The purpose of this study is to investigate the driving factors of population exposure to sources of environmental pollution and to determine if poor neighborhoods are disproportionately exposed to negative environmental externalities. This research also examines whether the concentration of polluting industries within neighborhoods of different socio-economic levels varies over time. To determine the causes of the spatial coincidence between population and industrial polluters, this study employs a mixed-methods approach. Quantitatively, this study uses an exploratory approach to capture the effects of poverty and segregation on the density of hazardous industries. This methodological approach models the spatial variation of the relationship between poverty and pollution. Qualitatively, a cross-case comparative analysis is conducted on two different socio-economic neighborhoods to trace the causes of continuity or change in industrial density. The study finds that polluting industries tend to be distributed homogenously across neighborhoods of different socio-economic backgrounds and that poverty and segregation are not mayor drivers of that distribution. On the contrary, the relationship between poor and segregated and industries presents spatial variation and it is localized in some specific areas. The case-studies comparison, moreover, indicates that the spatial concentration of hazardous industries varies over time, decreasing slightly in a middle-class neighborhood and increasing in a poor neighborhood. This is explained by: i) economic constraints and opportunities to the local economy determine the permanence of polluting activities; ii) middle-class collective actions to live in a better environment contribute to expel polluting activities from the neighborhood in the long run; and iii), local political practices and the lack of alternatives and resources to access the formal land market means that the poor face tremendous environmental burdens which traps them in a noxious environment. Several policy implications arise from this research; first, access to information, transparency, and environmental law enforcement must be strengthened in order to underpin equity and common standards across the city. Second, local governments should weigh and balance the need for housing and development, and the environmental consequences when establishing zoning ordinances. Third, policies and resources should be targeted towards residents, especially those poorer residents that are most at risk. / text

The Salado region of Argentina covers 9.5 million ha, is located in the centre-East of the Buenos Aires Province, and concentrates about 6.9 million cattle. Cow-calf systems are predominant in the area. A simulation model was developed with the purpose of assisting in the design and evaluation of cow-calf systems in the Salado Region. The model was designed to produce long term simulations of the dynamic interactions between herd structure, climatic variation and farm management over periods of several decades using daily weather data, real or simulated. Existing models were used to describe soil, pasture and animal components of the farm, linked with management actions in a dynamic framework. The model was driven by decision rules entered by the user, which allowed the representation of management options that respond to changing farm conditions according to a predetermined policy. An object-oriented approach (OOA) was used in the design and implementation of the model. In the OOA, objects in the real world (e.g. cows, paddocks) are represented as objects in the computer program. The simulation of individual cows and individual paddocks made it possible to distribute feed resources flexibly among animals and provided many other points of flexibility in management strategies. The management strategies simulated in trying to improve cow-calf systems in the Salado region were based on Reserva 6, an experimental cow-calf farm located at the INTA-Balcarce Experimental Station. Every spring-summer, 30% of the area is devoted to make low quality hay (by cutting at high herbage mass), most of which is destined to provide maintenance feed for pregnant adult cows in winter. Cows are kept on a small paddock from weaning (March) to calving (August-September), during which time they receive 6-9kg DM of hay per day. A set of decision rules was developed to represent (on a 100ha farm) the management applied in Reserva 6 and, using this as a base system, a series of simulation experiments was conducted. Firstly, three preliminary experiments, aimed at gaining insight into the system and testing the model, were carried out. In the first of these, the effect of delaying the breeding season 15 and 30 days was analysed. The model was run over 30 consecutive years using a real weather sequence, 1970-2000, from INTA-Balcarce, for each scenario. It was found that, when the appropriate management variables (i.e. weaning and sale dates) were adjusted accordingly, changing the calving period had little effect on the productivity of a cow-calf system. In the second experiment, the dynamic consequences of three different heifer replacement policies on the production outcomes of the system were explored. The policies produced different patterns of oscillations in key farm outputs as a result of periodic behaviour in the age structure of the herd, and the differences between strategies were shown to be dependent on the environmental variability being simulated. The third experiment analysed different policies for hay use during the autumn-winter period, including a control strategy in which no hay was harvested or used. The results suggested that, provided hay was utilized on the farm, the pattern of use did not make much difference to liveweight production. Secondly, the long term performance, in terms of annual liveweight sold, of a range of hay quantity-quality combinations was compared. Each policy was simulated across a range of cow numbers (170 to 350, cows plus heifers in a 100ha farm) and was replicated 20 times. Each replication consisted of 50 years of random weather sampled from the real sequence (1970-2000). The benefit of using hay and the contrasts between the effects of different haymaking strategies on animal outputs increased as the cow numbers increased. The long term analysis suggested that the liveweight production of cow-calf farms, under a calendar-based haymaking policy like that followed in Reserva 6, would be maximized by harvesting 40-50% (but not more) of the total farm area and aiming to harvest hay at medium herbage mass (therefore medium quality). Therefore, the policy currently followed in Reserva 6 of allocating 30% of the farm to haymaking could be considered as conservative, and its productivity might be increased by making hay at lower herbage mass. Thirdly, the possible advantages of incorporating flexibility into the haymaking policy used in Reserva 6 were evaluated using the same experimental design. The results indicated that controlling haymaking in a flexible fashion, basing the decisions of closing, releasing and cutting paddocks on a simple pasture budget, would give the system productive advantages (i.e. increases in productivity and reductions in variability) in relation to a calendar-based approach. Using a flexible haymaking policy allows the manager to make more hay than required for the next winter, providing a buffer for the system. A flexible haymaking policy permitted significantly greater levels of herbage utilization by making large amounts of hay without negative effects on the carrying capacity of the system. A preliminary analysis of risk and costs highlighted major advantages in using hay in cow-calf systems, especially when a flexible approach to haymaking is implemented.

Sabe-se que o arquiteto catalão Antonio Bonet Castellana é reconhecido por suas obras na costa uruguaia, sendo a urbanização de Punta Ballena, e o conjunto de casas, de grande importância para a Arquitetura Moderna no sul da América Latina. Contudo, este trabalho entende que a atuação de Bonet no continente, sobretudo em relação a sua contribuição urbanística, não pode ser compreendida apenas através de tal obra, e visa complementar essa perspectiva. Assim, em vez da uruguaia Punta Ballena, é a cidade não construída em Buenos Aires, na Argentina, que se pretende investigar. Para tanto, esta dissertação analisa os projetos não construídos de conjunto habitacional para Casa Amarilla (1943), o bairro proposto em Bajo Belgrano (1948-49) e a remodelação de Barrio Sur (1956), pensados para tal cidade, reconhecendo-os como uma série. O intuito deste estudo é o de melhor conhecer a atuação de Bonet, sua contribuição ao projeto da cidade moderna e às soluções de habitação coletiva que dela derivam. Também é intenção do trabalho compreender as relações entre a cidade pensada por Bonet e a cidade que existe, colaborando para um estudo mais detalhado sobre a cidade da Arquitetura Moderna. / It is known that the Catalan architect Antonio Bonet Castellana is recognized for his masterpiece work in the Uruguayan coast, which include the Punta Ballena settlement and a set of houses – of great importance to the Modern Architecture in South America. Nonetheless, this text assumes that Bonet’s contribution on modern urbanism cannot be fully understood only through such work and aims to complement that statement. Thus, instead of the built Punta Ballena it is the unbuilt city in Buenos Aires, Argentina, that this text intends to investigate.Therefore, this dissertation analyzes the unbuilt projects of Casa Amarilla housing (1943), Bajo Belgrano neighborhood (1948-49) and Barrio Sur quarter (1956), conceived for the city of Buenos Aires, recognizing them as a series. It is intended to investigate Bonet’s design and his contribution to the modern city project, including its solutions of collective housing. It is also an intention to understand the relationship between the city planned by Bonet and the existing one, collaborating on a more detailed study about the city of the Modern Architecture. / Es sabido que el arquitecto catalán Antonio Bonet Castellana es reconocido por sus obras en la costa uruguaya, siendo la urbanización de Punta Ballena, y el conjunto de casas, de gran importancia para la Arquitectura Moderna en el sur de Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, esta disertación entiende que la actuación de Bonet en el continente, sobre todo con relación a su contribución urbanística, no puede ser comprendida solamente a través de tal obra, y procura complementar dicha perspectiva. Así, en vez de la uruguaya Punta Ballena, es la ciudad no construida en Buenos Aires, Argentina, que se pretende investigar. De esta forma, el texto analiza los proyectos no construidos del conjunto residencial en Casa Amarilla (1943), el barrio propuesto en Bajo Belgrano (1948-49) y la remodelación de Barrio Sur (1956), pensados para tal ciudad, reconociéndolos como una serie. La finalidad de este estudio es conocer mejor la obra de Bonet, su contribución al proyecto de la ciudad moderna y las soluciones de vivienda colectiva que de ella derivan. También es objetivo del trabajo comprender las relaciones entre la ciudad pensada por Bonet y la ciudad existente, colaborando para un estudio más detallado sobre la ciudad de la Arquitectura Moderna.

El objeto de estudio de nuestra Tesis Doctoral: “Sobre el deslinde modernidad – posmodernidad en la poesía de Jorge Luis Borges” es la poesía borgeana focalizada en dos períodos: poesía temprana y poesía de madurez. Nuestra edición de trabajo es Obra poética, 2005 (OP 05). Hemos preferido esta segunda edición póstuma de Editorial Emecé atendiendo a que esta publicación reciente nos permitiría compartir un texto común con el lector. No obstante, hemos ampliado este marco de referencia con las ediciones príncipes y sus variantes textuales y de contenido en las ediciones sucesivas y, asimismo, la edición definitiva de de Obra poética (A2/MC10). En la confrontación de la moderna poesía temprana del primer Borges (1923 – 1929) representada en nuestra investigación en Fervor de Buenos Aires (1925) y su posmoderna poesía de su madurez (1960 – 1972) representada en El hacedor (1960) se juegan los argumentos de nuestra investigación, defendiendo que en la dialéctica entre ambos períodos quedarían instalados los motivos centrales del imaginario poético borgeano. Motivos que son discernibles en El hacedor y que, postulamos, son asimismo discernibles en Fervor de Buenos Aires, aventurándonos a probar, en el texto, la sentencia borgeana que sostiene que: “Fervor de Buenos Aires prefigura todo lo que [Borges] haría después”. (Fervor. Prólogo. OP 05: 15). Hemos dispuesto una matriz de análisis para la exégesis del texto: el espacio y el sujeto. Discutiremos su configuración en la poesía temprana y la poesía de madurez, atendiendo en ambos casos a su relación con la posmoderna idea borgeana de tiempo no progresivo. Finalmente focalizaremos la discusión en el lenguaje, en la poética tardía de nuestro autor confrontando modernidad y posmodernidad en una lectura a través del soneto. Aplicaremos esta doble matriz de análisis (“el espacio” y “el sujeto”); junto la anterior, asimismo doble, referida a las fuentes (“las ediciones” y “las variantes) al texto de la poesía borgeana en los dos períodos señalados (“poesía temprana” y “poesía de madurez”) haciendo transitar nuestra hipótesis de trabajo por de una matriz común que, eventualmente, nos permitiría confrontar las variables modernas y posmodernas de la poética borgeana

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Esta dissertação apresenta o relato de uma experiência etnográfica realizada em dois bairros operários. Em Porto Alegre, a etnografia foi desenvolvida na Vila dos Industriários, e, em Buenos Aires, no bairro Parque Cornelio Saavedra. O objetivo principal é entender com se dá, através das narrativas de alguns moradores, a articulação entre um projeto coletivo baseado na concepção arquitetônica da cidade-jardim e os projetos individuais de quem ali reside. No seio desta interpretação, entram como elementos de análise as transformações sociais que ocorrem nestas cidades e o processo de valorização ou desvalorização destes imóveis dentro de uma sociedade em constante mudança, agenciados nas memórias e lembranças dos moradores antigos destes locais. A partir da etnografia da duração, a narrativa das imagens produzidas pelo antropólogo em campo participa deste jogo de memórias, versando sobre a experiência temporal de uma duração plena de rupturas, lacunas e variações em uma cidade que é vista como um objeto temporal, marcado por processos de aquisição, perda, gentrificação e segregação espacial. / This paper intends to present a report of an ethnographic experience realized in two workin-class neighborhood. In the city of Porto Alegre, the ethnography was made in the Vila dos Industriários, and in Buenos Aires, in the Parque Cornelio Saavedra. The main objective is try to understand how it gives, trought the narrative from a few dwellers, the articulation of a collective project based on the garden-city experience and the individuals projects from this dwellers. Within this interpretation, enter as elements of analysis the social transformations that occur in these cities and the recovery or devaluate process of this proprieties inside of a constant changing, agencied in the memories and remembers of the dwellers of this places. From a ethnography of a duration, the narrative from the images produced by the anthropologist in the research field participate of this memory game, dealing about the temporal experience of a memory full of disruptions, gaps and variations in a city viewed as a temporal object, marked by process of purchase, lost, gentrification and special segregation.

Esta tese analisa a trajetória de Pedro de Angelis como um erudito interessado em reunir documentos sobre o passado e o presente da região do Rio da Prata e a história da formação de suas coleções e de seus arquivos durante e por dentro do segundo governo de Juan Manuel de Rosas. De Angelis foi um italiano que chegou a Buenos Aires em 1827 e foi um dos principais escritores públicos do rosismo. Entre 1835 e 1852, ao tempo em que se aproximava do governador, tornando-se, inclusive, archivero do Archivo General de la Província de Buenos Aires, ele se empenhou em colecionar papeis para si e também publicá-los em edições impressas, produzindo uma série de conjuntos documentais. A “Colección de obras y documentos relativos a la historia antigua y moderna de las Províncias del Río de la Plata” editada de 1835 a 1839, sua obra mais conhecida, foi um deles. Tendo sido dedicada a Rosas, a Colección é analisada neste trabalho como um arquivo formatado pelo erudito sobre o passado da Confederação Argentina. Através dos documentos que nela reuniu, De Angelis promoveu o discurso do regime para o qual trabalhava. O mesmo foi feito pelo italiano em outro conjunto documental que conformou entre 1843 e 1851, o “Archivo Americano y Espíritu de la Prensa del Mundo”. Com o Archivo Americano, Pedro de Angelis coletava e levava a público aquelas que considerava fontes sobre o presente. Construía, assim, um acervo sobre o tempo vivido que seria lido pelos seus coetâneos e pelos sujeitos no futuro, contrapondo-se aos escritos dos opositores de Juan Manuel de Rosas, como a Geração de 1837. Por fim, estuda-se como a personagem formou, graças ao “comércio da história” que ocorria no Prata, a sua própria coleção particular de documentos e obras, acumulada desde meados de 1830 até 1852 em sua biblioteca, e como ela se tornou um fundo da Biblioteca Nacional do Império Brasileiro a partir de 1853. Em tempos de Rosas e de dicotomia discursiva entre civilização e barbárie, De Angelis acabou, com suas coleções e seus arquivos, por construir uma dada memória para o governo bonaerense, que não tinha o investimento na guarda e na organização de documentos ou a promoção da escrita da história local como prioridades. Mais do que isso, seus conjuntos documentais acabaram por auxiliar na constituição de si como um erudito preocupado com a preservação de papeis e com a produção de conhecimento. / This work analyzes the trajectory of Pedro de Angelis, a scholar interested in collecting documents about the past and the present of the region of Rio de la Plata, and the history of the formation of his collections and archives during and within Juan Manuel de Rosas' second governorship. De Angelis was an Italian who arrived in Buenos Aires in 1827 and was one of the leading public writers of Rosism. He endeavored to gather documents to his own collection and also to publish them in printed editions, which produced a series of documentary sets between 1835 and 1852, while he increasingly approached the governor and even became the archivist of the Archivo General de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. The “Colección de obras y documentos relativos a la historia antigua y moderna de las Províncias del Río de la Plata” edited from 1835 to 1839, his best-known work, was one of these documentary sets. We analyze the “Colección”, which he dedicated to Rosas, as an archive that the scholar formatted about the past of the Argentine Confederation. De Angelis sustained and promoted the discourse of the regime he worked for through the documents he gathered in the "Colección" and in another documentary set that he collected between 1843 and 1851, the “Archivo Americano y Espíritu de la Prensa del Mundo.” With the “Archivo Americano,” Pedro de Angelis collected and brought to the public those documents he considered sources of the present. He thus constructed an archive of his living time to counteract Juan Manuel de Rosas’ opponents, such as the 1837 generation, for his contemporaries and subjects of the future to read. Finally, we study how he formed his own particular collection of documents and works, which he accumulated from mid-1830's until 1852 in his library, thanks to the "commerce of history" that occurred in the Platine region, and how it has become a National Library of the Brazilian Empire's fond in 1853. In a context of discursive dichotomy between civilization and barbarism, De Angelis used his collections and archives to construct a given memory for the Buenos Aires government, which did not consider the investment in custody and organization of documents or the promotion of local history writing as priorities. Moreover, his documentary assemblages eventually helped to establish himself as a scholar concerned with document preservation and knowledge production.

Sabe-se que o arquiteto catalão Antonio Bonet Castellana é reconhecido por suas obras na costa uruguaia, sendo a urbanização de Punta Ballena, e o conjunto de casas, de grande importância para a Arquitetura Moderna no sul da América Latina. Contudo, este trabalho entende que a atuação de Bonet no continente, sobretudo em relação a sua contribuição urbanística, não pode ser compreendida apenas através de tal obra, e visa complementar essa perspectiva. Assim, em vez da uruguaia Punta Ballena, é a cidade não construída em Buenos Aires, na Argentina, que se pretende investigar. Para tanto, esta dissertação analisa os projetos não construídos de conjunto habitacional para Casa Amarilla (1943), o bairro proposto em Bajo Belgrano (1948-49) e a remodelação de Barrio Sur (1956), pensados para tal cidade, reconhecendo-os como uma série. O intuito deste estudo é o de melhor conhecer a atuação de Bonet, sua contribuição ao projeto da cidade moderna e às soluções de habitação coletiva que dela derivam. Também é intenção do trabalho compreender as relações entre a cidade pensada por Bonet e a cidade que existe, colaborando para um estudo mais detalhado sobre a cidade da Arquitetura Moderna. / It is known that the Catalan architect Antonio Bonet Castellana is recognized for his masterpiece work in the Uruguayan coast, which include the Punta Ballena settlement and a set of houses – of great importance to the Modern Architecture in South America. Nonetheless, this text assumes that Bonet’s contribution on modern urbanism cannot be fully understood only through such work and aims to complement that statement. Thus, instead of the built Punta Ballena it is the unbuilt city in Buenos Aires, Argentina, that this text intends to investigate.Therefore, this dissertation analyzes the unbuilt projects of Casa Amarilla housing (1943), Bajo Belgrano neighborhood (1948-49) and Barrio Sur quarter (1956), conceived for the city of Buenos Aires, recognizing them as a series. It is intended to investigate Bonet’s design and his contribution to the modern city project, including its solutions of collective housing. It is also an intention to understand the relationship between the city planned by Bonet and the existing one, collaborating on a more detailed study about the city of the Modern Architecture. / Es sabido que el arquitecto catalán Antonio Bonet Castellana es reconocido por sus obras en la costa uruguaya, siendo la urbanización de Punta Ballena, y el conjunto de casas, de gran importancia para la Arquitectura Moderna en el sur de Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, esta disertación entiende que la actuación de Bonet en el continente, sobre todo con relación a su contribución urbanística, no puede ser comprendida solamente a través de tal obra, y procura complementar dicha perspectiva. Así, en vez de la uruguaya Punta Ballena, es la ciudad no construida en Buenos Aires, Argentina, que se pretende investigar. De esta forma, el texto analiza los proyectos no construidos del conjunto residencial en Casa Amarilla (1943), el barrio propuesto en Bajo Belgrano (1948-49) y la remodelación de Barrio Sur (1956), pensados para tal ciudad, reconociéndolos como una serie. La finalidad de este estudio es conocer mejor la obra de Bonet, su contribución al proyecto de la ciudad moderna y las soluciones de vivienda colectiva que de ella derivan. También es objetivo del trabajo comprender las relaciones entre la ciudad pensada por Bonet y la ciudad existente, colaborando para un estudio más detallado sobre la ciudad de la Arquitectura Moderna.

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A presente dissertação analisa a construção de um espaço urbano e regional nas obras poéticas Fervor de Buenos Aires (1923), Luna de enfrente (1925) e Cuaderno San Martín (1929), de Jorge Luis Borges. No espaço social de Buenos Aires, encontramos a cidade eternizada pelo poeta, com suas formas labirínticas e sinuosas que compreendem, em sua estrutura, os bairros, ambientes que se compõem de ruas e vielas interligadas por casas e jardins, espaços afáveis e acolhedores que o eu poético perpetua nos poemas. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-07-03T16:34:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Raissa Ness.pdf: 1974819 bytes, checksum: 2d68eaf41955bc5cb99a0d825a6f673d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-03T16:34:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Raissa Ness.pdf: 1974819 bytes, checksum: 2d68eaf41955bc5cb99a0d825a6f673d (MD5) / The present work analyses the construction of the urban and regional space in the poetic work of Fervor de Buenos Aires (1923), Luna de enfrente (1925) e Cuaderno San Martín (1929), Jorge Luis Borges. In the social space of Buenos Aires, it was is found the town, with its ways winding labyrinth ways that comprises, in its structure, neighborhoods, environments that consist of house and gardens interconnecting streets and alleys, welcoming spaces that the poetic self perpetuate the poems.