O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a incidência das principais lesões esportivas comuns em atletas jovens de 16 a 19 anos de idade, que participaram de treinamento regular ou federado no ano de 2002, nas modalidades esportivas basquetebol, futsal e voleibol. Foram identificados, também, alguns aspectos de treinamento e estrutura médica. Para isso, aplicou-se um questionário para 323 atletas e entrevistas com 26 técnicos e 8 médicos, de 20 clubes esportivos de São Paulo. Os resultados do estudo indicaram um total de 343 lesões ou 1,7 lesão/atleta/ano. No basquetebol, as lesões mais comuns foram as entorses; a região corporal mais acometida de lesão foi a do tornozelo, seguida do joelho, coluna e dedos da mão; os armadores foram os mais afetados. No futsal, a lesão mais comum foi a entorse de tornozelo e houve ocorrência de lesão nas regiões da coxa e joelho; pivôs foram os mais afetados. No voleibol, a lesão mais comum foi a tendinite, principalmente na região do joelho, seguida das entorses e lesões musculares; a posição de meio de rede foi a mais afetada. As lesões ocorreram com uma maior freqüência em situações de treinamento. Dos 20 clubes avaliados, apenas oito possuem um médico especializado plantonista. Tal fato indica que alguns fatores de risco, como medidas preventivas em situações de treinamento, exame de pré-participação esportiva e acompanhamento médico especializado, não são devidamente organizados para os atletas jovens nos clubes avaliados / The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of the main sports injuries commonly found in young athletes in the 16-19 year age group who participated in regular or federate trainings during 2002 in sports modalities such as basketball, futsal and volleyball. Also identified were some aspects of training and clinical structure. To obtain these data, a questionnaire was applied to 323 athletes and surveys were performed among 26 coaches and 8 physicians from 20 sports clubs located in Sao Paulo (Brazil). The results of the study showed a total of 343 injuries or 1.7 injury/athlete/year. In basketball, the most common injuries were sprains, the most affected body regions in terms of injury being the ankles, followed by knees, backbones and fingers; point guards being the most affected athletes. In futsal, the most common injuries were ankle sprains, the thigh and knee regions being also affected by injuries; pivots were the most affected among the team. In volleyball, the most common injury was tendonitis, mainly in the knee region, followed by sprains and muscle injuries; the most affected position being the forward-center\'s. The frequency of injuries was higher during trainings. Only eight of the 20 sports clubs evaluated actually hire specialized emergency physicians. This fact indicates that some risk factors such as preventive measures during trainings, sports preparation evaluation, and specialized clinical monitoring are not appropriately organized for young athletes in the assessed sports clubs

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi caracterizar o último episódio de entorse de tornozelo em atletas de voleibol de alto rendimento. Participaram inicialmente deste estudo, entre os meses janeiro de 2003 e março de 2004, 114 atletas, do sexo masculino, atuantes na categoria adulta de 9 equipes, todas participantes da Divisão Especial ou Primeira Divisão do Campeonato Paulista de Voleibol. Dos 114 atletas inicialmente analisados, 21 relataram não ter sofrido nenhuma lesão nos tornozelos, portanto, seguindo os critérios de exclusão, foram analisados 93 episódios de última entorse de tornozelo de 93 atletas. Os mesmos foram entrevistados de maneira oral e individual pelo pesquisador executante, seguindo a seqüência do questionário pré-estabelecido. Foi encontrada diferença significante na correlação entre a fase da competição e a causa da entorse bem como na relação entre a posição de atuação do atleta e o fundamento realizado no momento da lesão. Apesar dos demais itens propostos nos objetivos não terem apresentado diferença significante, os resultados indicaram que 74,2% das entorses ocorreram por mecanismo de inversão, sendo, que a maioria das recidivas também ocorreram durante este movimento. A posição oposto foi a mais acometida e o fundamento bloqueio foi o que mais ocasionou entorses. Quanto as possíveis causas do trauma, a maioria aconteceu com a participação de um segundo atleta e a fase em que mais ocorreu lesão foi o treinamento. Referente à prevenção, após o último episódio de lesão, houve um aumento no uso de proteção do tipo tornozeleira, atingindo 