Title: Description of somatotype as part of sports performance in sports dance. Objectives: Create images of selected portions of the structure of sport performance in sport dancing. Help everyone in this sport. Establish model Czech dance couples in the world's top closer, only with a certain measurement for certain segments of the exercise. Methods: For the Purposes of this paper we will work with methods: analysis of scientific literature, the method of interviewing, observation method. Results: The aim was to show the close similarity between the partners and partner dancing couples individually and as a whole. These results I was able to prove (the differences were minimal). Based on my research, it is possible to generalize the model, which is important for dance and sport for all athletes who want to get closer world leaders. Keywords: Sports performance, sports dance, posture, BMI, WHR, height, weight, Latin American and Standard dances, somatotype.

Inúmeras estratégias que promovam aumento de força e hipertrofia musculares vêm sendo estudadas, com destaque para a suplementação de HMB (beta-hidroxi-beta-metilbutirato). Ainda que possua literatura controversa na área, um grupo de pesquisadores publicou nos últimos anos dois estudos com desenho experimental semelhante (randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo) em que sujeitos previamente treinados em força eram submetidos a doze semanas de treinamento de força suplementando com HMB-AL ou placebo. Após período de treinamento associado à suplementação, o grupo HMB apresentou ganhos expressivos de força e massa muscular. Parte das explicações para resposta de tamanha magnitude é o tipo de suplemento utilizado, nesse caso, HMB em forma de ácido livre (HMB-AL) e não em forma de sal de Cálcio (HMB-Ca), utilizado na maioria dos estudos. Por conta disso, o objetivo do projeto foi comparar as respostas de força e hipertrofia musculares de sujeitos treinados suplementados com HMB-AL, HMB-Ca ou placebo submetidos a um programa de treinamento de força. 45 sujeitos treinados em força fizeram parte do estudo, eles foram randomizados em 3 grupos: grupo que tomou 3g HMB-AL, 3g de HMB-Ca e 3g placebo. Todos foram submetidos a um programa de treinamento de 12 semanas, onde eram realizadas 2 sessões por semana. O período de suplementação correspondeu às 12 semanas de treino. Antes e após intervenção, os atletas foram submetidos a testes de força dinâmica máxima, contração voluntária máxima, composição corporal (DXA) e área de secção transversa (ultrassom). O grupo suplementado com HMB-AL teve uma tendência a otimização de ganhos em massa muscular, quando comparado ao grupo HMB-Ca (p=0,09). Quando comparado ao grupo placebo, esse valor atingiu significância (p=0,03), ou seja, o suplemento foi capaz de otimizar o ganho de massa magra em indivíduos treinados. Adicionalmente, o grupo HMB-AL também aumentou mais a carga total de treino, no exercício leg press, quando comparado ao grupo HMB-Ca (p=0,02) e placebo (p=0,03). Todos os grupos ganharam força no exercício de supino de forma similar e o aumento da contração voluntária máxima, também foi similar entre os grupos, não tendo efeito adicional do suplemento. Possivelmente, o HMB-AL tenha algum efeito positivo em otimizar as respostas de hipertrofia e força muscular, ainda que marginal, em indivíduos treinados em força, submetidos a 12 semanas de treino de força / Strength and muscle gain are common goals among healthy individuals and athletes who perform resistance training. A vast number of strategies have been studied in order to improve those characteristics, including HMB supplementation (beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate). Although it has controversial literature in the area, recently, a group of researchers published two studies with similar experimental design (randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled) in which subjects previously resistance-trained were submitted to twelve weeks of resistance training either supplementing with HMB-FA or placebo. After training period associated with supplementation, HMB group showed significant strength gains and muscle mass improvement. This response could be explained by the type of supplement used: free acid HMB (HMB-FA) not the commom form of HMB used in most of the studies (Calcium salt HMB or HMB-Ca). Regarding, the aim of the study is to compare muscle strength and hypertrophy responses of trained subjects supplemented with HMB-FA, HMB-Ca or placebo after a resistance training program of 12 weeks. 45 resistance-trained men took part of the study, they were randomized into 3 groups: group that took 3g HMB-FA, 3g of HMB-Ca or 3g of placebo. All individuals were submitted to a 12-week training program, where 2 sessions per week were held. The supplementation period corresponded to the 12 weeks of training. Before and after intervention, the athletes were submitted to tests of maximum dynamic force, maximum voluntary contraction, body composition (DXA) and cross-sectional area (ultrasound). The HMB-FA group tended to optimize gains in muscle mass when compared to the HMB-Ca group (p = 0.09). When compared to the placebo group, this value reached significance (p = 0.03). In addition, the HMB-FA group also increased the total training load in the leg press exercise when compared to the HMB-Ca group (p = 0.02) and placebo (p = 0.03). All groups gained similar strength in bench press exercise and increased maximal voluntary contraction was also similar between groups, with no additional effect of supplementation. Possibly, HMB-FA has some positive effect on optimizing hypertrophy and muscle strength, in resistance-trained men individuals undergoing 12 weeks of resistance training

