Socialinė erdvė yra svarbus kūno vaizdo formavimosi komponentas, susijęs su savo kūno suvokimu (Jackson, 2004). Kuo labiau asmens fiziniai bruožai nutolę nuo socialinių lūkesčių, tuo labiau asmuo nepatenkintas savo kūnu, tuo prasčiau save vertina, dažniau linksta į depresiją, dažniau manipuliuoja maistu (Cash, Pruzinsky, 2004; Tiggemann, 2011). Rūpestis dėl nepasitenkinimo savo kūnu turi neigiamą poveikį paauglių fiziniam bei psichosocialiniam vystymuisi ir sveikatai (Johnson, Wardle, 2005; Shrof, Thompson, 2006). Paauglių tyrimai atskleidžia, kad nepasitenkinimas savo kūnu paauglystėje yra susijęs su prastesniu savęs vertinimu, sutrikusiu valgymo elgesiu, neigiamų svorio kontrolės būdų taikymu ir didėjančiu vaikų bei paauglių antsvorio plitimu (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2006; Jackson, Chen, 2010). Prastas savęs vertinimas siejamas su dažnesne tikimybe tapti patyčių auka (Jankauskiene et al., 2008), didesne savižudybės rizika, savęs žalojimu (Rodriguez-Cano, Beato-Fernandez, Llario, 2006; Laskytė, 2009). Iki šiol atliktuose tyrimuose daugiausia dėmesio buvo skiriama su valgymu susijusiam elgesiui analizuoti, o darbų, kurie atskleistų su fiziniu aktyvumu susijusio elgesio raišką reguliuojant kūno masę, stokojama. Nėra iki galo aišku, kiek bendras siekimas atitikti socialinius ir kultūrinius išvaizdos idealus yra susijęs su svorio mažinimo elgesiu, nežinoma, kaip paaugliai elgiasi, jei nusprendžia kūno masę mažinti fiziniu aktyvumu. Trūksta tyrimų, nagrinėjančių paauglių savęs... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Our children grow and mature in the times, where image and media attention to a beautiful body is overestimated, and the social pressure for meeting image expectations influences and affects the development of immature persons. The less physical characteristics of a person meet social expectations, the more dissatisfied the person is with his/her body, the lower is self-esteem, and the bigger is propensity for depression and manipulation with food (Cash, Pruzinsky, 2004; Tiggemann, 2011). Adolescent dissatisfaction with appearance is related to low self-esteem that leads to eating disorders or disordered eating. Such behaviour is harmful to health and causes obesity (Haines, Neumark-Sztainer, 2006). Poor self-esteem is associated with a higher likelihood of becoming a victim of bullying (Jankauskiene et al., 2008), increased risk of suicide and deliberate self-harm (Rodrigues-Cano, Beato-Fernandes, Llario, 2006; Laskytė, 2009). A large part of modern consumerist society is constantly concerned about weight loss/gain methods that promise rapid results (O’Dea, 2007; Bauman, 2011; Tereškinas, 2011). Seeking peer recognition and wanting to meet the society’s expectations young people often exhaust themselves with diets and/or excessive exercise (O’Dea, 2007; Ojala et al., 2007; Sabbah et al, 2009; Jankauskienė et al, 2010; Tereškinas, 2011). Obesity and eating disorders prevention programs are not standardized and are based on parental understanding of healthy nutrition... [to full text]

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

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The first aim of this study was to develop a research based, integrated, secondary prevention programme, called the Weight Over-concern and Well-being (WOW) programme, for the reduction of Subclinical Eating Disorder (SED) symptoms, associated traits and negative mood states, and the promotion of psychological well-being (PWB) in female students. Consequently the second aim was to determine the effectiveness of the WOW-programme on its own, in comparison with a combined Tomatis Method of sound stimulation (Tomatis, 1990) and WOW-programme, regarding the reduction of SED-symptoms, associated traits and negative mood states; the promotion of PWB; and outcome maintenance. The last aim was to obtain a deeper understanding and "insiders' perspective" of the lived experience of SED, through an interpretative phenomenological inquiry (Smith & Osborn, 2003). The motivation for the current study is a need for research based, integrated, risk-protective, secondary prevention programmes from a social-developmental perspective for female university students (Garner, 2004; Phelps, Sapia, Nathanson & Nelson, 2000; Polivy & Herman, 2002), given their risk status (Edwards & Moldan, 2004; Senekal, Steyn, Mashego & Nel, 2001; Wassenaar, Le Grange, Winship & Lachenicht, 2000). Concurrently in-depth descriptions from an "insiders' perspective" on the lived experience of SED are non-existent and require interpretative phenomenological study (Brocki & Wearden, 2006). Consequently this thesis consists of three articles, namely: (i) Development of a secondary prevention programme for female university students with Subclinical Eating Disorder, (ii) A secondary prevention programme for female students with Subclinical Eating Disorder: a comparative evaluation; and (iii) Lived experiences of Subclinical Eating Disorder: female students' perceptions. The research context comprised Subclinical Eating Disorder, secondary prevention and Positive Psychology. The first article, Development