment should be done continuously and students should be able to show and argue for their reasoning. It is argued that when teachers interact in conversations the thought style on assessment becomes more conscious. Also these conversations offer a possibility to problematize and develop teachers’ professional language and visualize the assessment and teaching practice, all of which improves their development in mathematical pedagogy. The results emphasize the importance of organizing and structuring collegial conversations. This issue needs to be addressed at the school management level.

Syftet med denna studie är att utveckla kunskap om hur lärares återkoppling omsätts i handling av eleverna när de undervisas i idrott och hälsa. Studien genomförs med hjälp av deltagande observationer av två lärare i idrott och hälsa inom området redskap. På dessa lärare genomförs sedan semistrukturerade intervjuer för att belysa deras uppfattning av formativ bedömning, bedömning för lärande och hur de arbetat med detta under de lektioner som observerats. Tre elever kommer även intervjuas kort under observationerna för att få deras syn på den feedback de fått från lärarna. Intervjuerna transkriberas sedan och observationerna renskrivs och därigenom har det synliggjorts fyra kategorier som belyser formativ bedömning. Det resultat jag kommit fram till visar att det finns en variation av uppfattningar av den formativa feedbacken som ges till och tas emot av elever i idrott och hälsa. Lärarna ger rikligt med feedback till eleverna under lektionerna och eleverna upplever att de får en feedback som hjälper dem i sitt lärande. Dock är den feedback som ges inte alltid av framåtsyftande karaktär och stimulerar erfarenhetstillväxt hos eleverna. / The purpose of this study is to develop knowledge about how teachers’ feedback is translated into action by students in physical education and health. The study is done through participant observation of two teachers in physical education and health in the field of gymnastics. Semistructured interviews were carried out with these teachers to highlight their perception of formative assessment, assessment for learning and how the teachers worked with this during the lessons observed. Three students were also interviewed briefly during the observations to get their views on the feedback they received from the teachers. The interviews and the observations were then analysed and thereby four categories that highlight formative assessment have been made visible. The identified finding was that there were a variety of perceptions of formative feedback that was given to and received by students in physical education and health. The teachers gave plenty of feedback to the students during the lessons and the students felt that they were getting feedback that helped them in their learning. The feedback was not always of a,forward-looking nature that stimulated growth of the students.

Undersökningen syftar till att studera hur lärare arbetar med återkoppling för att utveckla elevens skriftliga språkkunskaper i förhållande till kunskapskrav. Ett delsyfte är att även undersöka vilka möjligheter och utmaningar lärarna ser med återkoppling på elevtexter som strategi för att utveckla elevens skriftliga språkkunskaper. Undersökningen utgår ifrån forskningsfrågorna om hur lärare tolkar Skolverkets kunskapskrav, hur lärare arbetar med återkoppling på elevtexter samt hur lärare uppfattar möjligheter och utmaningar med att ge återkoppling på elevtexter. Denna undersökning utgår ifrån en kvalitativ metod, baserat på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Materialet som analyserats består av sex intervjuer med yrkesverksamma utbildade lärare i ämnet svenska. Undersökningen visar att lärarna tolkar kunskapskraven likstämmigt, men upplever att de är komplexa. Vad gäller återkopplingen på elevtexter konstateras att lärarna anpassar arbetet med återkoppling efter tid, arbetsbelastning, men också utefter eleven och den aktuella skrivuppgiften. Gemensamt för lärarna i studien är att det uppfattas som viktigt att utveckla språket, samt att en sådan utveckling sker ligger hos både läraren och eleven. / This paper investigates how teachers work with feedback to improve the student’s written language, in relation to the syllabus. Moreover, this paper intends to distinguish what opportunitiesand challenges teachers face during their work with feedback regarding the student's writtenlanguage. The study emanates from the following research questions: How do teachers interpret the language criteria in the syllabus, how are the teachers working with feedback to improve students’ written language, and at last, what challenges and opportunities do the teachers experience during the work with feedback regarding the student's written language? The survey is based on a qualitative method, more specifically semi structed interviews with respondents teaching swedish in upper secondary school, in Sweden. The study shows that teachers tend to interpret the criteria in the syllabus uniformly, despite the complex formulations there are. It was also found that teachers’ feedback is adjusted to time, workload, but also the current writing assignment. The study also shows that the teachers interviewed, believes that the students’ development in written language is important and that both teachers and students are responsible for that such development is taking place