[pt] O Programa Bolsa Família se tornou uma das principais políticas de combate à pobreza da América Latina, e sua titularidade fornecida preferencialmente às mulheres abriu diversos debates acadêmicos sobre autonomia feminina. Na intersecção entre classe, raça, gênero e território, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as narrativas construídas pelas mulheres aqui entrevistadas em torno da maternidade e do estigma e as experiências de serem beneficiárias desta política social e moradoras da favela do Complexo do Alemão, na Zona Norte do Rio de Janeiro. Neste sentido, o trabalho observou a disputa em torno da concepção de beneficiário e como a reprodução do estigma representa uma resistência criada por elas aos controles morais e uma autovalorização de suas atividades maternas. Além disso, o trabalho também abordou a realidade das mulheres num território marcado pelas violências e operações militares e a relação entre maternidade e contexto social da favela. / [en] The Bolsa Família Program has become one of the main policies to combat poverty in Latin America, and its ownership provided preferentially to women has opened several academic debates on female autonomy. At the intersection of class, race, gender and territory, the present work aims to analyze the narratives constructed by the women interviewed here about motherhood and stigma and the experiences of being beneficiaries of this social policy and living in the favela of Complexo do Alemão, in the North Zone of Rio de Janeiro. In this sense, the work observed the dispute over the concept of beneficiary and how the reproduction of the stigma represents a resistance created by them to moral controls and a self-worth of their maternal activities. In addition, the work also addressed the reality of women in a territory marked by violence and military operations and the relationship between motherhood and the social context of the favela.

Orientador: Janaina Francisca de Souza Campos Vinha / Resumo: As políticas de transferências de renda no Brasil vieram com a proposta de fazer enfrentamento à fome, à pobreza e à miséria. A principal questão que esta pesquisa buscou responder como a juventude do campo se relacionara com o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), quais foram suas estratégias ao acessá-lo e o que isso representou para o território camponês. Partimos da hipótese de que a decisão da juventude permanecer ou sair do campo também está associada aos limites e possibilidades das políticas públicas delineadas dentro do território. Portanto, este trabalho empregou uma pesquisa de campo com abordagem qualitativa realizada com a juventude do campo de famílias beneficiárias do PBF, em que considerou uma amostragem de duas comunidades: Taboado de Cima e Marinho, ambas localizadas no município de Boqueirão, situado no território do Cariri Oriental Paraibano. Destacou-se na pesquisa que a juventude quer residir no campo, mas encontra muitos desafios que dificulta a vida no território camponês. Referente às implicações do PBF sobre o território camponês, o mesmo favorece a reprodução do território em sua multidimensionalidade. No aspecto socioeconômico, possibilitou o movimento do mercado local das comunidades e do município, além de possibilitar o acesso aos direitos sociais básicos. Podemos dizer que a juventude do campo estabelece uma relação simbólico-cultural com o território camponês, criando uma identidade sócioespacial, assim, o PBF, a juventude e o território mantém uma li... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The policies of transferences of income in Brasil came from the proposal of making confrontation against the hungry, poverty and misery. The main question that this search tried to answer with the young people of countryside will be related with the Bolsa Familia Program (PBF), which were the strategies to access and what this represented to pleasant territories. We came from the hypothesis that the decision of you people was to leave the countryside also is associated to limits and possibilities of public policies outlined inside of the territory. Therefore, this work employed a field research with qualitative approach performed with young people of countryside of family’s beneficiaries of PBF, in what considerate a sample of two communities: Taboado de Cima e Marinho, both located in the city of Boqueirão, situated in the territory of Oriental Cariri of Paraíba. Standed out in the research that the young people that resided in the countryside, but find challenges that impair the life of pleasant territory. Referring to implications of PBF on the pleasant territory, the same favoring the reproduction of territory in its multidimensionality. In the socioeconomic aspect, enabled the movement of local market of communities and of cities, beside the possibility of access to basic social rights. We can say the young people of countryside stablish a symbolic-cultural relationship the pleasant territory, creating a social spacial identity, thus, the PBF, the young people and the te... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumen: Las políticas de transferencias de renta en Brasil vienen como propuesta para enfrentar el hambre, la pobreza y la miseria. La principal cuestión que esta investigación busca responder es como la juventud campesina se relaciona con el Programa Bolsa Familia (PBF), reflexionando sobre cuáles son las estrategias de los jóvenes para acceder al Programa y lo que eso representa para el territorio campesino. Partimos de esa hipótesis de que la decisión de la juventud de permanecer o salir del campo también está asociada a los límites y a las posibilidades de las políticas públicas delineadas dentro del territorio. Por tanto, este trabajo utilizó el trabajo de campo con un abordaje cuanti-cualitativo realizado con la juventud campesina de familias beneficiarias del PBF, considerando una muestra de dos comunidades: Taboado de Cima y Marinho, ambas localizadas en el municipio de Boqueirão en Paraiba. Se destaca dentro de la investigación que la juventud quiere permanecer en el campo, pero encuentra muchos desafíos que dificulta la vida en el territorio campesino. En lo que se refiere a las implicaciones del PBF sobre el territorio campesino, el mismo favorece la reproducción del territorio en su multidimensionalidad. En el aspecto socioeconómico, posibilita el movimiento del mercado local de las comunidades y del municipio, además de posibilitar el acceso a los derechos sociales básicos. Podemos decir que la juventud del campo establece una relación simbólico-cultural con el territori... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JORDANA CARLOS DE MENDONCA.pdf: 3678092 bytes, checksum: 78d59642887f34551522902606c95a88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-11 / This dissertation traces an historical evolution of Human Right to Food and Food Security concepts and how the international institutions, and Brazil itself deal with it, focusing on the state of Goiás. The research issues are focused primarily on verifying the existence and effectiveness mechanisms to ensure Food Security and Nutrition and ensure the Human Right to adequate food in Brazil.The work has the overall goal to approach the problem of hunger in Brazil facing the dispositions of national and international legal systems, performing a contemporary approach to the concept of human rights, the historical evolution of the Human Right to Food in the national and international level and the political decisions adopted by Brazil and the State of Goiás to overcome this problem of international reach. It also verify if the Bolsa Família Program, as a public policy to eradicate hunger and extreme poverty, has been effective for the purposes for which it is proposed, general wide in Brazil and specifically in Goiás. In 2012, 11,8 million people were hungry in Brazil, therefore effective public policy to eradicate hunger is very important to poor people so they can get access to food. The research concludes that public subsidies policies as the way they are implemented in Brazil, like Bolsa Família , are effective to reduce immediate poverty and hunger, nevertheless are not very efficient to give autonomy to the beneficiaries families. / A presente dissertação traça uma evolução histórica dos conceitos de Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e Segurança Alimenta. Discute-se, ainda, o enfrentamento da questão por organismos internacionais, pelo Brasil, com foco no Estado de Goiás. O problema da pesquisa está voltado principalmente para a verificação da existência e eficácia de mecanismos para garantir a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e assegurar o Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada no Brasil. O trabalho aborda, também, a fome sob o prisma das disposições dos sistemas jurídicos nacional e internacional, abordando o conceito contemporâneo de direitos humanos, a evolução histórica do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e as decisões políticas adotadas pelo Brasil e pelo Estado de Goiás. Trata-se, ainda, do Programa Bolsa Família, como política pública para erradicação da fome e da miséria e se o programa tem sido eficaz para os fins que se propõe no Brasil e em Goiás. O Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e a Segurança Alimentar são assegurados pelo Regime Internacional de Direitos Humanos e vêm fazendo parte da agenda de vários países nos últimos anos, como Estados Unidos, Suíça, México, Brasil, dentre outros. Em 2012, 11,8 milhões de pessoas passaram fome no Brasil, portanto a adoção de políticas públicas eficazes para erradicação da fome é de extrema importância para que famílias possam sair da extrema pobreza. Conclui-se que os programas de distribuição de renda, como o Bolsa Família, da forma que foram implantados, são eficazes para redução imediata da pobreza e da fome, porém não são eficientes para o alcance de autonomia das famílias beneficiárias.