of a secondary prevention programme for female university students with Subclinical Eating Disorder (Kirsten, Du Plessis & Du Toit, 2007a), is qualitative in nature, and narrates a process of participatory action research followed to develop the WOW-programme. This social process of knowledge construction, embedded in Social Constructivist theory (Koch, Selim & Kralik, 2002), gradually revealed best clinical practice, and in retrospect, evolved over four phases. Phase One comprised experiential learning based on personal experiences with SED as undergraduate student and interaction with "participant researchers" as scientist practitioner (Strieker, 2002), resulting in a provisional risk model of intervention. Phase Two, a formal pilot study (Du Plessis, Vermeulen & Kirsten, 2004), afforded an evaluation of ideas generated in Phase One through a three-group pre-post-test design. Outcomes of Phase Two informed Phase Three, an integration of prior learning with Positive Psychology theory and clinical practice, resulting in a risk-protective model of prevention. Theoretical assumptions previously constructed were integrated and operationalised during Phase Four, into the final 9-session WOW-programme. In conclusion the process of knowledge construction was rigorous, despite the small overall sample size (n=28), since data saturation occurred within that sample. Although the multitude of aims involved in each session of the WOW-programme could be seen as unrealistic, in some direct or indirect way, they were addressed by means of relevant interventions due to the integrative approach. Thus future refinement is essential. Finally, despite aforementioned concerns, the WOW-programme proved to be robust on its own in reducing SED-symptoms and associated traits and enhancing PWB, as described in the second article of this thesis. The second article, A secondary prevention programme for female students with Subclinical Eating Disorder: a comparative evaluation (Kirsten, Du Plessis & Du Toit, 2007b), describes the outcomes of the WOW-programme on its own, evaluated comparatively with a combined Tomatis sound stimulation and WOW-programme. In this article the research aims were to determine: (i) whether participation in the combined sound stimulation and WOW-programme (Group 1); and (ii) participation in a WOW-programme only (Group 2), would lead to statistically significant reductions in SED-symptoms, psychological traits associated with eating disorders and negative mood states, and enhancement of PWB; (iii) whether results of Groups 1 and 2 would exceed results of a non-intervention control group (Group 3) practically significantly; and (iv) whether programme outcomes for Groups 1 and 2 would be retained at four-month follow-up evaluation. A mixed method design (Creswell, 2003; Morse, 2003) was used, including a three-group pre-post-test (n=45) and multiple case study (n=30) design. Various questionnaires measuring SED-symptoms, associated traits, negative mood states and PWB were completed. Qualitative data were obtained by means of metaphor drawings, letters to and from the "SED-problem", focus group interviews, the researchers' reflective field notes and individual semi-structured feedback questionnaires (Morse, 2003). Participation in Groups 1 and 2 proved effective, since decreases in SED-symptoms, associated traits, most negative mood states, and increases in PWB differed practically significantly from the results of Group 3. Outcomes for Groups 1 and 2 were maintained at four-month follow-up evaluation. Qualitative findings provided depth, support and trustworthiness to quantitative findings in light of the small sample size, and highlighted the value of using a mixed method design in prevention programming. It was concluded that the WOW-programme on its own, was an effective secondary prevention programme, since it led to reduced SED-symptoms, associated psychological traits and enhanced PWB, with retention of gains at four-months follow-up evaluation. The combined programme involving Tomatis stimulation and WOW-intervention proved to be even more effective, thus the complimentary role of Tomatis stimulation was demonstrated. However, the cost-effectiveness and comparative brevity of the WOW-programme rendered it the programme of choice regarding individuals with SED. Findings showed that conceptually, pathogenic and salutogenic perspectives can be successfully combined into a risk-protective model of secondary prevention. Lastly, the WOW-programme may even prove useful as an enrichment programme for female students in general. The third article, Lived experiences of Subclinical Eating Disorder: female students' perceptions (Kirsten, Du Plessis & Du Toit, 2007c), provides a qualitative, in-depth perspective on the lived experience of SED of 30 white, undergraduate females, purposively sampled. In this interpretative phenomenological, multiple case study (Brocki & Wearden, 2006), Groups 1 and 2 of the aforementioned primary study in the second article were used, since they fitted the criteria of "good informants" and were able to answer the research question (Morse, 2003). Further