Considering the competitiveness of global markets within an ever-changing environment, a company\'s Business Model should be able to innovate constantly to capture value within the company, while addressing better the customer needs. The PSS Business Model represents an innovation while providing value to the customer supported by a combination of products and services. However, the PSS Business Model also needs to innovate constantly. The Internet of Things (IoT) comprises networked objects able to interact with each other and to people, to reach common goals with a high level of efficiency, thus presenting potential to create a new value proposition to PSS Business Model Design. However, the existing literature represents an IoT solution into PSS Design, using either technical constructs or a high level free textual description. The goal of this study is to propose a \"Method to support the representation of IoT solutions during the PSS Business Model Design\". The method was developed based on the Design Research Methodology (DRM), comprising three research stages. During the first and second stages, a literature review was conducted to generate theoretical requirements for guiding the proposition of the method. During the third stage, the requirements were developed, and multiple case studies using secondary sources were used to propose the method in theory. During the final activity of the third stage, an exploratory application of the method for a Driverless PSS Car Sharing were applied and its results, as well as all the method\'s artifacts, were object of an initial evaluation by a focus group. The results indicated that method has potential to provide a common language for the PSS Business Model designers, while providing detailed information, to be added to the dimensions of a PSS Business Model that comprises IoT solutions. / Considerando a competitividade dos mercados globais dentro de um ambiente de constante mudança, o modelo de negócio de uma empresa deve ser capaz de inovar constantemente, capturando valor dentro da empresa ao mesmo tempo em que atende melhor as necessidades dos clientes. O modelo de negócio de PSS representa uma inovação ao entregar valor ao cliente através de uma combinação de produtos e serviços. No entanto, o modelo de negócio de PSS também precisa inovar constantemente. A Internet das coisas (IoT) compreende objetos em rede capazes de interagir uns com os outros e com as pessoas, para alcançar metas comuns com elevado nível de eficiência. Dessa forma, apresenta potencial para criar a nova proposta de valor para o desenho de modelo de negócio de PSS. No entanto, a literatura existente representa a solução de IoT usando ou constructos técnicos, ou um nível alto de descrição textual. O objetivo deste estudo é propor um \"Método de representação de soluções de internet das coisas (IoT) durante o design de um modelo de negócios de um Sistema produto-serviço (PSS)\". O método foi desenvolvido com apoio da Design Research Methodology (DRM), sendo composto de três fases de investigação. Durante a primeira e a segunda fase, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura para gerar requisitos teóricos para orientar a proposição de método. Durante a terceira fase, foram desenvolvidos requerimentos e analisados múltiplos estudos de caso, usando fontes secundárias, para propor o método na teoria. Durante a atividade final da terceira fase foi realizada uma aplicação exploratória do método, em um caso de um PSS de \"uso compartilhado de carros\" usando um carro autônomo. Em seguida todos os artefatos do método, e os resultados dessa aplicação exploratória, foram objeto de uma avaliação inicial por um grupo focal. Os resultados indicaram que o método tem potencial para fornecer uma linguagem comum para os desenvolvedores de modelo de negócio de PSS, proporcionando informações detalhadas, a serem adicionadas às dimensões de um modelo de negócio de PSS.

