O conceito de modelo de negócio pode ser utilizado para descrever e entender empresas. Ele determina que devemos entender um negócio utilizando os serviços que são prestados, as empresas (e seus papéis) envolvidas e a forma de faturamento que o empreendedor terá sobre o serviço. O conceito ganhou muita atenção com a explosão dos portais B2B que surgiram nos últimos anos na internet. Estes portais são empreendimentos que ofertam serviços que intermediam as interações entre as empresas. Com a reorganização da sociedade em redes globais de empresas, tais portais têm diante de si uma grande variedade de serviços a serem prestados, assim tornando a abordagem dos modelos de negócio um elemento fundamental para o entendimento do valor agregado pelos empreendedores do setor B2B. Mas faltam trabalhos de organização e sistematização desses modelos, e os próprios empreendedores brasileiros não vêm demonstrando entendimento sobre eles. Assim, no presente trabalho, serão organizados e sistematizados os conceitos de modelos de negócio, eCommerce e B2B, bem como será feita uma proposta de classificação destes modelos de negócio, de tal forma que pesquisadores e empreendedores possam utilizar este texto como base em seus estudos a respeito desses portais na internet. / Business models concept can be used to describe and understand all kind of enterprises. Using this concept one can understand a business by the services been delivered, the enterprises (and their roles) been involved and the invoicing return over the service. This concept became an buzzword during the recently explosion of B2B portals over the internet. These B2B portals are enterprises that offer brokerage services between other enterprises. With the sudden reorganization of society over global net of enterprises, these portals have a huge business opportunity for delivering a wide variety of services, becoming the business model a central element for understanding the aggregated value been proposed by each B2B portal. But there are a poor number of published materials around the organization and classification of these business models and brazilian entrepreneur does not seem to understand these business models. In this work the concept of business models, eCommerce and B2B will be organized and a classification of possible business models will be proposed. The proposed classification could be used by researchers and entrepreneurs as a tool for their studies about these portals over the internet.

nÃo hà / This study aimed to examine the implementation process of the business model of management into the public school Cearà state system, based on the concepts and trends of the overall management approach, as well as their influences on the management of public schools, critically analyzing the adoption of these entrepreneurship mechanisms. Consonant with our line of research work and education, we chose a critical guiding framework of analysis of the object of study, the dialectical historical materialism. The dissertational study aimed at authors such as Marx (1998), MÃszÃros (2011), Harvey (1999), Antunes (2009), among others, the theoretical framework to understand the contextual factors related to socioeconomic sphere; Paro (2012), Behring (2001) and Oliveira (2002), the foundation necessary to elucidate theoretical conceptions of the school management in the capital of the times of crisis. The methodology to undertake such a study consisted of qualitative research, bibliographical and research has also made an empirical character through case study with the use of techniques such as observation and interview with the management team a school institution located in Fortaleza. From the data analysis and theoretical framework were identified as, over the years, the logic of school management tried to establish a fine line with the business logic, and in its development, advance to expedients increasingly committed to the market interests and companies, making capital of conveniences, in fact, needs of educational institutions, leading to the apparent distance of a critical educational model, emancipatory and transformative. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo examinar o processo de transposiÃÃo do modelo empresarial de gestÃo para o interior da escola pÃblica da rede estadual cearense, partindo da abordagem de conceitos e tendÃncias da gestÃo geral, assim como de suas influÃncias sobre a gestÃo das escolas pÃblicas, analisando criticamente a adoÃÃo desses mecanismos de empresariamento. Consoante com nossa linha de pesquisa Trabalho e EducaÃÃo, optamos por um referencial crÃtico orientador da anÃlise sobre o objeto de estudo, o materialismo histÃrico dialÃtico. O estudo dissertativo buscou em autores como Marx (1998), MÃszÃros (2011), Harvey (1999), Antunes (2009), dentre outros, o aporte teÃrico para compreender os elementos contextuais ligados à esfera socioeconÃmica; em Paro (2012), Behring (2001) e Oliveira (2002), o embasamento necessÃrio para elucidar concepÃÃes teÃricas acerca da gestÃo escolar em tempos de crise do capital. A trajetÃria metodolÃgica para empreender tal estudo se constituiu de pesquisa qualitativa, de tipo bibliogrÃfico, e a investigaÃÃo assumiu, tambÃm, um carÃter empÃrico por meio de estudo de caso, com o uso de tÃcnicas como a observaÃÃo e aplicaÃÃo de entrevista com a equipe gestora de uma instituiÃÃo escolar situada em Fortaleza. A partir da anÃlise dos dados e do referencial teÃrico, foi possÃvel identificar como, ao longo dos anos, a lÃgica da gestÃo escolar buscou estabelecer uma sintonia fina com a lÃgica empresarial e, no seu desenvolvimento, avanÃar para expedientes cada vez mais comprometidos com os interesses do mercado e das empresas, tornando as conveniÃncias do capital, de fato, necessidades das instituiÃÃes de ensino, ocasionando o evidente distanciamento de um modelo educacional crÃtico, emancipatÃrio e transformador.

