Sports have become economic activity. Marketing, especially marketing communication has played an important role in its shift from pure nonprofit basis to more commercial character. The thesis examines development of communication in one of the sports, athletics (track & field) in the Czech Republic (CR). In terms of narrow approach to marketing in sports it focuses on these subjects - Czech athletic federation, meetings in the CR, Czech athletes. It analyzes level of communication, suggests solutions to improvement of athletics` status in the Czech Republic using promotion. It is one of the first sources of marketing communication in given sports branch.

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos de um microciclo de treinamento intensivo (8 dias), associado ou não à suplementação com carboidratos (CHO), sobre parâmetros metabólicos, hormonais, marcadores de lesão tecidual e estoques de lipídios intramiocelulares em corredores de longa distância. Os efeitos cumulativos desse período de treinamento intensivo e da suplementação com CHO também foram analisados sobre uma sessão de exercício intermitente de alta intensidade e performance atlética (9º dia). Participaram do estudo 24 corredores de longa distância do sexo masculino com 28,0±1,3 anos de idade. Os corredores foram distribuídos em dois grupos (grupo CHO ou grupo controle - CON). No grupo CHO, após treinamento intensivo, foram aumentadas as concentrações dos lipídios intramiocelulares (+0,0061±0,0022 e +0,0008±0,0043 vs. CON: -0,0091±0,0053 e -0,0224±0,0151; dos músculos tibial anterior e sóleo, respectivamente), da testosterona total (694,0±54,6 ng/dL vs. CON: 610,8±47,9 ng/dL) e de sua fração livre (552,7±49,2 pmol/L vs. CON: 395,7±36,6 pmol/L). No 9º dia o protocolo consistiu em uma sessão de 10 séries de 800m (100%Vm3km), com pausa de 1min 30s entre as séries. Antes e após a sessão os atletas realizaram teste máximo de 1.000m. A queda no desempenho do 2º teste de 1.000m foi menor no grupo CHO (5,3±1,0%) vs. 10,7±1,3% no CON. As concentrações de glicose, lactato, epinefrina, cortisol e GH aumentaram após as 10x800m em ambos os grupos. No entanto, essa resposta foi atenuada no grupo CHO para cortisol (22,4±0,9 pmol/L vs. CON: 27,6±1,4 pmol/L) e GH (21,8±5,6 ng/mL vs. CON: 36,7±5,0 ng/mL). Ainda após as 10x800m, as concentrações de LDH e DNA livre foram menores no grupo CHO (509,2±23,1 U/L e 48.240,3±5.431,8 alelos/mL) quando comparadas às do grupo CON (643,3±32,9 U/L e 73.751,8±11.546,6 alelos/ mL, respectivamente). Durante o período de recuperação, a diminuição do cortisol, associada às maiores glicemias e insulinemias no grupo CHO, pode ter resultado em efeito anabólico e atenuação da resposta inflamatória. Conclui-se que a suplementação com CHO atenuou a supressão do eixo hipotalâmico-pituitáriogonadal, além de promover melhora do desempenho atlético, aumento dos estoques de lipídios intramiocelulares e menores respostas catabólicas e dos marcadores de dano tecidual / This study aimed to evaluate the effects of intensive microcycle training (8days), with and without CHO supplementation, on the metabolic and hormonal responses of long distance runners. Markers for tissue damage and intramyocellular lipid stores were also investigated, along with the cumulative effects of this kind of CHO supplementation on a further session of high intensity intermittent running and athletic performance (day9). The study included 24 male long distance runners with a mean age of 28.0±1.3 years. The runners were divided into two groups (CHO (supplementation) and CON (control)). In the CHO group, the intramyocellular lipids (+0.0061 ± 0.0022 + 0.0008 ± 0.0043 and vs. CON: -0.0091 ± 0.0053 and -0.0224 ± 0.0151; for the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles, respectively) total testosterone (694.0± 54.6 ng/dL vs CON: 610.8±47.9 ng/dL) and its free fraction (552.7±49.2 pmol/L vs CON: 395.7±36.6 pmol/L) were increased after intensive training. On the 9th day all participants ran 10X800m at 100% Vm3km intensity. An all-out 1000m run was performed before and after the 10X800m session and it was noted that the performance decrease for the second 1000m was lower for the CHO-group (5.3±1.0% vs. CON: 10.6±1.3%). Glucose, lactate, epinephrine, cortisol and GH concentrations increased after 10x800m in both groups, but an attenuated response was noted for the CHO group for cortisol (22.4±0.9 pmol/L vs. CON: 27.6±1.4 pmol/L) and GH (21.8±5.6 ng/mL vs. CON: 36.7± 5.0 ng/mL). Moreover, the LDH and free plasma DNA concentrations were lower in the CHO group (509,2±23,1 U/L e 48.240,3±5.431,8 Allels/mL) compared to the CON group ((643,3±32,9 U/L e 73.751,8±11.546,6 Allels / mL, respectively) after the 10X800m run. During the recovery period, the observed lower cortisol response in the CHO group as well as to the higher glucose and insulin concentrations may have resulted in better anabolic effects and attenuation of inflammantion response. This may be linked to. In conclusion CHO supplementation attenuates the suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonodal axis, and result in better physical performance, higher levels of intramyocellular lipid stores, and lower catabolic responses and levels of markers for tissue damage