L'accumulation de gaz à effet de serre dans l'atmosphère, produite par des activités anthropiques notamment dans le secteur de l’énergie est une des causes principales du changement climatique. Par conséquent, réaliser une véritable transition énergétique par une décarbonisation des réseaux électriques est devenue un besoin urgent pour atténuer les effets du réchauffement climatique. Dans cette transition, l’introduction des énergies renouvelables a été initiée depuis plusieurs années, principalement en raison de la participation de nouveaux acteurs à ce marché. Aujourd’hui, l’un des grands défis est de maintenir l’équilibre et la sécurité du réseau électrique en tenant compte de la diversité et de la variabilité des ressources énergétiques renouvelables connectées au réseau. L’une des approches permettant de régler ce problème et d’accroître la flexibilité du réseau électrique par ce que l’on désigne comme la Réponse à la Demande (RD). Cette thèse examine précisément ces nouvelles approches et montre l’intérêt de repenser les relations entre les différentes partie-prenantes pour faire émerger des nouveaux modèles d’affaires afin de déployer de nouvelles innovations au service de la transition énergétique. La méthodologie de recherche mise en œuvre de cette thèse consiste en une revue systématique de la littérature et une étude des données empiriques de 15 jeunes entreprises européennes du secteur de l’énergie. En conséquence, la thèse fournit à la communauté de la recherche (1) une méthode de classification pour catégoriser les différents modèles d’affaires de l’énergie (MAEs) et présente une première synthèse des MAE identifiés dans la littérature; (2) un cadre d’analyse des start-ups dans le secteur de l’énergie, complété par l’analyse de 15 start-ups de ce domaine; (3) un outil conceptuel pour l'innovation en matière de RD, appelé Canevas de Modèle d'Affaires de Réponse de Demande (CMARD), qui comprend 12 éléments interreliés. Ce canevas vise à évaluer les activités des offres de RD et à soutenir l'émergence de nouveau modèles d'affaires de RD. Ces résultats permettent de proposer un cadre analytique simplifié des pratiques existantes et peuvent également aider des entrepreneurs ou décideurs à explorer et concevoir de nouvelles offres sur le marché de la réponse à la demande. / The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, produced by human activities in the energy sector is one of the main causes of climate change. Therefore, the decarbonization of power systems has become an urgent need the mitigate to the effects of climate change and achieve the energy transition. The share of renewable energy technologies has been increasing mainly due to the participation of new market players. Today, however, one of the great challenges is to maintain the electricity system’s balance and security despite the large amount of renewable energy resources connected to the grid. One of the approaches to deal with this issue and to increase power system flexibility is the Demand Response (DR). Moreover, scholars argue that business model innovation can act as an energy transition driver. This thesis examines business model innovations in the context of the energy transition by investigating emerging start-up business models. The implemented research methodology in this thesis consists of a systematic literature review and an investigation of empirical data of 15 European energy start-ups. As a result, the thesis provides the research community with (1) a grouping method to classify different