The performances of athlete pairs correspond to the agency observed in self, relational, and collective efficacy beliefs. A dyadic perspective offers potentially important conceptual and methodological advantages to the investigation of interdependent action. The general purpose of this thesis was to investigate how athletes influence one another in athlete pairs of different (i.e., distinguishable) roles with a specific focus on the efficacy-performance relationship. Chapters 1 and 2 provide the general introduction and review of literature on dyads and efficacy beliefs. Chapters 3-6 include original research. In Chapter 3 relationships among the individual- and dyad-level performances of cheerleading pairs competing at a national-level competition were assessed to provide a measurement tool for dyadic performance settings in which athletes have distinguishable roles. In Chapter 4 person-related sources of variance (in line with the Social Relations Model framework) in athletes’ efficacy beliefs and performances were examined during repeated performance trials of a paired-cheerleading stunt-task with distinguishable roles. The purpose of Chapter 5 was to examine the efficacy-performance predictive chain of an athletic dyad task to extend Feltz’ (1982) efficacy-performance path analysis in an individual sporting context in conjunction with the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model appropriate for dyads with distinguishable roles. The purpose of Chapter 6 was to conduct a replication of the Social Relations Model investigation in Chapter 4 using same-gender distinguishable dyads and extending the framework to four-person cheerleading groups. The final chapter is a summary of the findings with commentary on the findings’ implications, strengths and limitations of the studies, identification of future research directions, and significance of the findings. Overall, the findings in this thesis support that task structure, dyadic relations, and athlete role in a team-task influence how athletes perceive and are perceived relative to self, relational, and collective abilities, with some effects including implications for efficacy-performance predictive relationships.

This study examined the validity of various scaling methods, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) peak force using various scaling methods, and the relationships between IMTP peak force and countermovement jump height. Fifty-one collegiate baseball and soccer athletes performed two maximal IMTPs. Absolute peak force was compared between teams and when data were scaled using ratio (RS), traditional allometric (ALLOTrad), and fitted allometric (ALLOFit) scaling. ALLOTrad and ALLOFit validity was violated because different derived exponents existed for baseball (b = 0.20) and soccer (b = 1.20). Soccer athletes produced greater RS peak force compared to baseball (p = 0.012), while no difference existed with absolute, ALLOTrad or ALLOFit (all p > 0.05) peak force. Moderate relationships existed between body mass and absolute (r = 0.402, p = 0.003) and RS (r = -0.328, p = 0.019) peak force, while trivial relationships existed with ALLOTrad and ALLOFit (both r < -0.10, p > 0.05). Trivial relationships existed between countermovement jump height and absolute, RS, ALLOTrad, and ALLOFit (all r < 0.20, p > 0.05) peak force. The current dataset violated allometric scaling assumptions, making it inappropriate to use ALLOTrad and ALLOFit scaling. Practitioners must understand the assumptions, limitations, and purpose of scaling methods.

The purpose of this study was to compare ground contact time between an optical measurement system and a force platform. Participants in this study included six collegiate level athletes who performed drop jumps and sprint strike steps for a total of 15 repetitions each. Ground contact data was simultaneously collected from an optical measurement system and a force platform, at a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz. Data was then analyzed with Pearson’s correlation and paired sample t-tests. The measures from the optical measurement system were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) than measures from the force platform in both conditions. Although significantly different, the extremely large relationships (0.979, 0.993) found between the two devices suggest the optical sensor is able to detect similar changes in performance to that of a force platform. Practitioners may continue to utilize optical sensors to monitor performance as it may provide a superior user-friendly alternative to more traditional based monitoring procedures, but must comprehend the inherent limitations due to the design of the optical sensors.