68,9% do total de atletas. / The purpose of this research is to characterize the last ankle sprain episode occurred with volleyball high performance athletes. From January 2003 to March 2004, 114 male athletes from 9 adult category teams of the Special and First Division of São Paulo State Volleyball Championship participated of this study. From the 114 athletes analyzed, 21 have reported no ankle sprains, thus, the last 93 episodes of ankle sprain from 93 athletes were analysed following exclusion criteria. They have been individually interviewed by the researcher, following a pre-established questionnaire. A meaningful difference was found in the correlation between the competition phase and the ankle sprain cause, as well as, in the relation between the athlete?s acting position and the movement made at the injury moment. Despite the other items proposed in the objectives have not presented any significant difference, the results indicated that 74,2% of the injuries occurred due the inversion mechanism and most of the repeated ankle sprains have also occurred during this movement. The opposite position was the most affected and the blocking movement was the one that caused the most injuries. As regards the possible causes of the injuries, most of the sprains occurred when a second athlete was involved and most of them during the training period. Concerning prevention, the use of the safety protection, such as orthesis, has increased reaching 68,9% of the total athletes.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle et la fonction de la gymnastique dans la tradition de la pensée classique. En établissant le contexte, dans lequel Platon et Aristote travaillent et développent leur avis sur la gymnastique, on comprend qu’il y a trois types de gymnastique dans la tradition grecque. Ces trois types sont la gymnastique militaire, qui s’associe aux épopées homériques, la gymnastique athlétique, qui s’associe aux odes pindariques et la gymnastique médicale, qui s’associe au corpus hippocratique. Platon et Aristote reprennent les catégories déjà existantes, en élaborant le concept de chaque catégorie reprise. Platon incorpore la gymnastique dans le programme éducatif, mais il rejette la gymnastique athlétique. Hippocrate influence la pensée du philosophe athénien, qui utilise bien des éléments de la gymnastique médicale. La gymnastique possède le pouvoir de fortifier le thymique. Platon condamne chaque excès à propos de la gymnastique, parce que ce manque de modération cultive le thymique, provoquant des déséquilibres psychologiques et civiques. La gymnastique joue un rôle essentiel dans le processus vers la Forme du Beau, dans la mesure où elle s’associe directement à la beauté corporelle qui déclenche ce processus d’ascension vers l’Idée du Κάλλος. Aristote incorpore aussi la gymnastique dans le programme de formation de « la cité la meilleure ». Aristote prend grand soin de la condition corporelle des enfants, montrant en quelque sorte les résultats négatifs de la gymnastique immodérée. Il critique ainsi la gymnastique athlétique, tandis qu’il souligne que la gymnastique militaire excessive conduit à la détérioration sociopolitique. / The purpose of this thesis is to study the role and the function of gymnastike in the tradition of Classical Greek thought. Studying the context in which Plato and Aristotle developed their ideas concerning gymnastike, we comprehend that there are three types of gymnastike in Greek tradition, the military gymnastike (related to the Homeric epics), the athletic gymnastike (related to the Pindaric odes) and the medical gymnastike (related to the Hippocratic corpus). Plato and Aristotle revisit and elaborate these categories. Plato incorporates gymnastike into his educational program, but he rejects the athletic gymnastike. Hippocrates influences Plato, who seems to utilize many elements of this type (medical gymnastike). It seems that gymnastike has the ability to fortify the thymic part of the soul, nevertheless, Plato condems every excessive use of gymnastike, since this lack of moderation cultivates the thymic part, provoking psychological and civic imbalances. Gymnastike is an important factor regarding the “ascension” towards the Form of Beauty (Κάλλος). Equally, Aristotle incorporates gymnastike in his educational program. He takes great care to protect children’s physical condition, indicating in a way the negative aspects of immoderate gymnastike. Thus, he criticizes the athletic gymnastike. Aristotle underlines that the excessive use of military gymnastike leads to a socio-political deterioration.