Energy Business Models (EBMs) and an initial synthesis of the EBMs identified in the literature; (2) a framework to analyse start-ups in the energy sector, completed with the analysis of 15 energy start-ups; (3) and a conceptual tool for DR innovation, named as the Demand Response Business Model Canvas (DRBMC), which includes 12 interrelated elements. This canvas aims at evaluating DR activities and supporting the emergence of new DR business models. These results can also help entrepreneurs explore new demand response market opportunities, enabling a better understanding and providing a simplified analytic framework of existing business practices.

由於行動上網技術不斷地進步，消費者也逐漸養成了行動上網的習慣。Apple公司的iPhone結合了App Store的推出，更帶動了這股風潮。我國電信業者也在這樣的趨勢下，開始自行發展軟體商店(Application Store)以服務用戶。 在過去的行動通訊產業中，電信業者一直擁有主導優勢，各種加值服務都是屬於封閉的型態，所以用戶使用加值服務時，一定得經由電信業者所經營的入口。但是，自從Apple成功發展出軟體商店的模式之後，各種智慧型手機的軟體商店平台也開始蓬勃發展，用戶可繞過電信業者而取得相關的服務。因此，電信業者乃積極發展軟體商店以回應其所面臨的挑戰。 本研究以中華電信、台灣大哥大、遠傳電信等國內三家主要電信業者為個案研究對象，針對個案公司發展軟體商店的創新營運模式進行深入的探討。所得到的初步結論包括： (1)電信業者在經營軟體商店上，會強調多樣化加值服務的策略。(2) 電信業者在經營軟體商店上會根據不同的價值網路進行差異化。(3) 電信業者在經營軟體商店時，在價值創造方面會著重於讓消費者快速地找到正確的、所需要的軟體。(4)電信業者在發展軟體商店時，「在地化」是其經營上的關鍵要素。本文最後並提出實務上的意涵與後續研究的建議。 關鍵字：電信業者、軟體商店、營運模式創新、價值創造 / Nowadays smartphone has an enormous growth over the entire mobilephone market. A lot of people choose to use smartphone such as iPhone or android phone because smartphone brings more fun and convenience into their life. One of the key factors is application store which Apple made it successed in 2008. Application store or so-called app store is an online platform which provides service for customers to download applications and developers to upload. The transaction must be got involved in the whole process. However, the manefactors of mobilephone were active in establishing their own application store but the operators are eager to do so as well. The value-added service used to be controlled fully by the operators. Not only the contents but the portals were hold by operators so end-users had a few choices. Since the application stores become more poplular, operators are encountering a big chanllenge. This thesis studys how operators deal with the problem of decreasing ARPU by running application stores on their own. Based on the case study, the initial findings includes: (1) When operators run an application store, they emphasize variety of value-added services. (2) The methods which operators choose to differentiate their application store are related to the differences in their value network. (3) When operators run an application store, they put emphasis on elimination of information asymmetry. (4) When operators run an application store, localization is the key factor in opration. Key word: oprators, application store, business model innovation, value creation

臺灣兒童樂園型態的演進，受氣候、地域、服務等因素影響，從戶外逐漸轉型為室內，並不斷納入各種新元素，形成多元化類型。兒童教育方面，品格教育長期推動，教育部自2004年起推動「品格教育促進方案」、2000年起推動「臺灣有品運動」。另一方面，室內兒童樂園鼓勵孩童利用遊具，能夠盡情的活動，促進肢體與生理均衡發展。騎士堡國際事業股份有限公司進一步將遊具結合學習體適能、品格教育等內容，特別是品格教育為其重要特色之一。此企業經營模式的創新，藉由導入多元教育體驗服務模式，為臺灣室內兒童樂園帶入新的發展方向。 　　本研究的主要目的有三：第一為瞭解國內兒童品格教育推動的現況、問題、困難及突破的方法；第二藉由文獻蒐集及深度訪談，分析室內兒童樂園推動品格教育體驗活動的效益；第三探討室內兒童樂園導入品格教育結合商業平臺經營模式創新策略。 　　本研究為探索性個案研究（case study method），選擇體驗式服務極具代表性的騎士堡公司為個案研究對象，除了擁有兒童品格教育結合商業平臺的豐富經驗外，更創造出經營模式創新的實績。在經營模式及營運成效構面部份，選擇哈佛大學學者Applegate（2001）提出的經營模式，以概念、能力與價值三要素組成，探討室內兒童樂園導入品格教育對經營模式創新的影響。 　　研究結果發現，室內兒童樂園導入品格教育經營模式創新的策略有： 一、結合遊戲中學習「玩中學」經營策略，啟發孩童身心發展，創造安全遊戲、快樂學習的環境。 二、結合品格教育體驗活動策略，對孩童具有提升真實的體驗效果，從中得到快樂滿足，達到品格教育的目的，並吸引更多孩童參與體驗的機會。 三、結合童話主題遊具研發策略，以童話主題創新研發獨一無二的創意遊具，打造充滿創意、想像情境的兒童育樂環境，提升孩童學習動力。 四、結合體驗行銷提升品牌形象策略，將企業社會責任及創新的兒童生活教育體驗服務的理念傳遞給社會大眾，在行銷與商業交易過程中，與孩童、家長、通路產生新的互動與溝通模式。 五、結合產學合作與研究計畫策略，增進產業既有服務內容、元素、規格及組合，建立了新的服務運作方式、經營制度、作業程序與營運系統，改變現有的經營模式，形成了創新的經營技術。 六、結合異業結盟創造商機策略，創造企業和合作品牌的雙贏策略，不但發揮回饋社會的企業社會責任外，更建立騎士堡的品牌公益形象，提高品牌延展性，創造雙贏效益。 七、結合兒童生活教育體驗服務創新策略，能夠產生獨特的競爭優勢，成為一個全方位兒童品格教育體驗平臺；達到孩童、家長、通路、騎士堡四方共贏的經營模式創新效益。 關鍵字：室內兒童樂園、品格教育、經營模式創新、騎士堡

體驗經濟思維已成為未來企業經營的重心，體驗為主的企業，紛紛利用不同的體驗活動增加產品、服務的附加價值。綜觀台灣稻米產業，在加入世界貿易組織後，面臨稻米開放進口及削減農業補貼之壓力，加上國人飲食習慣受西式文化影響，飲食選擇多樣化及家庭外食比例提高，造成稻米耕作面積縮減及稻米供應量降低，使稻米產業的經營不免落入產量與價格的競爭。 研究從商業模式創新的角度出發，針對掌生穀粒糧商號、行健有機夢想村、穀東俱樂部與南澳自然田，四間台灣稻米產業中成功轉換到體驗經濟思維下經營的個案公司，根據深入訪談與直接觀察分析，了解並評估個案公司在體驗經濟下的商業模式創新。而研究成果一方面可提供四間個案公司作為未來發展的參考，另一方面也可成為未來台灣稻米產業在體驗經濟下創新經營的參考典範。 本研究之研究結論如下： 1.傳統稻米產業應積極尋求外部資源的投入，以求產業的成長轉型，加強與消費者間體驗的互動，勿停留在提供初級產品的經營思維。 2.企業經營者應秉持自己的中心思想，尋找具相同理念的消費者，營造具特色的體驗活動，勿一味追求市場佔有率。 3.稻米產業中企業商業模式的創新應善用新科技與體驗活動設計，並納入舊有元素，在傳統與創新中找到平衡點。 4.稻米產業中企業進行商業模式創新時，除考量可行性與創造財富的潛力，亦應思考永續經營與移轉複製的能性。 5.企業進行商業模式創新時，需一併考慮自身的社會責任，透過體驗行銷與體驗媒介傳達有益社會的經營理念，以服務大眾為己任。 個案研究顯示，四間個案公司的商業模式創新都和創新機會與創新因素息息相關，更與體驗經濟思維有非常深厚的連結，而商業模式的創新，確實能為台灣稻米產業帶來創造財富的潛力與提升永續經營的可能性。 / In recent years, experience economic viewpoint has been an important role in business. Some companies raise their products’ or services’ value by holding different experiential activities. In addition, the rice industry in Taiwan faces many challenges recently. First of all, imported liberalization and reduction of agricultural subsidies owing to joining WTO make more stress. And then people change their eating habits because of Western cultures. Moreover, many kinds of eating choices and higher proportion of eating outside are harmful for entire rice industry. Therefore, rice farming areas and provisions are decreased as well as the rice industry in Taiwan falls into aggressive competitions of price and yield. According to business model innovation structure, this study analyzes four Taiwanese successful companies which use experience economic viewpoint. This study gains information from in-depth interviews. This study also hopes to provide case companies some advances which might improve their future development. Furthermore, a referenced model is built by this research result. This study comes to the following conclusions: 1.The traditional rice industry should actively seek external resources, increase interactions and experiences between consumers and companies and avoid only selling rice goods. These methods could improve the growth and transformation of the rice industry. 2.Business managers need to insist their own central ideals, look for consumers who have the same ideals, create unique experiences and avoid blindly pursuing market share. 3.Business model innovation in the rice industry in Taiwan have to use new technology correctly, create experiences and redesign old elements to find a well balance of convention and innovation. 4.Business model innovation in the rice industry in Taiwan ought to pay more attention to not only wealth potential but also the possibilities of replication and sustainable development. 5.Business model innovation in the rice industry in Taiwan must think of social duty, their own ideals which are spread by experience marketing and media and take responsibility for serving the public. From these case studies, it is shown that four companies have strongly relationships among innovation opportunities, innovation factors and experience economic viewpoints. In fact, the rice industry in Taiwan can produce wealth potential and increase the possibility of sustainable development by using business model innovation.

This study investigates the drivers and forms of business model innovation. It is built on the business model innovation typology proposed by Koen et al. (2011), we have developed its dimensions into Hurdle rate, technology, partners value network and customer value network. The study used these dimensions as a base to differentiate between the two approaches of the business model innovation which were identified as innovating the existing business model approach and multiple business model approach. The study used qualitative analysis, through a dual case study approach in the automotive industry, consequently Fiat and Tata Motors were selected as case studies. Furthermore, the study foundation is secondary data supported by primary data (i.e. interviews) to investigate how each of these two organizations has implemented business model innovation in each case study, by highlighting and contrasting their different approaches of business model innovation. The results of the study showed that each of the two approaches of business model innovation implies open innovation and expands the organization’s value network. However, innovating the existing business model focuses on improving the organizations’ performance, and sustaining innovation. On the other hand, the multiple business model approach aims to disrupt the industry or a competitor (i.e. New entrant), through disruptive innovation. Moreover, the study proposed a process based framework and a checklist on business model innovation, to assist the decision makers in organizations while choosing between innovating their existing business model or designing a new one.

The author analyzed three different perspectives of the development of new technology-based firms (NTBFs) from the resource-based view. The first article discusses how the resource base impacts the internationalization behavior of German NTBFs. Some companies go international early, some internationalize only after a few years. We argued that the resource base is a substantial factor determining if a NTBF will internationalize or not. In the second article, we analyze how the resource base impacts the survival of German NTBFs. We argued that a lack of sufficient resources can lead to early business failure. We further state that the different resources are necessary to fulfill the requirements within the development phases of the NTBF. To broaden our perspective we combined the resource-based view with the market view. In the third article, we analyzed how the resource base impacts the business model innovation of NTBFs. The business model for NTBFs must often be tailored to fulfill the requirements of potential customers or to further grow the business. A sufficient resource base is necessary to be able to change the business model and buffer the transition phase.

新興市場正快速的累積經濟實力。新興市場成為企業下一波的重要成長動能，但其具備貧富差距大、所得不穩、生活差、基礎建設落後、對產品服務不熟悉…等特點，舊商業模式窒礙難行。企業為掌握新興市場全新挑戰，回應企業社會責任超越的要求，企業必須著眼這些獨特的利害關係人，從商業模式的創新來創造利潤及包括社會利益的共享價值，創造共贏局面。本研究運用聯合國開發計劃署(United Nation Development Programme, UNDP)的個案庫來檢視World Economic Forum(2009)提出的新興市場新商業模式的觀點，並經由個案的探討歸納新商業模式組成的本質的改變還有管理的意涵。 新商業模式設計觀點包含「可負擔的使用權」、「槓桿運用社會隱藏資產」、「建構公共財之間的橋梁」、「在地化規模與規模化經濟的平衡」、與「影響力治理」。新的觀點使舊商業模式的組成產生質變。從「強化生活機能價值」出發，新商業模式必須1)提供貼近當地水準的價格；2)替當地量身打造產生獨特的產品及服務；3)自給自足。以「教育的行銷與溝通」企業得1)運用正式控制以外的企業實質影響力建立信任；2)運用關鍵人物建立口碑；3)傳達商業模式利益，來將企業從價值的提供者轉換成價值的連結者並且建立信任，透過「重塑跨邊界的立體價值鏈」企業必須1)連結當地生產活動；2)善用當地的固有配銷體系；3)跨越基礎建設限制。建立「創意式的合作關係」來提供信任、永續、自給自足的商業模式。新商業模式開展需要「釋放組織束縛」的支援，企業勢必1)展現高階管理階層承諾；2)建構彈性可調整模組化的團隊；3)建立清楚的目標價值及短期戰果。 企業必須跨越組織的迷思與規模的迷思，並接受新興市場的消費者獨特的需求(低價、高品質)、運用影響力而非正式的控制體系、從價值的提供者轉換為價值的連結者。才能夠有效的接觸到下一個百億商機。

Business model innovation is used parallel with technical development to create competitive advantage within certain line of businesses. Many business have although not yet fully embraced business model innovation as a competitive foundation and still rely on technical development of products and services. The actual concept of business models and business model innovation has many different definitions and is perceived as ambiguous. The real estate business is a traditional line of business that often rely on technical development, location of the property and rent levels primarily as the competitive factors. As other line of businesses work more with business model innovation, as the IT-business, the interest for business model innovation grows in the real estate business.The purpose with this essay is to describe and analyze business model innovation within different types of real estate companies. Furthermore it’s investigated how companies within the real estate business