A review of the literature regarding Applied Behavior Analysis within various sports settings shows that behavioral coaching is more effective than traditional coaching methods. Specifically, goal setting and publicly posted feedback improved the athletic performance of college level football players in two studies, and high school soccer players in one study. The present study found goal setting and publicly posted feedback improved tennis performance for six participants. A multiple baseline across participants design was used. Specifically, the participants improved their corner hitting ability, which is an important competitive shot in tennis. The participants improved their corner hitting ability from an average of 11.8% in baseline to 19.6% in intervention.

This study used video feedback to improve the horseback riding skills of advanced beginner riders. The study focused on three skill sets, those used in jumping over obstacles, dressage riding on the flat, and jumping position riding on the flat. Baseline consisted of standard lesson procedures. Intervention consisted of video feedback in which a recorded attempt at the target behaviors was immediately shown to the rider and the instructor. The rider and instructor reviewed the video while the instructor delivered feedback. Target behaviors were scored according to checklists that correspond to each skill. For all participants, video feedback increased their correct riding skills.

Introdução: A Organização Mundial da Saúde, em 2012, estimou que um terço da população de indivíduos de zero a 17 anos tinham excesso de peso. Dieta inadequada e prática insuficiente de atividade física são fatores que contribuem para esse cenário. O incremento da prática de atividade física é parte fundamental do tratamento dos adolescentes com excesso de peso mas pouco se conhece sobre a importância da adequação do tipo da atividade física às capacidades motoras dos jovens obesos. A hipótese do presente estudo é que há diferenças no desempenho nos testes de aptidão física desses adolescentes em comparação com seus pares eutróficos. Espera-se que com esses resultados o estudo possa contribuir para as discussões sobre como aumentar a adesão à prática de atividades físicas nesse grupo de adolescentes. Objetivo: Investigar a associação do estado nutricional com o desempenho em testes de aptidão física em adolescentes escolares. Métodos: Estudo do tipo transversal, retrospectivo, baseado em dados previamente coletados pelo projeto de identificação de potenciais atletas pela Secretaria de Esportes, Lazer e Cultura do município de São Caetano do Sul em 2011 (estudo primário). No estudo atual, foram analisados dados de 3.062 adolescentes (10 a 19 anos incompletos). As variáveis independentes foram gênero, idade, estado nutricional, porcentagem de gordura corporal (protocolo de Slaughter), indicador da maturação biológica (medido pelo Pico de Velocidade de Crescimento) e unidade escolar. As variáveis dependentes foram o desempenho em cinco testes de aptidão física: aptidão cardiorrespiratória (Yo-yo teste), velocidade (corrida de 10 metros), flexibilidade (teste de sentar e alcançar), força de membros superiores (arremesso de medicineball) e força de membros inferiores (salto horizontal). A análise descritiva incluiu frequências absolutas e relativas, médias e desvio-padrão das variáveis estratificadas por gênero. A análise estatística realizada para cada variável dependente utilizou o método estatístico inferencial multivariado denominado Modelo Linear Misto Generalizado. Resultados: 1.563 adolescentes são meninos (51%), 61% estão na faixa etária de 10 a 12 anos (média de idade = 12,6 anos ± 1,8), 35% foram classificados com excesso de peso pelo z-escore do índice de massa corporal (IMC), sendo que a prevalência de sobrepeso nessa amostra foi de 22,8% (95%IC 21,0%-24,0%) e de obesidade 12,5% (95%IC 11,4%-13,8%). Na análise multivariada observou-se que os meninos apresentaram melhor desempenho do que as meninas em todos os testes de aptidão física, exceto em flexibilidade no qual as meninas desempenharam melhor. Ao analisarmos as meninas separadamente, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante no desempenho nos testes de aptidão cardiorrespiratória, velocidade e flexibilidade, quando comparamos as três classificações de estado nutricional. Já nos testes de força de membros superiores e membros inferiores, as meninas com excesso de peso tiveram um melhor desempenho em relação às meninas eutróficas, em ambos os testes. Quanto aos meninos, aqueles com sobrepeso e obesidade demonstraram menor aptidão do que seus pares eutróficos nos testes de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e velocidade. No teste de força de membros superiores, os adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentaram resultados melhores do que seus colegas eutróficos. Já nos testes de força de membros inferiores e flexibilidade, os jovens com sobrepeso tiveram desempenho semelhante ao dos seus pares eutróficos. Conclusão: Identificamos particularidades da aptidão física de adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade que pode guiar a orientação da prática de atividade física para esses indivíduos. O desempenho no teste de força de MMSS foi melhor entre adolescentes com excesso de peso e força de MMII igual a de seus pares eutróficos. Portanto, exercícios e modalidades de força deveriam ser incluídos no planejamento de atividades físicas desses adolescentes considerando que isso pode promover motivação e adesão à prática de atividade física regular / Objective: To investigate the association of nutritional status with performance in physical fitness tests in school adolescents. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study based on data previously collected in 2011 from all municipal schools of São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil. In the current study, data on 3.062 adolescents (10-19 years of age) were analyzed. The independent variables were gender, age, body mass index (BMI) to categorize nutritional status (eutrophic: -2 < BMI z-score < 1, with overweight 1< BMI z-score < 2 and having obesity 2< BMI z-score < 3), percentage of body fat (Slaughter protocol), indicator of biological maturation (measured by Peak Height Velocity). The dependent variables were performance in five physical fitness tests: cardiorespiratory fitness (20m shuttle run test), speed (10-meter run), flexibility (sit and reach test), upper body strength (medicine ball throw) and lower body strength (horizontal jump). The descriptive analysis included absolute and relative frequencies, averages, and standard deviation of the variables, stratified by gender. The statistical multivariate analyses method was the Generalized Mixed Linear Model. Results: 1563 adolescents were boys (51%), mean 12.6 years ± 1.8 (61% were 10 to 12 years old), 35% had excess of weight (third had obesity). In the multivariate analyses, boys performed better than girls in all the physical fitness tests except for flexibility. Considering all three categories of nutritional status, girls performed equally in the cardiorespiratory test, velocity and flexibility. Girls with overweight and obesity did better than their eutrophic peers in both upper and lower body strength tests. As for boys, those who were overweight and with obesity showed lower performance in cardiorespiratory fitness and speed tests than their eutrophic colleagues. In the upper body strength test, adolescents with excess of weight of both genders presented better results than their eutrophic counterparts. In the tests of lower body strength and flexibility, participants with overweight and obesity performed similarly to the eutrophic ones. Conclusion: We identified particularities of physical fitness of adolescents with overweight and obesity that might guide their physical activities plan. They have performed better in upper and lower body strength tests than their eutrophic peers. Thus, the strength exercises should be included in the physical activity plan of these adolescents considering that it may promote motivation and adherence to regular physical activity practice