The purpose of this explanatory sequential mixed methods study was threefold. First, this study compared the effects of two different simulation-based instructional strategies on athletic trainers’ clinical competence in performing cardiovascular screening with cardiac auscultations. Second, this study identified the athletic trainers’ perceptions of learning through simulation-based instructional strategies. Third, this study attempted to identify and offer instructional recommendations based on the outcomes. The quantitative phase analyzed cognitive and diagnostic reasoning knowledge and history-taking and clinical skills specific to cardiovascular screenings with cardiac auscultations as it was taught to athletic trainers (ATs) at a continuing professional education (CPE) course. The quantitative results found that high-fidelity and low-fidelity simulation-based instructional strategies significantly increased cognitive and diagnostic reasoning knowledge and history-taking and clinical skill from pre-test to post-test assessment on all dependent variables. When comparing the two fidelity types to each other, the analysis found that the participants in the high-fidelity simulation group gained significantly more skill when compared to the low-fidelity group. In the qualitative analysis of this study, three themes emerged specific to the perceptions of the athletic trainers’ experiences as they learn through simulation-based instructional strategies. The first theme that emerged was a clear indication that participants’ exhibited positive perceptions of learning through simulation-based instructional strategies. The second theme that emerged was that the high-fidelity simulation experience during the pre-assessment and post-assessment raised an awareness of the deficit of knowledge and skills in performing a comprehensive cardiovascular screening with cardiac auscultations. Lastly, the third theme that emerged was specific to the perceived limitations in the effectiveness of low-fidelity simulation and the perceived strengths in the effectiveness of high-fidelity simulation. A few instructional recommendations emerged from this dissertation study. Simulation-based instructional strategies are an ideal teaching method to utilize during continuing professional education courses with athletic trainers. Specifically, this study identified that both, high-fidelity and low-fidelity simulation, are effective in teaching cardiovascular screening with cardiac auscultations. Additionally, the participants perceived influences of a pre-test on the identification of their knowledge and skills deficit suggests that there are benefits of utilizing an authentic simulation pre-test as part of CPE courses. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Um grande problema em atletas com fraturas por estresse é o tempo necessário para sua recuperação completa. Nenhum método de imagem tem se mostrado eficaz em apresentar dados objetivos com relação ao tempo de recuperação dos atletas em casos de fraturas por estresse. Dois grupos foram incluídos no nosso estudo: grupo I consistente de 21 atletas com suspeita clínica de fratura de estresse (13 masculinos, idade média de 31,62 &#61617; 9,39) e grupo II consistente de 10 atletas sem sinais clínicos de fraturas de estresse (grupo controle) (seis masculinos, idade média 29,80 &#61617; 3,94). Todos os indivíduos do grupo I tiveram seguimento mínimo de seis meses e foram submetidos ao mesmo protocolo de reabilitação. Todos os atletas foram submetidos à ressonância magnética e cintilografia óssea com intervalo, entre os exames, inferior a sete dias. Um índice quantitativo foi obtido utilizando a técnica de ROI, comparando o lado afetado com o contralateral não afetado. Esta análise quantitativa foi comparada à análise semiquantitativa da ressonância magnética. Ambos os métodos mostraram 100% de sensibilidade; entretanto, sinais inespecíficos foram encontrados em 40% dos atletas assintomáticos na ressonância magnética e na cintilografia óssea. A média de captação de MDP-Tc99m na perna sintomática foi estatisticamente diferente no grupo I (2,54 &#61617; 0,77) em comparação ao grupo II (1,05 &#61617; 0,11) (p < 0,001). Um índice de 1,30 foi considerado ponto crítico onde 99% dos atletas apresentarão diagnóstico de fratura de estresse. Uma equação de regressão foi obtida, associando o tempo de recuperação necessário para o atleta e o índice calculado. Na presente amostragem de pacientes, o índice obtido por meio da cintilografia óssea nos permite obter um método objetivo para estimar o apropriado tempo de recuperação após um diagnóstico de fratura por estresse da tíbia. Entretanto, mais estudos prospectivos, com maior amostragem, são necessários para comprovar nosso achado. / A major problem in athletes with stress fractures is the length of resting time required for complete recovery. No imaging tool has been capable of offering objective data regarding the appropriate recovery time in athletes with stress fractures. Two groups of athletes were included in our study: Group I consisted of 21 athletes with clinical suspicion of tibial stress fracture (13 male; mean age + SD: 31.62 + 9.39) and, Group II consisted of 10 athletes without clinical signs of stress fracture (control group) (6 male; mean age + SD: 29.80 + 3.94). All individuals of Group I had minimum 6 months of follow up and the symptoms were recorded according to the same rehabilitation protocol. All athletes underwent to bone scintigraphy and MRI, with a mean interval between them no longer than 7 days. A quantitative index was obtained using ROI technique, comparing the affected to the non affected leg. This quantitative analysis was compared to a semi quantitative evaluation of MRI findings). Both methods showed 100% sensitivity; however, non specific signs were found in 40% of asymptomatic athletes either by MRI or by bone scan. The mean uptake of MDP-Tc99m in affected limbs were statistically different in Group I (2.54 + 0.77) in comparison to Group II (1.05 + 0.11) (p<0.001). An index of 1.30 was considered a critical point where 99% of athletes will present the clinical diagnosis of tibial stress fracture. A regression equation was obtained associating the time of recovery required for each athlete with the uptake index calculated. In the present sample of athletes the uptake index obtained through bone scintigraphy allowed us to obtain an objective method to estimate the appropriate recovering time after the tibial stress fracture diagnosis. However, more prospective studies using larger samples are needed to prove that assumption.