today defines and uses business models.The study is based on a qualitative method whereof interview studies have been performed on different types of real estate companies. Primary data consists of interviews with 11 representatives from ten different real estate businesses. The result from the interviews have passed a thematic analysis to showcase eventual patterns in the answers from the interviewees.The definition of business models amongst the real estate companies was varying but all of them approached a definition that describes how a company works or creates profitability. None of the interviewees used business model innovation in a structured manner via for example a framework. The real estate companies on firsthand used technological development when innovating and not business model innovation. / Affärsmodellsinnovation används inom vissa branscher parallellt med teknisk utveckling för att skapa konkurrensfördelar. Många branscher har dock ännu inte anammat affärsmodellsinnovation såsom konkurrensmedel och förlitar sig fortfarande på i första hand teknisk utveckling av t.ex. produkter eller tjänster. Begreppen affärsmodell och affärsmodellsinnovation har många olika definitioner och upplevs som tvetydiga. Fastighetsbranschen är en traditionell bransch som ofta förlitat sig på teknisk utveckling, läget på fastigheterna och hyresnivåer som konkurrensmedel. I takt med att andra branscher arbetarmer med affärsmodellsinnovation, såsom IT-branschen, växer intresset föraffärsmodellsinnovation i även fastighetsbranschen.Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva och analysera affärsmodells-innovation inom olika typer av fastighetsföretag. Vidare utreds hur företag i fastighetsbranschen definierar och använder sig av affärsmodeller.Studien har sin grund i den kvalitativa metodläran varav intervjustudier har utförts på olika typer av fastighetsbolag. Primärdata består av intervjuer med elva representanter från tio olika fastighetsbolag. Resultatet från intervjuerna har genomgått en tematisk analys för att synliggöra eventuella mönster i respondenternas svar.Definitionen av affärsmodeller bland fastighetsbolagen var varierande men samtliga närmade sig en definition som beskrev hur ett företag arbetar eller skapar lönsamhet. Ingen av respondenterna använde sig av affärsmodells-innovation på ett strukturerat sätt genom exempelvis ett ramverk. De undersökta fastighetsbolagen använder sig i första hand av teknisk utveckling vid innovation och inte av affärsmodellsinnovation.

The economic development of the world in the last centuries has brought manypositive things, but also some new problems. The linear approach long used isbased on a long-term, unsustainable approach to economic activity and newmodels are required. The purpose of this report is to investigate newsustainability requirements that drive innovation with regard to business modelsand product development.A case study was carried out at the company Ecostrate, which is launching anew product with clear sustainability ambitions. A Triple Layered BusinessModel Canvas (TLBMC) is made for their product and from this case the roleof Circular Economics (CE) and sustainability in the formation of new businessmodels is evaluated. The case study was based on interviews made withcompany employees and other people in a focus group and on secondary dataprovided primarily from Ecostrate, but also other organizations and companies.From the case study, it can be seen how the business model of the product was,from start, designed in accordance with circular economic principles and with afocus on sustainability, where the starting point was a used material that wasthen altered to once again provide the consumer with a value offer. Accordingto profitability estimates, the product will competitive while significantenvironmental and social savings are possible. General conclusions can bedrawn that CE and sustainability are an important part of future business modeldesign, without which companies will not be competitive in the future andfuture markets with increasing raw material prices, stricter regulations and moreaware and sustainability-prioritizing customers.The primary limitation has been the calculations, which were not carried out asexhaustively as would have been needed in order to give the case study a morestable empirical foundation. In this study, they have been used as approximativevalues to draw generalizable conclusions so to understand the product, itsimpact and in order to get more precise implications for the rest of the market,there exists possible future research.