Os parques tecnológicos são habitats de inovação que estão espalhados por quase todos os países do mundo. Assim como qualquer empreendimento, os parques demandam o estabelecimento de uma organização que realize a gestão executiva do empreendimento, que, no caso dos parques, contempla tanto aspectos imobiliários quanto os relacionados a ciência, tecnologia e inovação. Desta forma, o modelo de negócio da organização gestora, ou seja, a forma pela qual tal organização estrutura seus serviços e infraestruturas visando resultados que permitam a continuidade de suas atividades e a geração de retorno ao investimento recebido, precisa estar adequado ao contexto financeiro. Neste sentido, emerge a pergunta de pesquisa: Qual o modelo de negócio de organizações gestoras de Parques Tecnológicos que leva à sustentabilidade econômico-financeira das mesmas no contexto brasileiro? Esta pesquisa tem como foco o entendimento do modelo de negócio de tais organizações visando propor um modelo no contexto brasileiro, que se adeque às características do empreendimento \"parque tecnológico\" e que permita uma menor dependência de recursos públicos para a sua operacionalização. A partir de abordagem qualitativa e exploratória, fortemente enraizada nos dados, foram elaborados os casos de organizações gestoras de parques de diferentes naturezas, quais sejam: a) Núcleo de Gestão do Porto Digital (Porto Digital/Recife/ Brasil), COPPETEC (Parque Tecnológico do Rio/ Rio de Janeiro/ Brasil), departamento da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (Tecnopuc/ Porto Alegre/ Brasil), Bidwells (Cambridge Science Park/Cambridge/ Inglaterra); departamento da University of Surrey (Surrey Research Park/Surrey/Inglaterra), e Birmingham Science Park Aston Ltd (Birmingham Science Park Aston/ Birmingham/ Inglaterra). A proposição dos elementos do modelo de negócios levou em consideração a revisão bibliográfica e as práticas observadas nos estudos de caso. O modelo passou por avaliação crítica de especialistas e, a partir dos parâmetros do mesmo, foi realizado um ensaio de viabilidade financeira. Dos ajustes promovidos pela análise crítica e pelo ensaio de viabilidade, foi realizada a proposição final do modelo, que contempla os componentes do modelo de negócio para uma gestora de parque tecnológico instituída como organização privada sem fins lucrativos. Em relação à literatura relacionada a ambientes de inovação, esta tese contribui de forma original na medida em que trata de assunto ainda pouco estudado, ainda mais considerando o nível de detalhamento apresentado. Apesar de já ser utilizado como ferramenta na avaliação de negócios inovadores, a utilização de forma exploratória do modelo de negócio vinculado à operação de organizações gestoras de parques é algo ainda não utilizado em publicações acadêmicas e, portanto, uma aproximação diferenciada do tema. Ainda, a tese apresenta, de forma detalhada, os principais componentes de receitas e custos deste tipo de empreendimento e suas possibilidades jurídicas de operação no contexto brasileiro, ao mesmo tempo que lança críticas sobre tal contexto. Esta pesquisa sistematizou elementos que antes haviam sido estudados de forma individualizada e os coloca na perspectiva de um outro conjunto de elementos (modelo de negócio) que necessitam ser complementares e ajustados a um contexto para que a operação do parque possa acontecer com a menor dependência de recursos públicos. Nesta perspectiva, esta tese pode contribuir, na prática, para a estruturação das organizações gestoras dos parques e lança a sugestão do estudo de novos modelos que contemplem características diferentes e que estariam dentro de um contexto institucional também diferente, que não era escopo desta pesquisa. / Technology parks are innovation habitats spread over almost all the countries around the world. As any other business, the parks require the establishment of an organization that performs the executive management of the enterprise which, in the case of parks, covers both aspects of real estate as those related to science, technology and innovation. Thus, the business model of the management organization - i.e. the way such organization settles its services and physical infrastructure in order to enable the continuity of its activities and generates return on investment - must fit the financial context. In this sense, emerges the research question: What is the business model of technology parks management organizations that contributes to their economic and financial sustainability in the Brazilian context? This research focuses on understanding the business model of such organizations aiming to propose a model in the Brazilian context that fits the characteristics of the enterprise \"technology park\" and allows less dependency on public funds to its operation. The research has a qualitative and exploratory approach, and is strongly rooted in the data drawn from management organizations cases of different parks, which are: a) Núcleo do Porto Digital (Porto Digital / Recife / Brazil), COPPETEC (Rio Technology Park/ Rio de Janeiro/Brazil), Department of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (Tecnopuc/Porto Alegre/Brazil), Bidwells (Cambridge Science Park /Cambridge/England); Department of the University of Surrey (Surrey Research Park/Surrey/England), and Birmingham Science Park Aston Ltd (Birmingham Science Park Aston/ Birmingham/England). The proposition of the business model took into account the literature review and practices observed in the case studies. The model was submitted to critical evaluation by experts. From the parameters of the model, it was performed a financial feasibility essay. After the adjustments that emerged from the evaluation of experts in parks and from the financial feasibility essay, it was presented the final proposition of the model that comprises the business model components for a technology park management organization established as a non for profit private organization. Regarding the literature on innovation habitats, this thesis contributes in an original way, as it deals with poorly studied subject so far, especially considering the level of detail presented. Despite being used as a tool in the evaluation of innovative businesses, the exploratory use of the business model tool linked to the operation of management organizations of parks is not yet applied in academic publications and, therefore, it is a differentiated approach to the theme. The thesis presents in detail the major components of revenues and costs of this type of enterprise and its legal scope of operation in the Brazilian context, while launches criticism on such context. This research systematized elements that had previously been studied individually and put them in the perspective of another set of elements that need to be complementary and fit a context for the operation of the park in a way it can happen with less dependence on public resources. In this perspective, this thesis can contribute in practice to the structuring of management organizations of parks and suggest the development of a research about new models that include different features and also would be in a different institutional context, as it was not the scope of this research.