by Cheng Ka-Chung, Ho Fung-Ching. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-51). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.vii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.5 / Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.10 / Decision Making Objectives --- p.10 / Research Objectives --- p.11 / Research Design --- p.11 / Hypothesis Testing --- p.14 / Statistical Analysis Method --- p.17 / Sampling and Data Collection --- p.18 / Chapter IV. --- RESULTS --- p.19 / Sample --- p.19 / General Brand and Country Evaluation --- p.19 / Plot of Main Effect - Brand Name --- p.19 / Plot of Main Effect - Country-of-Origin --- p.22 / Plot of Treatments --- p.23 / Hypothesis Testing using ANOVA --- p.25 / Basic Findings --- p.25 / Other Findings --- p.27 / Pairwise t-test for Country-of-Origin Effect --- p.28 / Preferential Analysis --- p.29 / Chapter V. --- LIMITATION --- p.36 / Sampling Bias --- p.36 / Reliability --- p.36 / Validity --- p.37 / Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION --- p.38 / APPENDICES --- p.42 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.49

What happened to women who are former athletic directors of intercollegiate athletic programs during each of the four stages of the departing experience was the problem of this study. A qualitative design using personal interviews for data collection and ethnoscientific explanation for analysis of the data were used to study thirty-one women who were athletic directors between 1975 and 1986. Analytical tasks performed for each of the four levels of analysis helped answer research questions directed toward finding patterns among women in the following areas: what happened to them within and throughout the four stages of the departing experience, reasons they left the position of athletic director, and satisfaction in their subsequent job. Analysis of the data established that the departing experience occurred in four stages. How the subjects responded to the way that opportunities for female student-athletes were offered during each st3ge of the departing experience determined whether they were in positive or negative circumstances. Sixteen subjects either were in positive circumstances throughout the departing experience or ended it in positive circumstances. Fifteen subjects were either in negative circumstances throughout the departing experience or ended it in negative circumstances. The ability to reevaluate their beliefs and values, adapt to changes in their programs, make rational decisions, and influence others to support their decisions determined whether they were in positive or negative circumstances in each stage of the departing experience. In general, the findings of this study support literature on women in administrative positions and literature on the effects of job loss and job change.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi caracterizar o último episódio de entorse de tornozelo em atletas de voleibol de alto rendimento. Participaram inicialmente deste estudo, entre os meses janeiro de 2003 e março de 2004, 114 atletas, do sexo masculino, atuantes na categoria adulta de 9 equipes, todas participantes da Divisão Especial ou Primeira Divisão do Campeonato Paulista de Voleibol. Dos 114 atletas inicialmente analisados, 21 relataram não ter sofrido nenhuma lesão nos tornozelos, portanto, seguindo os critérios de exclusão, foram analisados 93 episódios de última entorse de tornozelo de 93 atletas. Os mesmos foram entrevistados de maneira oral e individual pelo pesquisador executante, seguindo a seqüência do questionário pré-estabelecido. Foi encontrada diferença significante na correlação entre a fase da competição e a causa da entorse bem como na relação entre a posição de atuação do atleta e o fundamento realizado no momento da lesão. Apesar dos demais itens propostos nos objetivos não terem apresentado diferença significante, os resultados indicaram que 74,2% das entorses ocorreram por mecanismo de inversão, sendo, que a maioria das recidivas também ocorreram durante este movimento. A posição oposto foi a mais acometida e o fundamento bloqueio foi o que mais ocasionou entorses. Quanto as possíveis causas do trauma, a maioria aconteceu com a participação de um segundo atleta e a fase em que mais ocorreu lesão foi o treinamento. Referente à prevenção, após o último episódio de lesão, houve um aumento no uso de proteção do tipo tornozeleira, atingindo 68,9% do total de atletas. / The purpose of this research is to characterize the last ankle sprain episode occurred with volleyball