Elite sport is tied to high demands and the sport milieus are on a constant quest to get new top results and produce new talented athletes to achieve them. According to Systems Theory, no phenomena is to be understood without understanding the context in which it exists. Former research within the Holistic Ecological Approach have relied on this perspective to study how the environment can be formed to develop talented athletes. What has not been studies is elite athletes’ own perceptions of how the characteristics of the environment has contributed to their athletic career, and what characteristics of the environment they find important to be able to continue their elite career. This purpose of this thesis was therefore to investigate this by interviewing 10 elite athletes who compete with the world top athletes in their sport. Each of the participants lived in the south-west of Sweden and represented traditionally individual sports. The thesis concluded that the values of the family and the competition friendly culture of the childhood sports club had been important environmental characteristics in developing the career, together with interactions of key persons and key events. To continue their careers, the participants expressed the importance of a holistic wellbeing through the understanding from all parts of their environment, together with the possibility of equal sparring as most important. / Elitidrott har många höga krav knutna till sig och idrottsmiljöer strävar ständigt efter nya toppresultat och att få fram nya talangfulla elitidrottare som kan utföra dem. Enligt systemteorin kan inget fenomen - så även elitidrott - förstås om man inte också förstår kontexten det befinner sig i, och tidigare forskning inom det holistiskt ekologiska perspektivet har utifrån detta undersökt miljöns betydelse ur ett Holistiskt Ekologiskt Perspektiv för att undersöka hur miljön kan utformas för att bidra till talangutveckling. Vad som inte undersökts är elitidrottares egen uppfattning om hur miljön har bidragit till deras idrottskarriär, och vilka egenskaper i miljön de ser som viktiga för att kunna fortsätta bedriva elitidrottskarriär. Syftet för uppsatsen var därför att undersöka detta genom att intervjua 10 elitidrottare som tävlar på internationell elitnivå inom respektive idrotter. Samtliga deltagare var bosatta i sydvästra Sverige och representerade traditionellt individuella idrotter. Det framkom att familjens värderingar och en positiv tävlingskultur i moderklubben varit viktiga för idrottskarriären, samt interaktionen med nyckelpersoner och nyckelhändelser. För att fortsätta utvecklas såg idrottarna ett holistiskt välmående genom förståelse från alla delar av sin miljö, och möjlighet till jämbördig sparring som de viktigaste miljöegenskaperna.

The purpose of this study was to explore athletic identity, identity foreclosure, and career maturity in a sample of undergraduate college students currently enrolled in kinesiology and physical education classes at a university in the southern United States. Students were provided with an internet link that requested them to complete a demographic survey, the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), the foreclosure subscale of the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status, and the Attitude Scale (Form A-2) of the Career Maturity Inventory. Examination of the Pearson moment correlations indicated that the higher the sport participation during high school, the greater the athletic identity and identity foreclosure, and lower the career maturity attitudes. ANOVAs were performed to examine differences between males (n = 123) and females (n = 183), kinesiology (n = 181) and non-kinesiology majors (n = 125), and white (n = 144) and non-white students (n = 162) on athletic identity, identity foreclosure, and career maturity. Results showed that males scored significantly higher on athletic identity and identity foreclosure, and significantly lower on career maturity than females. Kinesiology students had scores significantly higher on athletic identity and identity foreclosure, and lower on career maturity. Finally, individuals that identified their ethnicity as White had higher athletic identity, lower identity foreclosure, and significantly higher career maturity than individuals who identified as an ethnicity other than white. Although the relationships in this study are in line with what has been found in previous research, the relationships among this sample of undergraduate students were weak. Future research should replicate the study using a measurable level of sport skill level. Future research should also consider introducing an intervention with a career development program, and track participants' athletic identity, identity foreclosure, and career mature before, during, and after implementation of the program.