The research presented here is dedicated to the contextual dependence of a business model assumed by an IT company. A business model may articulate the value of a specific technology, while the technology as such cannot generate value. This study starts with presenting a review of current understanding of the business model as such. This gives rise to the formulation of a pre-understanding suggesting that any business model should be dependent on its context, for its structure and functioning. This pre-understanding was tested empirically by a study of three IT companies. The key result suggests that the conception of a company’s business model may be made fruitfully in relation to the industry’s lifecycle stage. A second finding suggests that there seems to be a co-evolution of the business model and the information infrastructure that underlies and enables such a business model. The study contributes to the cross-disciplinary research by revealing relations between information technologies, business models and organizational life cycle. The outcomes of the research may help practitioners to analyze the company’s business and make better decisions.

金融科技(Fintech)，結合了 Financial 和 Technology 二個單字所組合，泛指一群企業運用科技手段使得金融服務變得更有效率，進而形成一個產業。這些科技公司運用了通路（硬體或平台）或是技術（大數據、區塊鏈、物聯網等等）和金融服務做結合，進而改善或提供新的金融服務，而這些創新的商業模式，也讓科技公司進入了金融科技這個領域。 本研究採用個案研究法藉由個案公司來找出他們的商業模式加以分析，探討個案公司之商業模式，找出關鍵成功因素及探討個案公司與金融科技業者及金融業者之競合策略。 本研究主要目的在融合學術架構、產業實務，找出金融科技業關鍵成功因素，如何有效運用產業、商業模式與競合策略這三層面向，來協助達成金融科技業成長的目的。

近年來行動網路及數位商務的蓬勃發展，促使O2O(Online to Offline/ Offline to Online)模式的興起。如何有效的結合實體通路與電子商務平台，以發展線上及線下之O2O模式，已成為提升產業競爭力的重要關鍵。 銷售商品不只透過實體店面進行販售，網路的普及化造就了網路銷售平台的架設，大型的購物平台對於零售業產生巨大的影響，因此企業不得不將實體及網路做整合。在傳統的電子商務，不外乎為 B2B、B2C、C2C 等型態，這些模式均屬於單方面虛擬店面的交易。隨著智慧型手機的普及，行動商務已是企業不可忽視的商機。 在現今的社會裡，網際網路帶動了電子商務的流行趨勢，也引導企業走向資訊化行銷的經營模式。利用虛實整合的策略，可以在真實世界與網路虛擬世界間，搭起一座溝通的橋樑，由傳統企業擴展電子商務的市場。在網際網路新世紀中，唯有把實體與虛擬作良好的整合，才能建立並維持競爭優勢。 當企業將實體及網路零售做整合時，實體店面增加了網路上的通路宣傳資源，方便追蹤消費者每筆消費紀錄，對企業來說能夠更輕鬆掌握消費者數據，可以提升對消費者的營銷效果及維護。本論文研究探討對於線上線下的整合，是否有利整體績效呈現，運用對O2O的文獻回顧探討線上線下的整合如何提升營運績效與競爭力。 / In recent years, the vigorous development of the action network and digital commerce has prompted the rise of the O2O model (Online to Offline/ Offline to Online). How to effectively combine physical access and e-commerce platform to develop the model O2O of online and offline has become an important key to enhance the competitiveness of the industry. Sales goods are there are nothing more than pattern sold through physical stores, but the popularization of Internet has created the network sales platform. Large shopping platforms have a huge impact on the retail industry, so enterprises have to integrate entities and networks. In the traditional e-commerce, not only for B2B, B2C, C2C, and so on, these patterns belong to the unilateral virtual store transaction. With the popularity of smart phone, mobile commerce is a business is a business opportunity to be reckoned with in enterprises. In today's society, the Internet has led to the trend of e-commerce, and also leads to the business model of information marketing. The strategy of virtual reality integration can set up a bridge of communication between the real world and the virtual world of the Internet, and expand the market of e-commerce by traditional enterprises. In the new century of the Internet, the competition advantage can be established and maintained only if the entity and the virtual are well integrated. When enterprises integrate entities and online retailers, the physical stores increase the channel publicity resources on the Internet, which is easy to track consumers' consumption records, and can easily grasp the consumer data, and enhance the effectiveness of consumer marketing and maintenance. This paper investigates whether the integration of online and offline whether beneficial to the overall performance or not, and uses literature reviews of O2O to explore how online-offline integration can improve operational performance and competitiveness.

Business modelling (BM) is being used in commercial organizations of different sizes and industries all over the world as a tool to design, structure and analyse business processes and activities. Hence, advantages of BM can be exploited by public sector institutions (PSIs) as well. Adoption of open source software (OSS) is another phenomenon that started to spread from individual and corporate users to public environment. In Europe, it was successfully done in German municipalities and Swedish police. Moreover, guidelines on OSS public procurement were developed by the group of researchers led by R. A. Ghosh on the base of EU directives on software management. The aim of the current study is to combine two mentioned above tools (BM and OSS adoption) in one practical approach that could be used by municipalities. The main reason for doing this is obvious lack of findings in both theoretical and practical aspects though the subject is being broadly discussed and promoted. The overall purpose of the current research is to design an OSS based business model for Kivos municipalities that can be later generalized to other public organizations, probably even in other countries. The specific feature of this business modelling is that it is created upon value and relationships instead of issues related to money which is more common for BM. The current study is an exploratory and inductive qualitative research where case study was chosen as a research strategy. Data collection was conducted using the following techniques: literature review – for secondary data collection, and communication (interview and survey) – for primary data collection. Theoretical framework includes literature (sources providing both general and specific information related to the subject of interest. All gathered information was interpreted and analysed through the instrumentality of enterprise modelling or simply summarised and discussed verbally. On the base of interpreted results of theoretical and empirical studies desired OSS based business relationships model was designed and described for Kivos municipalities. It is based on value which in particular case implies sharing information, knowledge and experience as well as mutual assistance and reliable interaction between participants of relationships existing in OSS environment.

Background:   This research paper studies the potential of the Flourishing Business Canvas developed from the new research field of Business Models for Sustainability. Throughout the literature review arguments for the new concept of Business Models for Sustainability are made. Showing also the need for a tool that can help companies to transform towards a BMfS. The Flourishing Business Canvas is the first tool being developed at the moment and is based on the Business Model Canvas of Osterwalder and Pigneur. In this research data from reports from three different fashion companies is used to complete the Flourishing Business Canvasses and to evaluatethe applicability and usefulness of the canvas. Aim:   The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of the newly developed Flourishing Business Canvas through case studies of secondary data research in the fashion industry. The research will evaluate the applicability and usefulness of the building blocks of the alpha-version of the Flourishing Business Canvas on the basis of information gathered from annual reports, sustainability reports, home pages and academic research. To contribute to the ongoing research of this tool, the research will try to suggest improvements where needed to make the tool suitable for the sustainable development of the fashion industry. Methodology:   The research is performed trough a qualitative research based on three small casestudies. The canvas is completed for three fashion companies, of three different market segments, based on published reports, media articles and research articles. The gaps in the canvas and the usefulness of the answers will be defined. Results:   The results of the research showed that the three companies follow the four mainarguments for a Business Model for Sustainability, but that what they express in their reports is notcompletely what they do in practise. The Flourishing Business Canvas for the three fashioncompanies was easy to complete as an outsider, this was mostly because they were transparentcompanies that published a lot of information. The questions in the Flourishing Business Canvasalso could show well the efforts on economic, social and environmental sustainability. Conclusion:   The Flourishing Business Canvas is a good tool for the fashion companies to show their economic, social and environmental sustainability in a schematic way and on strategic level. Although in general the canvas expresses that it shows true sustainability, two important elements of a sustainable fashion company; circularity and transparency, were not specifically defined.

本研究闡述了為因應PC整體市場的逐漸萎縮，以個案公司所處的顯示卡產業如何透過4D服務設計(Service Design)的邏輯及設計思考(Design Thinking)的系統思維，替現有的商業模式(Business Model)詮釋出另一符合未來需求的新商業模式。透過以人為本之價值共創的服務設計模型，確認相關的利害關係人，並實際訪談各利害關係人後，深入分析使用者潛在問題及需求，以不同視角來找出創新的洞見(Insight)。依據此洞見來發展可行的方案，並展開成為完整的服務系統，再將此服務系統雛型具體化產出後進行風險分析。最終的研究結果訴諸以形塑出新的商業模式來具體呈現。

Magister Commercii - MCom / Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) is a growth strategy implemented by the South African government to address one of the country’s largest challenges, inequality. However, the failure rate of BEE ventures in the wine industry, and the agricultural sector in general, has been very high. The South African wine industry dates back to the early 1800s, and provides an interesting context to study four cases of relatively new business ventures established since the 1990s. There is limited research that explicitly examines the relationship between the changes after liberalisation and the forms of black entry into the South African wine industry. The purpose of this research is, firstly, to investigate the business models used by selected BEE ventures, in order to identify how they contribute to business success. The Osterwalder business model is utilised as a framework to investigate the business models of four BEE business ventures, namely Solms-Delta, Thokozani, M’Hudi and Seven Sisters. Secondly, the paper seeks to establish how ownership structure influences success. To explore this influence, two cases studied are 100% black owned and two cases are joint ventures between black and white owners directly involved in the business. The present study indicates that BEE ventures in the South African wine industry face many challenges but are not necessarily unsuccessful. Findings of the present study are limited to the research sample only. Other empowerment transactions could be used for future investigation.