high performance athletes. From January 2003 to March 2004, 114 male athletes from 9 adult category teams of the Special and First Division of São Paulo State Volleyball Championship participated of this study. From the 114 athletes analyzed, 21 have reported no ankle sprains, thus, the last 93 episodes of ankle sprain from 93 athletes were analysed following exclusion criteria. They have been individually interviewed by the researcher, following a pre-established questionnaire. A meaningful difference was found in the correlation between the competition phase and the ankle sprain cause, as well as, in the relation between the athlete?s acting position and the movement made at the injury moment. Despite the other items proposed in the objectives have not presented any significant difference, the results indicated that 74,2% of the injuries occurred due the inversion mechanism and most of the repeated ankle sprains have also occurred during this movement. The opposite position was the most affected and the blocking movement was the one that caused the most injuries. As regards the possible causes of the injuries, most of the sprains occurred when a second athlete was involved and most of them during the training period. Concerning prevention, the use of the safety protection, such as orthesis, has increased reaching 68,9% of the total athletes.

Physical and chemical properties of non-composted spent coffee (CF) and tea (T) suggest they may have applications as soil amendments for improving poor soils. Studies were conducted to determine 1) the effect of amendments on grass growth and soil properties, 2) the effect of incorporation versus surface application of amendments on soil properties, and 3) the effect of amendment application frequency on grass growth and soil properties. In the first study, amendments were mixed with sand and planted to bermudagrass. Treatments included CF, T, and peat moss (PM) mixed with sand, and 100% sand as a control. In the second study, amendments were topdressed onto a sand base with different timings. Pots were either aerified or not. Treatments included T, CF, PM, and a control. Nutrient contents and soil CEC and OM under CF and T treatments were equivalent to or greater than PM treatments. Tea showed comparable grass cover to the PM treatment, while CF showed an inhibitory effect to grass growth in the first year of the study. Aerification showed no benefit. Additionally, a field study was conducted to evaluate CF and T on surface hardness, VWC, and quality after trafficking. Differences were not observed among treatments.

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is the nonprofit governing body of college athletics. They oversee three distinct divisions of competition containing over 430,000 student athletes and over 1,000 member institutions.[1] Their primary task is to ensure all student-athletes and the universities they attend adhere to the extensive rules and regulations outlined in the Associations manual, namely, to abide by principles of amateurism, defined by the Association as agents that do not receive any payment above travel expenses or a grant-in-aid scholarship for competing in sports endeavors. The problem is the NCAA is currently financially and academically exploiting college athletes. The Association possesses an inordinate amount of control over young men and women, and they exercise this power to exploit their unrecognized labor force and generate billions of dollars in revenues, while restricting the amount of compensation the athletes receive to a number well below what the free market will bear. College athletes are not receiving any of the money they produce, and most will not benefit in any real way from the educational product they are provided. The system must be reformed. The first step will be to eliminate financially defined amateurism along with the NCAA’s expansive rulebook. Second, student athletes should be allowed to set their own course load. This includes not taking any classes if they choose, thus ending the charade that athletes are recruited to campus as students first, even when it is clear many have no interest in academics. Third, courses should be tailored to pique the interest of athletes, namely offering majors in sports. Finally, university athletic departments need to be scaled down to truly comply with Title IX requirements and stop wasting exorbitant sums of money. The hypocrisy and deception must end. [1] “About the NCAA,” National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2013, http://www.ncaa.org/.