sampling was deemed unnecessary since data saturation occurred within their written and verbal responses and no negative cases were found. Rich individual qualitative data, further clarified through focus groups, emerged from graphic colour representations of lived SED, explanatory written records and "correspondence" with and from their "SED problem" (Gilligan, 2000; Loock, Myburgh, & Poggenpoel, 2003; White & Epston, 1990). Four main categories, characterised by serious intra-, interpersonal, existential and body image concerns were subdivided into seven subcategories, namely: Personal Brokenness, Personal Shame, Perceived Personal Inadequacy and Enslavement, Existential Vacuum, Perceived Social Pressure, Perceived Social Isolation and Body-image Dysfunction. Results were indicative of underestimation of SED-severity, its comprehensive detrimental impact on participants' PWB and high risk for escalation into full-blown eating disorders. It was concluded that the lived experiences of SED depicted the severity of SED-symptoms; descriptions resonated well with most of their pre-programme mean scores; and their risk status and need for contextually and developmentally relevant secondary prevention programmes were highlighted by the findings. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

This thesis deals with the topic of body image and bodily dissatisfaction with non-clinical population with a focus on gender aspects. It has two main parts - theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part focuses on the term body image as a psychological concept that is a component of self-concept. For that reason, there is a definition of the overall self-concept and the difference between the real self and the ideal self. This part of the thesis stresses out the theoretical basis of the term. An important part is a chapter describing factors influencing a development of the bodily self-concept that influences the development and extent of bodily dissatisfaction. I talk about the current western society and its high standards on a physical appearance for both men and women. The thesis then deals with possible consequences of this dissatisfaction on human behavior, again with respect to the gender differences. The thesis also mentions human sexuality that is related to one's relationship with their own body. In the end of the theoretical part there are some possibilities for measuring body image and bodily dissatisfaction outlined. The empirical part consists of a quantitative study called " Gender aspects of Body image and body dissatisfaction in nonclinical population", just like the whole...

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-02T12:27:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardodesouzafortes.pdf: 2175066 bytes, checksum: 5dc60120ea13b80dff3466072f6fcaa2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-02T16:07:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardodesouzafortes.pdf: 2175066 bytes, checksum: 5dc60120ea13b80dff3466072f6fcaa2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-02T16:07:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardodesouzafortes.pdf: 2175066 bytes, checksum: 5dc60120ea13b80dff3466072f6fcaa2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Instrumentos psicométricos foram desenvolvidos com o intuito de avaliar a insatisfação corporal ou a checagem corporal. No entanto, vale ressaltar que estas ferramentas foram construídas com base na população geral. Considerando que os atletas demonstram “dupla” imagem corporal (e.g., geral e esportiva), estes instrumentos podem não ser suficientemente sensíveis para detectar atletas insatisfeitos com o corpo, nem atletas com elevada frequência de comportamentos de checagem corporal. Logo, faz-se necessário construir escala psicométrica que busque analisar componentes de imagem corporal no âmbito esportivo. Diante do exposto, o objetivo da investigação foi construir e validar as versões feminina e masculina da “Escala de Insatisfação e Checagem Corporal nos Esportes” (EICCE). Utilizou-se o método dedutivo para a elaboração da escala. Assim, a criação inicial dos itens foi baseada na teoria sociocultural da imagem corporal, nos achados de três estudos qualitativos e nos apontamentos de autores de sete revisões sistemáticas. Foram selecionados seis doutores, considerados especialistas na área de imagem corporal, para compor o grupo de peritos. Os peritos apontaram necessidades de alterações, bem como acréscimo de diversos itens em ambas as versões da escala (feminina e masculina). Em seguida, confeccionou-se a segunda versão da EICCE. Em razão de todos os itens da escala atingirem média igual ou superior a quatro (“Entendi quase tudo”), aplicou-se a segunda versão da EICCE em uma amostra diversificada de atletas (50 do sexo feminino e 65 do masculino) e treinadores (futebol, natação e basquetebol). A versão final da EICCE foi idêntica a segunda versão, em razão de atletas e treinadores indicarem média acima de quatro na compreensão verbal e peritos na compreensão verbal e conceito. A EICCE foi aplicada em 484 atletas do sexo feminino (versão feminina) e 713 do sexo masculino (versão masculina). Para avaliar a insatisfação corporal direcionada para a magreza foi aplicado o Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Utilizou-se a subescala Muscularity-oriented body image da Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) para avaliar a insatisfação com a muscularidade. Os comportamentos de checagem corporal no sexo feminino foram avaliados pelo Body Checking and Avoidance Questionnaire (BCAQ). Os comportamentos de checagem corporal no sexo masculino foram avaliados pelo Male Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ). Utilizou-se o Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) para avaliar o comportamento alimentar de risco para os transtornos alimentares. O percentual de gordura foi avaliado para classificar a adiposidade corporal dos atletas. Para a avaliação da fidedignidade da EICCE, utilizou-se intervalo de 2 semanas para o reteste. O tratamento dos dados foi conduzido no software SPSS 21.0, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. Os achados demonstraram estrutura fatorial que explicou mais de 40% da variância da escala e consistência interna com valores superiores a 0,70 e 0,65 para todos os fatores das versões feminina e masculina, respectivamente. Além disso, as versões da EICCE indicaram validade concorrente, bem como reprodutibilidade adequada, avaliada com o intervalo de duas semanas. Por fim, os resultados evidenciaram validade discriminante e preditiva da EICCE a partir das classificações de adiposidade corporal e da relação com os escores do EAT-26, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a EICCE indicou boas propriedades psicométricas para a população de atletas. O presente estudo traz inovação científico-prática para os profissionais que atuam no contexto esportivo. A EICCE pode ser utilizada para se detectar distúrbio de imagem corporal em atletas. / Psychometric instruments were developed in order to evaluate body dissatisfaction or body checking. However, it is noteworthy that these tools were built based on the general population. Whereas athletes show "double" body image (e.g., general and sports), these instruments may not be sensitive enough to detect athletes dissatisfied with the body, or athletes with high frequency of body checking behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to build psychometric scale that seeks to examine body image components in sports enviroment. Given the above, the objective of the research was to construct and validate the male and female versions of "Dissatisfaction and Body Checking in Sports Scale" (SDCS). We used the deductive method for the preparation of the scale. Thus, the initial creation of the items was based on sociocultural theory of body image, the findings of three qualitative studies and notes author of seven systematic reviews. A total of six doctors, considered experts in body image area to compose the group of experts. Experts pointed changing needs, as well as adding several items in both versions of the scale (female and male). Because of all scale items reach average above than four ("Got almost everything"), was conducted to the second version of SDCS in a diverse sample of athletes (50 female and 65 male) and coaches (soccer, swimming and basketball). The final version of SDCS was identical to the second version, due to athletes and coaches indicate average above 4 verbal comprehension and coaches in verbal comprehension and concept. The SDCS was administered to 484 female (female version) and 713 male athletes (male version). To evaluate body dissatisfaction directed to the thinness was conducted the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). We used the subscale Muscularity-oriented body image of Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) to assess muscularity dissatisfaction. The body checking behaviors in females were evaluated by the Body Checking and Avoidance Questionnaire (BCAQ). The body checking behaviors in males was evaluated by the Male Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ). We used the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) to assess disordered eating. The percentage of fat was evaluated for classifying the body fat athletes. To evaluate the reliability of SDCS, we used two weeks interval for retesting. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS 21.0 software, adopting a significance level of 5%. The findings showed factor structure that explained more than 40% of the variability scale and internal consistency with values above .70 and .65 for all factors of female and male versions, respectively. Furthermore, the versions of SDCS indicated convergent validity, reproducibility and suitable as measured by the interval of two weeks. Finally, the results showed discriminant and predictive validity of SDCS from body fat ratings and the relationship with the scores of EAT-26, respectively. It was concluded that the SDCS indicated good psychometric properties for the athletes. This study provides scientific-practical innovation for professionals working in the sporting context. The SDCS can be used to detect body image disturbance in athletes.