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Andrade Yendo.pdf: 743089 bytes, checksum: c4acac99ebece0317d763266867cabac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The exercise of sovereignty by the people, specifically the popular sovereignty of the poor, is vital for national development. The underprivileged are the main interested in development, desiring improvement of general living conditions and diffusion of technical progress. In recent years, there was a considerable reduction of poverty and income inequality. However, underdevelopment was not surpassed. Based on the thought of Celso Furtado, this research aims to establish the basis for a discussion about the resumption or not of national development. That is, if Brazil is on track or not, even in a first step, of development. To do so, will adopt the view furtadian on development. From this, I will try to check if there is a first stage in the process of developing or if there is an economic state of emergency. In this way, trying to obtain evidences, this study will analyze the cash transfer program called Bolsa Familia, after exposition of the core of the doctrine of Furtado on development and underdevelopment. The Bolsa Familia has contributed a lot to the reduction of inequality and poverty. Because of that, it will be taken as empirical element to answer the question: was considerable the social homogenization and the investment in human factor? These are the foundations of development in Furtado and are for example, in Article 3º, brazilian's transformation clause in the 1988 Brazilian Constitution. / O exercício da soberania pelo povo, mais especificamente a soberania popular dos pobres, é fundamental para o desenvolvimento nacional, uma vez que os desvalidos são os principais interessados no desenvolvimento, com melhoria das condições gerais de vida e difusão do progresso técnico. Nos últimos anos, constatou-se uma considerável redução da pobreza e da desigualdade de renda. Porém, o subdesenvolvimento não foi superado. Partindo do pensamento de Celso Furtado, esta pesquisa visa estabelecer as bases de uma discussão acerca da retomada ou não do desenvolvimento nacional. Isto é, se o país se encontra ou não no caminho, ainda que num primeiro passo, do desenvolvimento. Para tanto, será adotado o ponto de vista furtadiano sobre o desenvolvimento. A partir disso, tentar-se-à contrapor a possibilidade de um início de processo de desenvolvimento a um estado de exceção econômico que se apresenta. Para isso, será analisado o caso do Programa Bolsa Família, após a exposição do cerne da doutrina de Furtado sobre o desenvolvimento e o subdesenvolvimento. O Bolsa Família em muito contribuiu para a diminuição da desigualdade e da pobreza. Em razão disso, ele será tomado como elemento empírico para se chegar à questão: houve homogeneização social e investimento considerável no fator humano? Essas são as bases do desenvolvimento em Furtado e estão por exemplo, no Artigo 3º, nossa cláusula transformadora positivadas na Constituição de 1988.

[pt] A presente tese de pesquisa doutoral estará alicerçada no conceito tridimensional de justiça desenvolvido pela filósofa contemporânea da teoria crítica - Nancy Fraser. O objetivo é investigar os impactos que o Programa Bolsa Família - PBF - gerou na diminuição das desigualdades sociais na vida das famílias beneficiárias quanto aos aspectos da redistribuição, do reconhecimento e da participação paritária. Realizamos análise bibliográfica das pesquisas feitas sobre o Programa Bolsa Família do ano de 2003 a 2014. O percurso teórico desta tese buscou o aprofundamento dos conceitos de pobreza e de exclusão social, a análise do processo de desenvolvimento brasileiro e das políticas públicas para o enfrentamento das desigualdades sociais nas décadas de 60 a 90, focalizando também a experiência da transição democrática pós-Constituição Federal de 1988. Levamos em consideração os princípios constitucionais de 1988 e os tratados internacionais que respaldam a responsabilidade do Estado e da sociedade brasileira para a implantação de políticas sociais como o Programa Bolsa Família. Concluímos que o PBF produziu resultados importantes na vida dos beneficiários, garantindo a justiça redistributiva e de reconhecimento e potencializando essas pessoas para a paridade participativa como sujeitos integrais na sociedade. Reconhecemos o avanço do desenho institucional da política social brasileira, proporcionado pelo PBF, inaugurando assim um novo modelo de proteção social, capaz de identificar a vulnerabilidade social das famílias brasileiras em situação de pobreza e de articular a redistribuição de renda e o reconhecimento, por meio do Sistema Único da Assistência Social - Suas. / [en] This doctoral research thesis is founded on the three-dimensional concept of justice developed by contemporary philosopher of critical theory Nancy Fraser. The objective is to investigate the impact that the Bolsa Família Program (PBF) generated in the reduction of social inequalities in the lives of beneficiary families considering aspects of redistribution, recognition and equal participation. An literature review of research was conducted on the Bolsa Família Program from 2003 to 2014. The theoretical path of this thesis aimed the investigation of the concepts of poverty and social exclusion, the analysis of the Brazilian development process and the public policies for dealing with social inequalities from the 60 s to the 90 s also focusing on the democratic transition experience post-constitution of 1988. We took into account the constitutional principles of 1988 and international treaties that support the responsibility of the Brazilian State and society to the implementation of social policies such as the Bolsa Família Program. We concluded that the PBF produced important results in the lives of the beneficiaries, ensuring redistributive and recognition justice, empowering those people to participatory parity as integral individuals in society. We recognize the progress of the institutional design of the Brazilian social policy, provided by the PBF, starting a new model of social protection, able to identify the social vulnerability of the Brazilian families in state of poverty and to articulate the redistribution of income and the recognition by the Single Social Assistance System - Suas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TasiaMCV.pdf: 4510768 bytes, checksum: 5760c24f1a1891feb804206e63b0d9f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-26 / The question of evaluating the fight against poverty in a given society is very complex task, considering the range of factors that permeate, such as education, culture and economy itself. Come hence the relevance of the theme and its constant presence in discussions on the fruits of public policies, institutional structure and economic development which are the guiding elements of this work, and noted that seeks to highlight the social demographics and most important, the most significant trends and issues pertaining to her. The assessment was initially made in all the municipalities of Rio Grande do Norte doing a verticalilza??o to the municipalities Caic?, Pau dos Ferros, Ipueira and Taboleiro Grande. Highlighting the role of a social policy through government programs, such as the Bolsa Familia Program (PBF), which creates the possibility of changes in the socio demographic profile given the importance that the action of this public policy has in shaping the regional economic reality As well as social programs and actions of the government here reported that generate mobility of people and new social demands, such as rural retirements, the benefit of continuing provision (BPC), the Program for the Eradication of Child Labor (PETI) that put on the market of population living on the margins of various forms of consumption. Accordingly, the socio economic profile of the state shows a significant improvement in their social indicators, vital education and redistribution of income, due to the significant improvement in life expectancy in the fall of school drop-out rate and the drop in indicators of Proportion Poor and destitute of the state. Where the fall in the proportion of poor and indigent is strongly associated with an increase in income, from social programs. With this transfer and redistribution of income can be gauged that occurs a strengthening of local economies and an engagement of families with the conditionalities of social programs and PETI Bolsa Familia. Our research concludes that simply raising the rents caused by transfers, presents relevant impacts on the education of young people in beneficiary families. There is no doubt that the programs of transfer income, no facing the social field, representing a mechanism to decrease the most perverse ills of poverty, social and economic inequality that is hungry. For a significant portion of the Brazilian population living below the poverty line, programs for the transfer of income are expressed directly in improving the material conditions of life and indirectly in improving self-esteem of women and all family members receiving encouraging yet the integration family. Experiments have shown that improvements in health and nutrition can be obtained through the implementation of adequate social policies like the programs of transfer income, while social inclusion and economic does not become full / A quest?o da avalia??o do combate ? pobreza de uma determinada sociedade ? tarefa bastante complexa, considerando-se a gama de fatores que a permeiam, tais como a educa??o, a cultura e a economia, propriamente dita. Vem da? a relev?ncia do tema, bem como sua constante presen?a nos debates sobre os frutos das pol?ticas p?blicas, da estrutura institucional e do desenvolvimento econ?mico que s?o os elementos norteadores deste trabalho, que busca constatar e destacar os dados demogr?ficos e sociais mais importantes, as tend?ncias mais marcantes e as quest?es inerentes a ela. A avalia??o inicialmente foi feita em todos os munic?pios do Rio Grande do Norte fazendo uma verticalilza??o para os munic?pios de Caic?, Pau dos Ferros, Ipueira e Taboleiro Grande. Destacando o papel de uma pol?tica social atrav?s de programas governamentais, como ? o caso do Programa Bolsa Fam?lia (PBF), que cria a possibilidade de mudan?as no perfil s?cio demogr?fico dado a import?ncia que a a??o desta pol?tica p?blica tem na conforma??o da realidade econ?mica regional, bem como os programas e a??es sociais do governo aqui relatados que geram mobilidades de pessoas e novas demandas sociais, como ? o caso das Aposentadorias Rurais, do Benef?cio de Presta??o Continuada (BPC), do Programa de Erradica??o do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) que colocam no mercado contingentes populacionais que vivem ? margem de diversas formas de consumo. Nestes termos, o perfil s?cio econ?mico do estado mostra uma significativa melhoria em seus indicadores sociais, vitais de educa??o e redistribui??o de renda, haja vista a significativa melhora na Esperan?a de Vida, na queda da Taxa de Abandono Escolar e na queda dos indicadores de Propor??o de Pobres e Indigentes no Estado. Onde a queda na propor??o de pobres e indigentes est? fortemente associada ao aumento de renda, proveniente de programas sociais. Com esta transfer?ncia e redistribui??o de renda pode se aferir que ocorre um fortalecimento das economias locais e um engajamento das fam?lias com as condicionalidades dos programas sociais PETI e Bolsa Fam?lia. A nossa pesquisa conclui que a simples eleva??o das rendas causadas pelas transfer?ncias, apresenta impactos relevantes sobre a escolariza??o dos jovens nas fam?lias benefici?rias. N?o h? d?vida de que os programas de transfer?ncia de renda, voltados para qualquer campo social, representam um mecanismo de diminui??o das mazelas mais perversas da pobreza, da iniq?idade social e econ?mica que ? a fome. Para uma expressiva parcela da popula??o brasileira que vive abaixo da linha da pobreza, os programas de transfer?ncia de renda se expressam diretamente na melhoria das condi??es materiais de vida e indiretamente na melhoria da auto-estima da mulher e de todos os membros da fam?lia benefici?ria promovendo ainda a integra??o familiar. As experi?ncias t?m mostrado que as melhorias nas condi??es de sa?de e nutri??o podem ser obtidas por meio da implementa??o de pol?ticas sociais adequadas a exemplo dos programas de transfer?ncia de renda, enquanto a inclus?o social e econ?mica n?o se torna plena / 2020-01-01

Résumé Le taux de mortalité infantile est un indicateur de santé des populations et de l'efficacité des systèmes de santé. Il est également capable d'estimer l'ampleur des inégalités sociales et en matière de santé entre populations. Au cours des 30 dernières années, le Brésil a enregistré des réductions significatives des taux de mortalité infantile. Entre 1990 et 2017, le taux de mortalité des moins de cinq ans est passé de 53,7 décès pour mille naissances vivantes à 15,6. Une réduction de 71% sur la période. La moyenne nationale de réduction était de 6% par an dans les années 90, passant à 4,8% dans les années 2000 et à 3,2% par an entre 2011 et 2015. De nombreux facteurs ont été signalés comme la cause de ces améliorations. Malgré la mise en œuvre de politiques sociales et de santé qui ont eu un impact positif sur la santé des populations brésiliennes au cours des dernières décennies, depuis 2009 le pays a connu une lente diminution de la baisse de la mortalité infantile qui est restée à des niveaux élevés, enregistrant de grandes disparités régionales. Après une crise économique qui a évolué vers une période troublée de crise politique, le pays a enregistré en 2016 une augmentation de la mortalité infantile chez les moins d'un an et de cinq ans, qui est passé de 12,43 à 12,72 décès pour mille naissances vivantes et de 14,28 décès à 14,89 décès pour mille naissances vivantes, respectivement. Ces éléments attirent l'attention sur l'impact possible des déterminants sociaux de la santé sur les taux de mortalité infantile au Brésil après la mise en œuvre de ces politiques sociales et de santé. Cette anomalie observée dans la tendance de la mortalité infantile, combinée aux disparités régionales et à une lente diminution de la baisse des taux de mortalité infantile est préoccupante. Elle soulève des questions sur l'impact de ces politiques sociales et de santé, sur la capacité du pays à maintenir une réduction du taux de mortalité infantile à long terme, et sa capacité à rejoindre les taux des pays développés, ainsi quels sont les déterminants de la mortalité infantile au Brésil après la mise en œuvre de ces politiques publiques? L'objectif premier de cette thèse était d'identifier les déterminants de la mortalité infantile au Brésil après la mise en œuvre du programme Stratégie Santé Famille et du Programme Bolsa Família afin de formuler des hypothèses plausibles, relatives au ralentissement du taux de mortalité chez les moins d’un an et de cinq ans, aux disparités régionales et à l’anomalie observée dans la tendance à la baisse du taux de mortalité infantile au Brésil. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons effectué trois études: 1) un examen de la portée qui visait à identifier et à résumer les déterminants de la mortalité infantile au Brésil sous l'influence de ces programmes, en vue de formuler des hypothèses relativement à l’évolution récente des taux de mortalité infantile au Brésil et d’identifier les lacunes, en termes de recherche, concernant les déterminants de la mortalité infantile dans le pays; 2) une analyse descriptive rétrospective, dans une optique de santé publique et des inégalités en matière de santé, en adoptant le cadre analytique proposé par la Commission de l'OMS sur les déterminants sociaux de la santé, en utilisant les données du taux de mortalité chez les enfants de moins d'un an et des possibles déterminants de la mortalité infantile au Brésil selon les conclusions de notre examen de la portée (article 1); 3) une proposition de méthodologie pour faire face aux défis liés au développement d'un modèle de données de panel en utilisant des données agrégées des 26 états brésiliens et des différentes sous-régions, selon le « Conceptual Model of Health Capability » , afin d'inférer des associations possibles entre nos variables indépendantes et les taux de mortalité infantile au Brésil et pour vérifier l'hypothèse soulevée dans l'examen de cadrage sur les récents changements des indicateurs de mortalité infantile du pays. Les résultats globaux de ces études ont démontré qu'à la lumière du « Conceptual Model of Health Capability » et des déterminants sociaux de la santé, les disparités régionales liées aux inégalités, notamment aux niveaux du revenu, de l'éducation, de l'emploi, du taux de fécondité, de l'accès et de la qualité des services de santé, expliquent les inégalités en termes de taux de mortalité infantile, en particulier dans les macro-régions du nord et du nord-est du pays, ce qui freine probablement la baisse du taux de mortalité infantile. Ces inégalités expliqueraient à la fois la lenteur de la réduction du taux de mortalité infantile et sa tendance à demeurer à des niveaux relativement élevés. Les résultats ont également montré que les variations de ces facteurs, pour des raisons liées à la crise économique et politique, ont probablement perturbé la tendance à la baisse des taux de mortalité infantile. À cet égard, les résultats suggèrent qu'une forte réduction du taux d'emploi, observée entre 2014 et 2015 entre autres facteurs, pourrait avoir eu un impact différé sur le TMI en 2016. Les résultats ont également permis d’établir une association entre l'emploi et différents indicateurs de mortalité infantile, le taux d'emploi pouvant avoir un impact sur la mortalité infantile jusqu'à trois ans. Enfin, les études ont démontré qu'il existe un seuil de revenu des ménages, qui agit comme facteur de protection contre la mortalité infantile, en dessous duquel plus la proportion de ménages est élevée, plus le risque d'augmentation de la mortalité infantile est élevé. / Abstract The infant mortality rate is an indicator of population health and the effectiveness of health systems that is also capable of estimating the extent of social and health inequalities between populations. Over the last 30 years, Brazil has recorded significant reductions in child mortality rates. Between 1990 and 2017, the under-five mortality rate dropped from 53.7 to 15.6 deaths per thousand live births, a 71% reduction over the period. The national reduction average was 6% per year in the 1990s, decreasing to 4.8% in the 2000s and to 3.2% per year between 2011 and 2015, and many factors have been reported as the cause of these improvements. Even after the implementation of health and social policies that positively affected the health of the populations in Brazil in the last decades, since 2009 the country has experienced a slow decrease in the decline in infant mortality that remained at high levels, registering great regional disparities. After an economic crisis that evolved into a troubled period of political crisis, in 2016 the country recorded increases in under-one-year infant mortality and under-five-year infant mortality rates, that raised from 12.43 deaths to 12.72 deaths per thousand live births and from 14.28 deaths to 14.89 deaths per thousand live births, respectively. These facts call attention to the possible impact of social determinants of health on infant mortality rates in Brazil after the implementation of these health and social policies. This anomaly in the trend of child mortality, particularly when combined with regional disparities and a slow decrease in the decline in infant mortality rates is of great concern and raise questions about what is the extent of these health and social policies on the country’s ability to maintain a longer-term decline in the infant mortality rate, is it capable of placing this rate at the level of developed countries and what are the determinants of infant mortality in Brazil after the implementation of these public policies. The overarching goal of this thesis was to identify the determinants of infant mortality in Brazil after the implementation of the Family Health Strategy and the Bolsa Família programs in order to raise plausible hypotheses for the slowdown, the regional disparities, and the anomaly observed in the trend of declines in the infant mortality rate in Brazil. To attain this objective, we conducted three research papers: 1. a scoping review that aimed at identifying and summarizing the determinants of infant mortality in Brazil under the influence of Family Health Strategy and Bolsa Família programs, with a view of raising hypothesis for the recent changes in the infant mortality rates in Brazil and identifying gaps in terms of research concerning the determinants of infant mortality in the country, 2. a descriptive retrospective analysis according to the perspective of Public Health and health inequalities by adopting the analytical framework proposed by the World Health Organization’s Commission on Social Determinants of Health, using data from under-one-year old infant mortality rate and from possible determinants of infant mortality in Brazil according to the findings of our scoping review (article 1), and 3. a methodological proposal in order to overcome the challenges to developing a panel data model using aggregated data from the 26 Brazilian states and different subregions according to the Conceptual Model of Health Capability, with a view of inferring possible associations between our independent variables and infant mortality rates in Brazil, aiming at reviewing the hypothesis raised in the scoping review about the recent changes in the country's infant mortality indicators. The global results of these studies demonstrated that in the light of the Conceptual Model of Health Capability and the social determinants of health, regional disparities related to inequalities in factors such as income, education, employment, fertility rate, access, and quality of health services, account for inequalities in infant mortality rates, especially in the north and Northeast macro-regions of the country, which likely hamper further reductions of infant mortality. Those inequalities would explain both the slowdown in the reduction and the tendency of the infant mortality rate to remain at relatively high levels. Results also demonstrated that variations in those factors for reasons relating to the economic and political crisis, likely have interrupted the secular trend of declining infant mortality rates. In this regard, results suggest that a sharp reduction in employment rate observed between 2014 and 2015, among other factors, may have had a delayed impact on infant mortality rates in 2016. The results also identified an association between employment and different infant mortality indicators, with employment rate possibly impacting child mortality up to three years. Finally, the studies have shown that a household income threshold acts as a protective factor against child mortality, the bigger the proportion of households below this income bracket, the greater the risk of an increase in child mortality.

The South African Constitution in section 27(1)(c) obligates the state to develop a comprehensive social security system. It affirms the universal right to access to social security, including appropriate social assistance for those unable to support themselves and their dependants. It orders the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of these rights. The underlying normative commitment of social security is the improvement of the quality of life of the population by promoting economic or material equality. Social security ensures that all citizens have a stake in society and that each individual has an incentive to contribute to the development of the commonwealth. It plays a crucial role in the lives of communities and families viewed in the context of social transfers which provide broader development objectives and tackles income poverty transfers. The objectives of this study are threefold. Firstly, it examines the extension of social assistance coverage to the indigents in South Africa. Secondly, it looks at the legal mechanisms employed by courts and government in order to improve the social security rights of the poor in South Africa. Thirdly, the research investigates the possible reform and trends in India and Brazil with the aim of improving South Africa’s system of social security. For the avoidance of doubt, the law evaluated in this work is at 15 September 2015. / Jurisprudence / LL. D.