The Diploma thesis deals with the processing of project documentation of tribune construction and sporting facilities of athletic stadium in Zlin. Project documentation and attachments are processed according the current legislation, regulations and standards. The tribune is situated on a plot 1090/26, st.5541, which belongs to cadastral area of municipality Zlín, Hradská 854, Zlín. The premises takes up ground plan area of 988,5m2 and the carrying system is designed by skeletal system from prefabricated pieces. This three-storey building lies in natural slope and partly is embedded into in. Capacity of tribune is about 650 spectators and sporting facilities can use about 90 persons.

Title: The comparison of standing and crouch start Objectives: Analysis of time differences in base running from the position of standing and crouch start. Another goal was to compare these starts in group of male sprinters and then to compare these starts with female softball players. Methods: Mainly document analysis was used in my diploma thesis. The author used both Czech and foreign sources. The foreign sources were mainly scientific researches, professional studies and articles from scientific journals. The issue was closely linked to running bases in softball, athletic starts and strenght training focused on thy dynamic component. Standing and crouch starts were then examined in detail. Results: It was found that the standing start compared to the crouch start enhances the results of female softball players by 0,06 s at the distance of 20 meters. The difference in the group of male athletes was only 0,01 s. Major differences were observed in female softball players already within the first 5 meters where the first time difference appeared. This difference was gradually rising until the end of the 20 m distance. Keywords: base running, running in softball, athletic start, three-point stance start, standing start, crouch start

The purpose of the study was to examine former men's elite hockey players' experiences of the transition from sports to careers afterwards. All participants have played in the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) which is the highest hockey league in Sweden. Eleven interviewees participated in the survey, only men aged 35-53 (M = 43, SD = 5.29). The study used a semi-structured interview guide to conduct the interviews and it was produced using the holistic career development model (Wylleman, 2019) and the athletic career transition model (Stambulova, 2009). The results showed that all participants experienced challenges in making the career transition from elite hockey players to civilian life. The biggest challenges were an uncertainty about the future in the form of not knowing what to do after their elite career. The participants felt that the support from family, friends and the club were important resources during the transition. Barriers that emerged were unpredictable transitions in the form of injuries, many participants focused only on sports, did not see that there is a life after the career and that one day there will be an end to the sports career. The coping strategies that the participants highlighted were to use a double career by studying sports or working when given the opportunity, to be aware of the career after elite hockey in the form of preparations for working life. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka före detta herr elithockeyspelares upplevelser av övergången från idrott till karriären efteråt. Samtliga deltagare har spelat i den Svenska Hockeyligan (SHL) vilket är den högsta hockeyligan i Sverige. I undersökningen deltog elva intervjupersoner, enbart män i åldrarna 35–53 (M=43, SD=5.29). I studien användes en semistrukturerad intervjuguide för att genomföra intervjuerna och den togs fram med hjälp av holistiska karriärutvecklingsmodellen (Wylleman, 2019) och karriärutvecklingsmodellen (Stambulova, 2009). Resultatet presenteras utefter studiens frågeställningar som består av utmaningar, resurser, barriärer och copingstrategier vid karriärövergången. Resultatet påvisade att samtliga deltagare upplevde utmaningar med att göra karriärövergången från elithockeyspelare till civila livet. De största utmaningarna var en osäkerhet på framtiden i form av att de inte vet vad de ska göra efter elitkarriären. Deltagarna upplevde att stödet från familj, vänner och förening var viktiga resurser under övergången. Barriärer som framkom var oförutsägbar övergång i form av skador, många deltagare fokuserade endast på idrotten, såg inte att det finns ett liv efter karriären och att det en dag kommer ett avslut på idrottskarriären. De copingstrategier som deltagarna lyfte fram var att använda sig av en dubbel karriär genom att studera upptill idrotten eller att arbeta när tillfälle gavs, att vara medveten om karriären efter elithockeyn i form av förberedelser inför arbetslivet.

Nowadays, new media play a big role in the world and among other things, they also change the role of classical media. Their use also significantly affects daily life in society. The possibility of communication through these channels is currently used not only by publicly known personalities and commercial entities, but also, for example, by non-profit organizations or sports associations. Diploma thesis Sports associations and new media: comparison of the vision and the reality of communication on the example of the Czech Athletic Federation (ČAS) is a case study, which examines the using of new media for the effective communication of the association with fans and journalists. The aim of this thesis is to describe the functioning of ČAS on social networks, namely on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, and then to compare the actual state of communication with the ideas and visions of the employees of the association. First, the most important terms used in the thesis are described. The theoretical part defines new media and describes in detail the representatives of new media, which is further researched, namely Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. Then the Czech Athletic Association and social networks are introduced. The second chapter defines the research methods that were used. It describes how the...

Syftet med den föreliggande studien var att undersöka rollen av prestationsångest och ältande mellan dispositionell mindfulness och självskattad prestation. Det var totalt 53 idrottare (22 kvinnor, 31 män; Målder = 29.32, SD = 12.28 år) från 18 olika idrotter som deltog i studien. Studien var av kvantitativ longitudinell design (tre tillfällen under en fyra veckors period) där den oberoende variabeln, den beroende variabeln och två möjliga mediatorer undersöktes med hjälp av Athletic Mindfulness Questionnaire, Sport Performance Questionnaire, Sport Anxiety Scale-2, och Rumination Reflection Questionnaire. Resultaten visade ingen signifikant indirekt effekt av dispositionell mindfulness på självskattad prestation genom varken ältande eller prestationsångest. Resultaten indikerar att ältande och prestationsångest inte medierar förhållandet mellan dispositionell mindfulness och självskattad prestation i det undersökta urvalet. Det diskuteras att mindfulness ändrar förhållandet idrottaren har med ångesten istället för att sänka den upplevda nivån av ångest. Forskning om ältande som en mediator mellan mindfulness och prestation diskuteras som sällsynt, vilket kan göra kunskapen om förhållandet otillräckligt för att göra några bestämda uttalanden. Resultaten bör tolkas med försiktighet med tanke på att undersökningen gjordes på en heterogen grupp av idrottare med en subjektiv mått av prestation. Vidare forskning bör fokusera på en bestämd grupp och använda mer objektiva mått på prestation, samt använda ett idrottsspecifik instrument för att mäta ältande. Nyckelord: prestationsångest, dispositionell mindfulness, idrottsprestation, idrottare / The purpose of this study was to examine the role of sport-trait anxiety and rumination in the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and self-assessed performance. A total of 53 athletes (22 women, 31 men; Mage = 29.32, SD = 12.28 years) from 18 different sports participated. A quantitative longitudinal design (three-time measures within a four-week period) was conducted wherein the independent and dependent variables, as well as the two potential mediators were measured using Athletic Mindfulness Questionnaire, Sport Performance Questionnaire, Sport Anxiety Scale-2, and Rumination Reflection Questionnaire. The results showed no significant indirect effect of dispositional mindfulness on self-assessed performance through neither sporttrait anxiety nor rumination. These findings indicate that sport-trait anxiety and rumination do not mediate the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and self-assessed performance in the examined sample. Mindfulness is discussed as altering the athlete’s relationship with anxiety rather than lowering the perceived levels of anxiety. Since research on rumination as a mediator between mindfulness and performance is very scarce, the knowledge about the relationship might be insufficient to make any decisive statements. Findings are to be taken with caution given the heterogeneous sample of athletes considered and the use of a subjective measure of performance. Further research should focus on a more targeted group and use a more objective performance measure, as well as a sport-specific rumination scale. Keywords: sport-specific anxiety, dispositional mindfulness, athletic performance, athlete

Title: The use of movement games in athletics training of children U6 - U8 Aim: The aim of this thesis was the creation of the inventory of movement games for children in athletic training. It is based on a questionnaire survey, which find out clarity of rules and how classify everyone to individual training. Methodology: Based on a literature research and established criteria were selected 15 movement games, which were included in the training of children in athletic training. The research group consisted of 20 children aged 6 to 8 years (11 girls, 9 boys). The research group also included 2 coaches. The popularity and clarity of the rules for children was determined in the form of a questionnaire survey, immediately after the games were completed. The results were converted into tables and then compared. Based on the coach's questionnaire survey, selected games were supplemented with certain rules, modifications and implementation procedures. Results: In this thesis was created the inventor of 15 movement games, which can be involved in the training of children in athletic preparations. Games are divided according to the skills (run, jump, throw), that can be acquire while playing and that's why are suitable for children of category U6 - U8. The results show that movement games are very popular...