In an effort to develop more efficient and practical interventions for athletic performance, some behavioral researchers have incorporated a variety of technological innovations. In sports research, only a few studies have examined the effects of video feedback on athletic skill development. The effects of combining expert video modeling with self video feedback as an adjunct to standard coaching techniques were analyzed in this study. Participants in this study were four 7-10 year old competitive gymnasts. During the intervention, each gymnast performed a specific gymnastics skill and then viewed a pre-recorded video segment showing an expert gymnast performing the same skill. The gymnast then viewed a video replay of her own performance of the skill. Next she saw a side by side slow motion with freeze frame comparison of her performance with that of the expert model. Lastly, in normal time, the gymnast viewed the expert video clip again, followed by her own performance of the skill. The effect of expert video modeling with self video feedback on gymnastics skill performance was evaluated in a multiple baseline across behaviors research design. The results showed that the gymnasts' skills increased in performance following exposure to video feedback.

Video feedback has great potential to enhance performance in many settings. The following study used video feedback to enhance the martial arts performance of capoeira, an Afro-Brazilian martial art that utilizes acrobatic movements (revesado, au de costa, and macaco). A multiple baseline across behaviors was used for 5 participants where baseline conditions consisted of standard coaching consisting of instruction, modeling, rehearsal, and feedback and continued throughout the study. The intervention consisted of video feedback, in which the participants were filmed attempting a movement and immediately viewed the video afterwards, while receiving positive and corrective feedback from the instructor, using the pause, slow motion, and replay controls. The participant was filmed at least a total of three times per session and each attempt was scored. The target behaviors were scored on a 15-item checklist, resulting in a percentage correct. A second video feedback condition similar to the first was also introduced to some participants, in which participants were able to practice the movements with live feedback before being filmed again. Results show gradual increases in baseline and a more rapid acquisition of the skills during the video feedback conditions.