La famille et les pairs peuvent promouvoir des messages soutenant l’idéal de minceur, en commentant des aspects corporels et pondéraux des individus. Herbozo et Thompson (2006) ont développé le Verbal Commentary On Physical Appearance Scale, évaluant la fréquence et le retentissement immédiat (positif à négatif) des commentaires relatifs à l’apparence, qu’ils soient positifs ou négatifs. Le but de ces différents travaux est de mieux comprendre l’articulation des commentaires d’apparence dans les troubles de l’image du corps et des conduites alimentaires. Nous avons d’abord analysé les liens entre la fréquence et le retentissement des commentaires d’apparence et l’insatisfaction corporelle, puis avec les troubles des conduites alimentaires et le recours aux stratégies de contrôle de poids. A l’instar du modèle d’Influence Tripartite (Thompson et al., 1999), nous avons cherché à vérifier la médiation du lien entre les commentaires d’apparence et l’insatisfaction corporelle, par la comparaison sociale d’apparence et l’internalisation de l’idéal de minceur. Enfin, nous souhaitions valider le Parental Comments (Rodgers, Faure, & Chabrol, 2009), qui est un outil de mesure des commentaires d’apparence, spécifique aux parents. Les commentaires négatifs présentent des liens consistants avec les variables explicatives de l’image du corps. Les commentaires positifs ont des liens plus modérés avec ces mêmes variables, mais leur retentissement pourrait peut-être participer à entretenir le focus sur l’apparence physique. Enfin, nous développons les implications scientifiques et préventives de ces différents résultats au niveau des influences socioculturelles de l’image du corps. / Family and peers can promote messages that support thin ideal, by commenting body and weight aspects. Herbozo and Thompson (2006) developed the Verbal Commentary On Physical Appearance Scale, assessing frequency and impact (positive to negative) of appearance commentary, both positive and negative. The purpose of these different works is to understand the connection between appearance commentary, body image and eating disorders. First, we analysed the relationship between frequency and impact of appearance commentary and body dissatisfaction, and then with the eating disorders and the use of weight control strategies. According to tripartite Influence model (Thompson et al., 1999), we sought to verify the mediation of the link between appearance commentary and body dissatisfaction, by social comparison of appearance and internalization of thin ideal. Finally, we wanted to validate the Parental Comments (Rodgers, Faure, & Chabrol, 2009), which is parental-specific instrument of appearance commentary measure. Negative comments show solid relationships with explanatory variables of body image. Positive comments have moderate links with same variables, but their impact may take part in maintaining a focus on physical appearance. Finally, we develop scientific and preventive implications of our different results on sociocultural influences of body image.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether Psychological Well-Being (comprised of self-esteem, optimism, satisfaction with life, and self-determination), perfectionism, body surveillance, and neuroticism moderated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms after controlling for social desirability and actual physical size. 847 female undergraduate students participated in the study. Participants completed an online questionnaire packet. An exploratory factor analysis determined that self-determination, optimism, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life loaded on to one factor representing Psychological Well-Being. Hierarchical moderated regression (HMR) was used to control for the influences of social desirability and body mass index on bulimic symptoms and then determine the main and interactive effects of body dissatisfaction and each moderator. Four variables (neuroticism, body surveillance, concern over mistakes, and doubts about actions) strengthened the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptomatology, whereas Psychological Well-Being weakened the relationship. Parental expectations, parental criticism, and personal standards did not moderate the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptomatology.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the association between body mass index as well as race/ethnicity and established correlates of disordered eating including drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, bulimia, dietary restraint and social physique anxiety in male and female college students. Difference between actual, desirable and perceived body weight was also assessed. ANOVA suggested that as actual body mass index increased, in general, attitudes and behavior toward weight, body shape and eating increased. A two-tailed t-test suggested that males and females differed significantly with regards to attitudes and behavior toward weight body shape and eating. ANOVA indicated that little to no association existed between race/ethnicity and established correlates of disordered eating.

The purpose of this study was to explore how television influences the sexual attitudes and behaviour of adolescent girls in Mabopane Township. Though the area of adolescent sexual behaviour has been researched to a considerable degree elsewhere, there seemed to be lack of information regarding adolescent sexual behaviour and attitudes relating to Africa, especially South Africa, which inspired the researcher to embark on this study. The researcher explored the adolescent girls’ experiences using qualitative approach and in-depth individual interviews, and undertook a content thematic analysis of the textual data she gathered from girls who participated. A qualitative research design was adopted for this study as it allowed the researcher to obtain rich data from the participants. Purposive random sampling was also used to select participants. The four participants were between age 16 and 17, studying in grades 11 and 12. The results of this study indicated that adolescent girls from Mabopane Township feel that television does influence their sexual attitudes and behaviour. They also indicated that television does not display the consequences of sex, thus influencing adolescents to engage in such behaviour. Related to this was the finding that adolescents view characters on television as their role models because the latter are ‘in the limelight’, therefore enhancing the possibility of them doing what they see their role models doing. Furthermore, the participants indicated that television alone is not the only influence in their lives; other factors such as parental guidance and peer pressure also contribute to shaping their sexual attitudes and behaviours. They also indicated that frequent viewing of television is more likely to result in adolescents altering their sexual beliefs and adopting what is being done on television. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted