Authors: Alexander Falck, 86-05-24, Economic program Rasmus Bergqvist, 84-11-08, Marketing program Course: International Marketing Strategy, 4FE02E (AF) and 4FE00E (RB) Tutor: Anders PehrssonExaminer: Anders PehrssonTitle: Is There More to Merchandise Than Making Money? A comparative study of Scandinavian football clubs describing how they build Brand Equity through merchandise. Background and problem discussion: Merchandise is one part of the product that a football club offers. Kapferer‟s (2008) Brand Identity Prism should be useful to map the relationship between product and Brand Equity. Merchandise attractiveness can affect consumers‟ perception regarding the product quality of the whole club. As little have been written regarding how Scandinavian football clubs use their products to build their Brand Equity we saw a relevance of further searching in to this subject. Research question: How do Scandinavian football clubs use merchandise to build the club Brand Equity? Purpose: The purpose is to identify what differences and similarities Scandinavian football clubs have in their development of fan merchandise and presenting successful methods to build Brand Equity, in terms of the percental contribution to the club‟s total turnover and the merchandise turnover contribution from each attending supporter. Methodology: To study the subject thoroughly the study used in this thesis is qualitative. We have chosen to conduct a multiple case study with semi-structured interviews and content analysis of the physical artefacts, merchandise. Five Scandinavian football clubs took part in this research. Findings: The Brand Equity component that the clubs are trying to affect the most through merchandise is brand association. Perceived quality and brand awareness are secondary focuses for the clubs to affect while brand loyalty couldn‟t be seen in this thesis. Keywords: Brand, Brand Association, Brand Awareness, Brand Equity, Brand Identity Prism, Culture, Merchandise, Perceived Quality, Personality, Physique, Relationship

Purpose: The purpose is to explain what factors affect brand equity for SBOs. Hypotheses: These hypotheses were derived from a literature review. H1 - Perceived Quality has a positive effect on SBO brand equity H2 - Brand Association has a positive effect on SBO brand equity H3 - Brand Awareness has a positive effect on SBO brand equity Method: The researcher conducted an quantitative research where the empirical data was collected through a questionnaire. Conclusion: This research show that perceived quality, brand association and brand awareness positively affects SBO brand equity.

Purpose - The purpose of this research is to explore if there is a viable way for a newly brand to speed up the process of creating and acquiring the brand equity. Since branding is a very broad area, we narrow the research down to brand alliance for startups. With this research, we aim to deep into the subject to understand how this has been done and could be done.   Research Question - How can a start-up make brand associations with other well-known brands, in order to leverage their equity and acquire its own?   Methodology - Qualitative research method is applied through an interview to the case study company. This research is conducted in inductive reasoning which conforms to the qualitative paradigm. In addition, the research approach is an interpretive that has a view of subjectivism ontology. By looking into our case company, the description of each of the co-branding partnerships performed with its partners is examined. The information is gathered via an interview to the case company as well as secondary sources.   Findings - This research indicates that the case company has greatly benefited from the large number of co-branding partnerships with other well-known brands. It has benefited both in terms of gaining brand awareness and brand image, as well as accessing the customer base of its partners. It is an indication that a new start-up can speed up the process of branding and customers acquisition by engaging in co-branding partnerships.

運用代言人來為品牌進行代言已成為普遍的廣告行銷手法，在各種不同類型的代言人當中，又以「名人」做為代言人的現象最為普遍。由於名人本身具有鮮明特殊的形象與個性，又受到大眾的信任與喜愛，同時任何一舉一動都容易吸引媒體與社會的高度關注，因此，邀請名人為品牌代言，就可以輕易地利用其高知名度來獲取消費者的矚目，並以名人相關的豐富聯想來塑造品牌形象，更可以將消費者對於名人的喜好一併移轉到品牌身上。 本研究觀察了名人的代言現象，發現過去國內外學者的研究皆以「企業」觀點出發，探討企業應該如何挑選代言人以提升品牌權益，卻忽略了在名人為品牌進行代言的同時，名人的品牌權益也會因此正向提升或負向削弱。因此本研究以「名人」的角度出發，將名人視為一個品牌，探討名人擔任品牌代言人的過程中哪些因素將影響名人的品牌權益，希望提供企業挑選品牌代言人、以及名人面對代言邀約時的參考依據。 在研究設計方面，首先挑選台灣近十年來代言數量多、知名度高、而且較沒有明顯政治立場的名人，最後選擇蔡依林做為研究客體。研究採問卷調查法，以便利抽樣方式在台北市信義商圈發放紙本問卷、在台灣大學BBS討論區PTT上發放網路問卷，最後總共回收有效問卷共300份。 研究結果發現，名人形象與品牌形象的差異、名人與品牌間的關聯程度，以及名人代言品牌產品的知覺品質會影響消費者對於代言關係的認同感，進而影響名人的品牌權益。當名人形象與品牌形象越一致、名人與品牌的關聯程度越高、代言產品的知覺品質越佳時，消費者對於代言關係的認同感越高，而名人的品牌權益便因而提升。

<p>This dissertation is a case study on the Co-branding between Prada and LG, ”The Prada phone by LG”. The purpose of the study is to broaden the understanding of Co-branding and the effects this type of collaboration can have on a company’s brand. The research questions are: “What effects can a Co-branding have on a company’s Brand Equity?” and “How can these effects be measured?”. The study has been made using questioners, which have been exposed in diagrams. The sampling frame used is the target group for “The Prada phone by LG”. We decided to construct the questioners by using the four parts of Aakers theory of how to measure Brand Equity. The parts that were relevant for the study were brand loyalty, brand knowledge, perceived quality and brand associations. Through this study we have developed a tool to measure Brand Equity and we have established a, for this study, relevant way to measure the effects of a Co-branding. The result of the study showed that the Co-branding ”The Prada phone by LG” has given positive effects on all four parts of Brand Equity on LG: s brand.</p> / <p>Denna uppsats är en fallstudie på Co-brandingen mellan Prada och LG, ”The Prada phone by LG”. Syftet med uppsatsen är att närma oss fenomenet Co-branding och de effekter ett sådant samarbete kan få på ett varumärke. Frågeställningarna är följande; ”Vilka effekter kan Co-branding ge på ett företags Brand Equity?” och ”Hur kan dessa effekter mätas?”. Data har insamlats via frågeformulär och redovisats i diagram. Urvalsramen är målgruppen för ”The Prada phone by LG”. Vid utformandet av frågeformulären har vi utgått ifrån Aakers teori om hur man mäter de fyra delarna av Brand Equity som är relevanta för studien, nämligen varumärkeslojalitet, varumärkeskännedom, kundupplevd kvalitet och varumärkesassociationer. Genom denna studie har vi utvecklat ett mätverktyg för att kunna mäta Brand Equity, dessutom har vi fastställt ett, för denna studie, relevant tillvägagångssätt att mäta effekterna av en Co-branding. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att Co-brandingen ”The Prada phone by LG” har gett positiva effekter på alla de fyra delarna av LGs Brand Equity.</p>

This dissertation is a case study on the Co-branding between Prada and LG, ”The Prada phone by LG”. The purpose of the study is to broaden the understanding of Co-branding and the effects this type of collaboration can have on a company’s brand. The research questions are: “What effects can a Co-branding have on a company’s Brand Equity?” and “How can these effects be measured?”. The study has been made using questioners, which have been exposed in diagrams. The sampling frame used is the target group for “The Prada phone by LG”. We decided to construct the questioners by using the four parts of Aakers theory of how to measure Brand Equity. The parts that were relevant for the study were brand loyalty, brand knowledge, perceived quality and brand associations. Through this study we have developed a tool to measure Brand Equity and we have established a, for this study, relevant way to measure the effects of a Co-branding. The result of the study showed that the Co-branding ”The Prada phone by LG” has given positive effects on all four parts of Brand Equity on LG: s brand. / Denna uppsats är en fallstudie på Co-brandingen mellan Prada och LG, ”The Prada phone by LG”. Syftet med uppsatsen är att närma oss fenomenet Co-branding och de effekter ett sådant samarbete kan få på ett varumärke. Frågeställningarna är följande; ”Vilka effekter kan Co-branding ge på ett företags Brand Equity?” och ”Hur kan dessa effekter mätas?”. Data har insamlats via frågeformulär och redovisats i diagram. Urvalsramen är målgruppen för ”The Prada phone by LG”. Vid utformandet av frågeformulären har vi utgått ifrån Aakers teori om hur man mäter de fyra delarna av Brand Equity som är relevanta för studien, nämligen varumärkeslojalitet, varumärkeskännedom, kundupplevd kvalitet och varumärkesassociationer. Genom denna studie har vi utvecklat ett mätverktyg för att kunna mäta Brand Equity, dessutom har vi fastställt ett, för denna studie, relevant tillvägagångssätt att mäta effekterna av en Co-branding. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att Co-brandingen ”The Prada phone by LG” har gett positiva effekter på alla de fyra delarna av LGs Brand Equity.

Cuando las empresas deciden realizar una construcción y un análisis de marca, es de gran importancia partir del Brand Equity, ya que esto les permitirá identificar las perspectivas de los usuarios frente a una marca. Asimismo, esto se puede identificar a través de sus dimensiones: conciencia de marca, calidad percibida, asociación de marca y lealtad de marca.Además, es importante mencionar que las empresas han aumentado considerablemente la venta online a traves de plataformas de E-commerce ya que existen muchos factores relevantes que influyen en la intención de compra del consumidor. En el presente trabajo se analizarán a profundidad las dimensiones del Brand equity para reconocer si tienen relación con la intención de compra online en los consumidores y nos centraremos en los que compran ropa y accesorios de tiendas por departamento deportivas. Asi mismo, contrastaremos cuál de las dimensiones del Brand Equity tiene un mayor impacto para que los potenciales clientes realicen una intención de compra. Está investigación tiene como objetivo resaltar cómo las marcas persuaden a través de estas dimensiones. Por ello identificamos el alcance y las limitaciones que aborda la investigación, así como la metodología que es de suma relevancia para la explicación de nuestra investigación y esto tendrá un enfoque cuantitativo y también un estudio correlacional multivariado. / When companies decide to carry out a brand construction and analysis, it is of great importance to start from the Brand Equity, as this will allow them to identify the perspectives of the users in front of a brand. Also, this can be identified through its dimensions: brand awareness, perceived quality, brand association and brand loyalty. In addition, it is important to mention that companies have significantly increased online sales through E-commerce platforms as there are many relevant factors that influence the consumer's purchase intention. In this paper we will analyse in depth the dimensions of brand equity in order to recognise whether they are related to the online purchase intention of consumers and we will focus on those who buy clothes and accessories from sports department shops. Likewise, we will contrast which of the dimensions of Brand Equity has the greatest impact on potential clients' purchase intention. This research objectives are to highlight how brands persuade through these dimensions. Therefore, we identify the scope and limitations that the research addresses, as well as the methodology that is most relevant to explain our research and this will have a quantitative focus and also a multi-varied correlation study. / Trabajo de investigación

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo central determinar la relación entre el Valor de marca, sus dimensiones (Asociación de marca, Conocimiento de marca, Lealtad de marca y Calidad percibida) y la Intención de compra. Se busca para ello, determinar los factores positivos y negativos de mayor influencia en la decisión de compra de un Smartphone, así como jerarquizar los factores del valor de marca para los consumidores según edades. Además, se requiere analizar el perfil típico del consumidor de Nivel socioeconómico D que compra Smartphones en Lima Metropolitana. Por último, se busca establecer el camino que siguen los consumidores a la hora de realizar la compra. Para la elaboración de esta investigación se propone un estudio correlacional no experimental de tipo transversal, utilizando un estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo basado en entrevistas a profundidad, grupos focales y encuestas. / The main objective of this research is to determine the relationship between Brand Equity, its dimensions (Brand Association, Brand Awareness, Perceived Quality, and Brand Loyalty) and the Purchase Intention. For this purpose, it seeks to determine the positive and negative factors which have the greatest influence on the decision of buying a Smartphone, as well as to prioritize the factors of brand value for consumers according to ages. In addition, it is necessary to analyze the typical profile of the consumer of Socioeconomic Level D who buys Smartphones in Metropolitan Lima. Finally, it seeks to establish the path that consumers follow when making the purchase. For the development of this research, it is proposed a non-experimental cross-sectional correlational study, by using a qualitative and quantitative study based on in-depth interviews, focus groups and surveys. / Trabajo de investigación

En la última década, el uso y consumo de smartphones (teléfonos inteligentes) ha ascendido de manera constante, así mismo la manera en la que los consumidores interactúan con las marcas se ha transformado a causa del acceso a conexión internet en smartphones, por ello, es fundamental conocer los factores que podrían influir en la decisión de compra de smartphones en los consumidores. En el presente paper, mediante un análisis cuantitativo buscará identificar la relación de las variables brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality y repurchase intention en la categoría de smartphones. / In the last decade, the use and consumption of smartphones has grown steadily, likewise, the way in which consumers interact with brands has changed due to access to internet connection on smartphones. It is essential to know the factors. In that way, it is essential to know the factors that could influence the purchase intention of smartphones in consumers. In this paper, through a quantitative analysis it seeks to identify the relationship of the variables brand awareness, brand association, brand loyalty, perceived quality and repurchase intention. / Trabajo de investigación