In recent years, digital twins (DT) have gained traction in enhancing operation and maintenance procedures across various industrial sectors, such as manufacturing, energy, and aerospace. Yet their utilization remains more limited in the built environment. The aim of this paper is to investigate the current conceptualizations of DTs within the context of the Swedish built environment, shedding light on the maturity of DTs for built assets and the key value drivers influencing their adoption. The study reveals that DTs for built assets are in early developmental stages, lacking the maturity required to encompass the full spectrum of attributes inherent in a conventional DT. Despite stakeholders labeling these initiatives as DTs, our findings indicate a closer alignment with the concept of BIM-based digital models. This observation resonates with existing literature, highlighting the absence of a universally accepted definition for DTs. Within the Operations and Maintenance (O&M) phase, we have identified the following four primary value drivers shaping the adoption of BIM-based DTs: 1) commercial transparency and trusted transactions, 2) efficiency and cost reduction in routine operations, 3) operational continuity, and 4) added services. These findings contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding the convergence of BIM and DTs, offering insights into the practical implications and value propositions that drive the integration of these technologies within the built environment. / Under de senaste åren har användningen av digitala tvillingar (DT:ar) blivit allt vanligare för drift- och underhållsförfaranden inom olika industrisektorer, såsom tillverkning, energi och flyg- och rymdindustrin. Användningen är dock fortfarande begränsad inom bygg- och fastighetsbranschen. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka de nuvarande konceptualiseringarna av DT:ar inom ramen för den svenska fastighetsbranschen, belysa mognaden hos tekniken och undersöka de viktigaste värdedrivande faktorerna som påverkar utvecklingen och användningen i drift- och underhåll av fastigheter. Studien visar att användningen av DT:ar i fastighetsbranschen befinner sig i ett tidigt utvecklingsstadie och att begreppet inom industrin inte helt överensstämmer med visionen kring konceptet. Resultaten stämmer överens med befintlig litteratur, som belyser avsaknaden av en allmänt accepterad definition för DT:ar. I drift- och underhållsfasen har vi också identifierat följande fyra primära värdedrivande faktorer för användingen av BIM-baserade DT:ar: 1) kommersiell transparens och pålitliga transaktioner, 2) kostnadsbesparingar i rutinmässigt drift- och underhållsarbete, 3) kontinuerligt driftsarbete, samt 4) tilläggstjänster. Resultaten från denna studie bidrar till den pågående diskussionen om koncepten BIM och DT, och ger ytterligare insikt i de praktiska värdeskapande processerna och belyser användningsområden av DT:ar i fastighetsbranschen.

[ES] La investigación desarrollada para la tesis doctoral ha estado ligada con el proyecto de investigación ROBIM (Robótica autónoma para inspección y evaluación de edificios existentes con integración BIM) y tiene como objetivo general el desarrollo de una tecnología automatizada, activa y multidisciplinar de inspección, evaluación y diagnóstico de la composición, estado de conservación y eficiencia energética de los cerramientos del patrimonio inmueble, que facilite la obtención de información fiel y suficientemente detallada de los sistemas constructivos y lesiones que afectan a la envolvente de los edificios. Para llevar a cabo todos los objetivos planteados, se ha desarrollado un trabajo de 4 años con un equipo multidisciplinar que ha tomado las decisiones en función de los distintos avances desarrollados por la investigación de cada uno de los componentes del equipo. En el caso que ocupa esta investigación, se ha desarrollado una metodología de inspección exprofeso, teniendo como horizonte final el colectivo de técnicos en inspección que tienen que proponer soluciones para la rehabilitación de edificios. Estos técnicos en la mayoría de ocasiones no tienen un protocolo claro a seguir para afrontar la inspección y diagnóstico de un proyecto de rehabilitación, esto ha motivado el desarrollo de esta metodología que de manera semiautomática es capaz de aunar las diferentes etapas bajo un mismo formato para ordenar y facilitar la inspección completa. / [CA] La investigació desenvolupada per a la tesi doctoral ha estat lligada amb el projecte d'investigació ROBIM (Robótica autónoma per a inspecció i avaluació d'edificis existents amb integració BIM) i té com a objectiu general el desenvolupament d'una tecnologia automatitzada, activa i multidisciplinària d'inspecció, avaluació i diagnòstic de la composició, estat de conservació i eficiència energètica dels tancaments del patrimoni immoble, que facilite l'obtenció d'informació fidel i prou detallada dels sistemes constructius i lesions que afecten l'envolupant dels edificis. Per a dur a terme tots els objectius plantejats, s'ha desenvolupat un treball de 4 anys amb un equip multidisciplinari que ha pres les decisions en funció dels diferents avanços desenvolupats per la investigació de cadascun dels components de l'equip. En el cas que ocupa esta investigació, s'ha desenvolupat una metodologia d'inspecció ex-profeso, tenint com a horitzó final el col·lectiu de tècnics en inspecció que han de proposar solucions per a la rehabilitació d'edificis. Estos tècnics en la majoria d'ocasions no tenen un protocol clar a seguir per a afrontar la inspecció i diagnòstic d'un projecte de rehabilitació, això ha motivat el desenvolupament d'esta metodologia que de manera semiautomàtica és capaç de conjuminar les diferents etapes sota un mateix format per a ordenar i facilitar la inspecció completa. / [EN] The research carried out for the doctoral thesis has been linked to the ROBIM research project ROBIM (Autonomous Robotics for Inspection and Evaluation of Existing Buildings with BIM Integration) and its general objetive is the development of an automated, active and multidisciplinary technology for the inspection, evaluation and diagnosis of the composition, state of conservation and energy efficiency of building envelopes, which facilitates obtaining accurate and sufficiently detailed information on the construction systems and injuries that affect the building envelop. In order to achieve all the objectives, set out, work has been carried out over four years with a multidisciplinary team that has taken decisions based on the different advances developed by the research of each of the members or the team. In the case of this research, an ex profeso inspection methodology has been developed, having as a final horizon the group of inspection technicians who have to propose solutions for the rehabilitation of buildings. In most cases, these technicians do not have a clear protocol to follow the dealing with the inspection and diagnosis of a refurbishment project. This has motivated the development of this methodology which, in a semi-automatic way, is capable of bringing together the different stages under a single format in order to organize and facilitate the complete inspection / Sánchez Gómez, S. (2024). Diseño adaptado de técnicas de examen no destructivas para su implementación en sistemas robotizados en inspección de fachadas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202737

В работе поднимается проблема застройщика, заключающаяся в получении им некачественной цифровой информационной модели (ЦИМ) от подрядных организаций, которые разрабатывают документацию на все стадии жизненного цикла объекта с использованием технологий информационного моделирования. Настоящее исследование проведено с целью создания правил стандартизации и классификации ЦИМ. В ходе работы были проанализированы существующие бизнес-процессы строительной компании, собраны и формализованы требования к цифровым информационным моделям, разработаны классификаторы зданий и сооружений, элементов, материалов. Результатом работы являются документ «Информационные требования Заказчика к разработке BIM-модели (Employer’s Information Requirements)», библиотека элементов ЦИМ, разработанная в соответствии с системой классификации. Также проведено обучение сотрудников застройщика по работе с классификаторами. Это позволит застройщику получать корректные информационные модели, которые можно использовать на всех стадиях жизненного цикла объекта. / The paper raises the problem of the developer, which consists in obtaining a low-quality digital information model (BIM-models) from contractors who develop documentation for all stages of the object's life cycle using information modeling technologies. This study was conducted to create rules for standardization and classification of BIM-models. During the work, the existing business processes of the construction company were analyzed, the requirements for digital information models were collected and formalized, classifiers of buildings and structures, elements, materials were developed. The result of the work is the document "Information requirements of the Customer for the development of a BIM model (Employer's Information Requirements)", a library of BIM-model elements developed in accordance with the classification system. The developer's employees were also trained to work with classifiers. This will allow the developer to obtain correct information models that can be used at all stages of the object's life cycle.

The construction industry faces common challenges in managing project information andcommunication, with a lack of communication costing the industry up to 60 billion SEKannually. To address these issues and improve efficiency, the industry has begunimplementing a digital approach, exemplified by Building Information Modelling (BIM). The purpose of this study is to enhance understanding of the use of digital tools (BIM) intoday's construction projects, specifically focusing on the design, construction, andmanagement phases, with an emphasis on Building Information Modelling (BIM). The study aims to specify the difficulties encountered in BIM usage and identify measuresthat can facilitate its implementation in construction projects. These goals are achievedthrough interviewing BIM coordinators, designers, architects, and facility managers,examining their work process and challenges related to the implementation of BIM inconstruction projects. Furthermore, the study analyzes the educational aspect forconstruction technology students. The results indicate that students have different perspectives on BIM, which may be dueto their basic education and lack of experience. It is important for students to obtain amore comprehensive understanding of BIM and the associated digital tools during theireducation to adapt to 3D modeling in their professional lives. The study proposesmeasures to enhance education, providing future professionals with a betterunderstanding of BIM and 3D design. Finally, the results demonstrate that BIM is valuable for the construction industry, withbenefits such as efficiency, cost reduction, and improved collaboration. Currently, 3Dmodeling is the most common level of BIM usage, while the 4D and 5D approaches thatoffer time and cost dimensions are less common. Many stakeholders have not yet fullyutilized BIM's full potential due to lack of knowledge, licenses, and educational needs inthese areas. / Aktörer i byggbranschen står inför gemensamma utmaningar gällande hantering avprojektinformation och kommunikation. Brister på kommunikation kostar byggbranschenupp till 60 miljarder SEK årligen. För att lösa dessa problem och förbättra effektivitetenhar branschen börjat implementera digitala arbetssätt där Byggnads InformationsModellering (BIM) är ett exempel. BIM används för att samla in, samordna ochkommunicera information digitalt genom att koppla information till en gemensam modell, vilket ger möjlighet till att undvika fel och effektivisera processerna inom ett byggprojekt. Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för användningen av digitala verktyg inomdagens byggprojekt, under projekterings-, produktions- och förvaltningskedet. Studienavser också att belysa faktorer som påverkar användningen av digitala verktyg, medsärskilt fokus på BIM. Studiens mål är att specificera de svårigheter som uppstår vid användningen av BIM, och att identifiera åtgärder som kan underlätta implementeringen av BIM i byggprojekt. Dessutom undersöks vikten av att integrera digitalisering och BIM i utbildningen avstudenter inom byggteknik. Målet uppfylls genom att intervjua BIM-samordnare, projektörer, konstruktörer, arkitekter och förvaltare, och undersöka deras arbetsprocesseroch utmaningar vid implementeringen av BIM, samt genom att analyserautbildningsaspekten för studenter inom byggteknik. Resultatet visar att studenter inom byggteknik har olika syn på BIM, vilket kan bero påolika grundläggande utbildning och brist på erfarenhet. Det är viktigt att studenternaerhåller en mer omfattande förståelse för BIM och de tillhörande digitala verktygen undersin utbildning för att kunna anpassa sig till 3D-projektering i yrkeslivet. Slutligen visar resultatet att BIM är värdefull för byggbranschen, med fördelar someffektivitet, kostnadsminskning och förbättrat samarbete. Idag är 3D-modellering den vanligaste nivån för användning av BIM, medan arbetssätten 4D och 5D, som erbjudertids- och kostnadsdimensioner, är mindre vanliga. Många aktörer har ännu inte utnyttjatBIMs fulla potential på grund av brist på kunskap och licenser samt att det finnsutbildningsbehov inom just dessa.

Health and safety during construction remains a worldwide challenge that the construction industry is facing. The German construction industry recorded an average of 110,000 accidents per year in the period of 2010 to 2019. A discernible trend toward a decrease in occupational accidents is not visible. In this context, traditional safety planning does not seem to be able to guarantee sufficient health and safety during construction. In line with the BIM Roadmap published by the German Ministry of Transport in 2015, it can be recognized that Building Information Modeling (BIM) is supposed to be increasingly used in upcoming years. This paper aims to identify how BIM could positively impact Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) during construction. Therefore, a thesis procedure, combining quantitative and qualitative research with an in depth literature review is introduced. This study reveals a high added value of using BIM for (1) safety rule checking and design validation and (2) safety education, training and communication. BIM as a decision supporting tool has the potential to reduce the underestimation of safety hazards and improve safety reporting, which have been identified as current vulnerabilities in the construction industry. Furthermore, an added benefit to sustainability following the concept of Construction Hazard Prevention through Design (CHPtD) is illustrated. In practice, however, BIM for OSH remains unused, while those working with BIM are not familiar with safety planning. This study indicates that in order to fully utilize the potential of BIM, intuitiveness and standardization is required, while those implementing BIM and those using BIM need to be aware of and willing to exploit the potential of new technologies. The challenge now is to recognize the potential of BIM in relation to OHS and to actively use BIM for health and safety purposes. / Att skapa en säker arbetsmiljö på byggarbetsplatsen är fortfarande en global utmaning för byggbranschen. I den tyska byggbranschen inträffade till exempel i genomsnitt 110 000 olyckor per år under perioden 2010-2019 och det syns ingen märkbar minskning. I detta sammanhang verkar traditionell säkerhetsplanering inte kunna garantera tillräcklig hälsa och säkerhet under byggandet. I samband med den strategiska BIM-implementeringsplanen som publicerades av det tyska transportministeriet 2015 ska Building Information Modeling (BIM) användas i allt större utsträckning under de kommande åren. Syftet med den här artikeln är att identifiera hur BIM skulle kunna ha en positiv inverkan på arbetsmiljö och säkerhet (OHS) på byggarbetsplatsen. Studien kombinerar kvantitativ och kvalitativ forskning med en djupgående litteraturgenomgång. Resultatet visar att det finns ett stort mervärde i att använda BIM för (1) kontroll av säkerhetsregler och validering av konstruktionen och (2) utbildning, träning och kommunikation om säkerhet. BIM som beslutsstöd kan möjliggöra en mer realistisk bedömning av säkerhetsrisker och förbättra säkerhetsrapporteringen, vilket har identifierats som aktuella sårbarheter i byggbranschen. Det finns också fördelar med att implementera konceptet Construction Hazard Prevention through Design (CHPtD). I praktiken är dock BIM för arbetsmiljöfrågor fortfarande oanvänd, samtidigt som de som arbetar med BIM inte är tillräckligt bekanta med säkerhetsaspekter. För att BIM:s potential ska kunna utnyttjas fullt ut krävs en ökad användarvänlighet och standardisering av verktygen. Samtidigt måste de som implementerar och använder BIM vara medvetna om och villiga att utnyttja den nya teknikens potential. Utmaningen är nu att förstå potentialen av BIM för arbetsmiljöaspekter och att proaktivt använda BIM för att öka säkerheten på byggarbetsplatser.

Introduction (and purpose) – Since the 1970s, digital development and modeling has improved from simple digital illustrations of a building to advanced software, such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), that allows contractors to easily collaborate on a shared model. These advanced modelling systems create the opportunity to optimize planning as well as produce a higher quality product by modelling how all the various parts of a build work together and decreasing the number of potential errors that occur on-site. To better understand how BIM can improve production, this study aims to investigate the current use of BIM and potential areas of opportunity within the prefabricated housing construction sector. Method – Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with five employees of five separate companies active in the Swedish production industry of single-family houses. Additional data was collected through a survey that was shared with a total of 17 companies, three of which partook in the survey and shared it with the companies’ employees. Results – The interviews and surveys revealed limited use of BIM technology in current developmental practice, although the company representatives still expressed interest in future technological advancement. The company representatives endorsed the ability to automate work processes in both the planning phase as well as the production phase as the greatest reason for expanding future usage. The survey revealed interest in using BIM technology to provide the opportunity to reduce the number of mistakes that occur between different contractors, where collisions may occur between unique models that have not been integrated by a single system. Analysis – According to the interview respondents, the use of BIM technology could create opportunities for businesses to remain relevant by more easily integrating future technological developments. In addition, the use of BIM technology can attract new, competent personnel. The possibility of using cloud-based BIM allows a greater degree of customer involvement in projects. However, the economic value of BIM implementation is not clear as changing established work processes may require new procedures in the company. Therefore, changing to a BIM-based work system may not be economically advantageous to companies that already have a working business model. Discussion – While indicating an interest in future development using BIM, this study revealed currently limited use of BIM technology in prefabricated housing companies, where companies currently dedicate various amounts of recourses for its technological development. A larger, randomized sample would allow for a more generalizable idea of BIM use, as this study’s results could be biased by including opinions only of those who chose to respond from a limited number of companies. The volunteer method of data collection may have skewed results, as people who choose to respond often have strong opinions about the topic. However, using a mixture of interviews and surveys did allow collection of both qualitative and quantitative data and provided an initial look into current opinions about BIM as well as areas where participants believed it could help in production, even if it is not currently in use. / Introduktion (och syfte) – Sedan 1970-talet har utvecklingen av digitala verktyg gått från enkla illustrationer, till Byggnadsinformationsmodellering (BIM), en avancerad samarbetsteknologi som tillåter olika yrkesgrupper att arbeta i en gemensam modell. Tekniken möjliggör både optimeringsmöjligheter vid planering och höjd produktionskvalitet där modelleringen av en byggnad kan minska andelen kollisioner som riskerar uppstå vid montage. För att bättre förstå hur BIM kan förbättra produktion fokuserade studien på att utvärdera nuvarande och framtida potentiella användningsområden inom den prefabricerade småhussektorn. Metod – Datainsamlingen bestod av fem semistrukturerade intervjuer från fem enskilda företag inom den svenska småhusbranschen. Intervjuerna kompletterades med en enkät som delades med totalt 17 företag, varav tre företags medarbetare delade enkäten internt inom företaget. Resultat – Både intervjuerna och enkäten visade ett begränsat användande av BIMteknik i företagens arbetsmetoder, trots det uppgav företagsrepresentanterna ett intresse i framtida teknikutveckling. Företagsrepresentanterna förespråkade möjligheterna att automatisera både projektering och produktion som drivande orsaker för fortsatt teknisk utveckling. Enkätundersökningen visade ett intresse att, i deras arbete använda BIMteknik för ökad kommunikation mellan yrkesgrupper, där potentiella kollisioner mellan modeller från olika system kan hanteras på ett effektivare sätt. Analys – Användandet av BIM-teknik kunde öka företagens möjlighet att lättare implementera framtida teknisk utveckling. Samtidigt som ett högt teknikanvändande kan attrahera ny kompetent personal. Möjligheten att förlägga BIM-tekniken till webbtjänster tillåter beställare att bli mer involverade i sitt husprojekt. Trots det är det inte klart vilket ekonomiskt värde BIM-användandet ger, där implementeringen av ett nytt system kan kräva att justering av flera redan befintliga system inom företaget. Implementeringen av ett BIM-baserat arbetssystem är därför inte en självklar investering för företag som redan i dag har en fungerande verksamhet. Diskussion – Trots ett, i dagsläget, begränsat användande av BIM-teknik visade företagen i den prefabricerande småhusindustrin ett intresse i teknikens framtida utveckling, där företag dedicerar varierande mängd resurser för teknikens utveckling. Fortsatta studier föreslås genomföra med mer omfattande, och slumpmässiga datainsamlingar eftersom undersökningen, som använt ett begränsat antal företag, har krävt att respondenten har velat delta i studien och kan med det tros kunnat gett en partisk bild om ämnet. Användandet av intervjuer för kvalitativa data och enkät för kvantitativa data tillät för en bredare spektrum av åsikter att bli hörda rörande det aktuella användandet av BIM-teknik, och inom

The concept of a digital twin was originated by Nasa who used advanced simulation techniques during their first moon landing but has since evolved and the areas of application have broadened considerably. In recent years, the phenomenon has received a lot of attention in relation to the real estate industry in particular, which have been followed by plenty of research into digital twins within the informatics field. However, there is still a great lack of studies that focus on the supplier’s perspective of the implementation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the root causes of perceived challenges with digital twins from a supplier perspective by identifying what gives rise to problems and difficulties with the implementation of digital twins. This research contributes empirically by delving into the supplier's viewpoint, enhancing theoretical understanding through the identification of underlying causes, and practically by proposing ways to manage these foundational challenges effectively. The findings underscore the importance of addressing the knowledge gap between suppliers and clients early in the implementation process, recommending organizational and technical strategies to optimize digital twin utilization and management.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo aplicar a análise de confiabilidade estrutural a um edifício alto submetido à ação do vento considerando o conforto humano na avaliação dos modos de falha. Para isso, foram consideradas como variáveis aleatórias: a velocidade máxima do vento no topo do edifício cuja distribuição de probabilidade é a distribuição de Gumbel para máximos e o módulo de elasticidade do concreto com modelo de probabilidade normal. Realizou-se a análise para dois modos de falha: o deslocamento excessivo no topo do edifício, com base na NBR 15575-2/2013, e a aceleração máxima para verificação do conforto humano de acordo com a NBR 6123/2013. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise conjunta dos modos de falha aplicados em série. O método utilizado foi o FORM – First Order Reliability Method com algoritmo HLRF, implementado em ambiente Matlab, para o edifício teórico CAARC. Verificou-se grandes discrepâncias entre a probabilidade de falha para os dois modos considerados. Para a aceleração máxima, encontrou-se valores práticos de ponto de projeto e probabilidade de falha. No entanto, o deslocamento horizontal de 3 centímetros resultou em uma probabilidade de falha extremamente alta para valores de velocidade de vento baixos, concluindo-se que, para o edifício alto do problema, o limite normativo tende a ser facilmente extrapolado. À vista disso, o parâmetro de deslocamento horizontal baseado na altura total do edifício também foi estudado. Tal análise resultou em uma probabilidade de falha maior que a da aceleração, no entanto, apresentando valores de ponto de projeto consistentes. / The present work aims to apply structural reliability analysis to a tall building subjected to wind load considering human comfort in the evaluation of failure modes. For this purpose, the following random variables were considered: the maximum wind speed at the top of the building whose probability distribution is the Gumbel distribution for maximum and the modulus of elasticity of concrete with normal distribution. The analysis was conducted for two failure modes: excessive displacement on the top of the building, which is based on NBR 15575/2013, and the maximum acceleration for verification of the human comfort according to NBR 6123/2013. A joint analysis of failure modes applied in series was performed. The method used was the FORM - First Order Reliability Method with HLRF algorithm, implemented in Matlab environment, for the theoretical building CAARC. Large discrepancies between the failure probabilities of the two modes considered were found. For maximum acceleration, the design point value and the failure probability found were practical results. However, the horizontal displacement of 3 centimeters resulted in an extremely high probability of failure for low wind speed values, concluding that, for the tall building of the problem, the code limit tends to be easily extrapolated. Hence, the horizontal displacement parameter based on the total height of the building was also studied. Such analysis resulted in a failure probability greater than the acceleration one, however, presenting consistent design point values.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo aplicar a análise de confiabilidade estrutural a um edifício alto submetido à ação do vento considerando o conforto humano na avaliação dos modos de falha. Para isso, foram consideradas como variáveis aleatórias: a velocidade máxima do vento no topo do edifício cuja distribuição de probabilidade é a distribuição de Gumbel para máximos e o módulo de elasticidade do concreto com modelo de probabilidade normal. Realizou-se a análise para dois modos de falha: o deslocamento excessivo no topo do edifício, com base na NBR 15575-2/2013, e a aceleração máxima para verificação do conforto humano de acordo com a NBR 6123/2013. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise conjunta dos modos de falha aplicados em série. O método utilizado foi o FORM – First Order Reliability Method com algoritmo HLRF, implementado em ambiente Matlab, para o edifício teórico CAARC. Verificou-se grandes discrepâncias entre a probabilidade de falha para os dois modos considerados. Para a aceleração máxima, encontrou-se valores práticos de ponto de projeto e probabilidade de falha. No entanto, o deslocamento horizontal de 3 centímetros resultou em uma probabilidade de falha extremamente alta para valores de velocidade de vento baixos, concluindo-se que, para o edifício alto do problema, o limite normativo tende a ser facilmente extrapolado. À vista disso, o parâmetro de deslocamento horizontal baseado na altura total do edifício também foi estudado. Tal análise resultou em uma probabilidade de falha maior que a da aceleração, no entanto, apresentando valores de ponto de projeto consistentes. / The present work aims to apply structural reliability analysis to a tall building subjected to wind load considering human comfort in the evaluation of failure modes. For this purpose, the following random variables were considered: the maximum wind speed at the top of the building whose probability distribution is the Gumbel distribution for maximum and the modulus of elasticity of concrete with normal distribution. The analysis was conducted for two failure modes: excessive displacement on the top of the building, which is based on NBR 15575/2013, and the maximum acceleration for verification of the human comfort according to NBR 6123/2013. A joint analysis of failure modes applied in series was performed. The method used was the FORM - First Order Reliability Method with HLRF algorithm, implemented in Matlab environment, for the theoretical building CAARC. Large discrepancies between the failure probabilities of the two modes considered were found. For maximum acceleration, the design point value and the failure probability found were practical results. However, the horizontal displacement of 3 centimeters resulted in an extremely high probability of failure for low wind speed values, concluding that, for the tall building of the problem, the code limit tends to be easily extrapolated. Hence, the horizontal displacement parameter based on the total height of the building was also studied. Such analysis resulted in a failure probability greater than the acceleration one, however, presenting consistent design point values.

The topic Modern Approaches to Designing Electrical Equipment with a Focus on Railway Construction responds to the decision of the Government of the Czech Republic to introduce the BIM method for government over-the-counter contracts from 1 January 2022. The government evaluated the BIM method as an effective tool for digitizing the construction industry. The diploma thesis deals with the method of designing high-current equipment, technologies and distribution on railways according to this new method. The work summarizes information about the present method of design, used high-current electrical equipment on the railway, the near and distant future of railway operation, the organization of administration and maintenance of equipment. It discusses the principle of the BIM method and basic software solutions supporting design activities according to this new method. The Promis.e software published by Bentley is also described in detail, which supports the design of electrical equipment for linear structures according to this method. The BIM method is a means of fulfilling the essence of Construction 4.0. It uses uniform data formats, a common data environment, working with non-graphic information. In the second part of the diploma thesis, the drawing documentation for the sample project of high-current distribution of the railway station was prepared. It was first created using AutoCAD software. After that, the sample project demonstrates the basic principles of the BIM method using Promis.e software. Furthermore, this project is evaluated, both methods of design are compared. The procedure of introducing the BIM method for the design of electrical equipment in a specific design company is proposed and other possible steps in working with the Promis.e software are discussed. The way of creating a and adding element libraries is described. At the end of the diploma thesis it is stated that to successfully master the design work according to the BIM method, it is necessary to have experience with design work in the field, know the principles of the BIM method, choose a suitable software solution, continuously and thoroughly manage these tools and train staff. Under these conditions, it will be possible to make full use of the potential of the BIM method.