This is a study, the purpose of which is to investigate how the construction company Sefab Bygg AB is able to increase its profitability and render a more efficient production process through logistic solutions. The study is made during one of Sefab´s present projects. The project includes sanitary renovation of 650 apartments in the co-operative Opalen in Norrköping. To find out whether changes of logistic routines are profitable or not, it’s necessary to evaluate the total cost of the changes. A total cost analysis is a mapping of all the costs for a particular material, on one hand for the present situation and on the other after the change. This report includes a description of the present situation. It also includes case studies, to map the flow of material at Sefab today. Suggestions of interesting alternative solutions, has then been developed. With the help of studies and contacts with suppliers an estimate of costs for the suggested changes can be made. Suggestions of changes for Sefab´s logistic routines are "just in time" deliveries and the use of a third parts logistic company even called TPL-company. The TPL-company can offer services such as transports, warehouse and different jobs at the construction site. The result in this study tells us that "just in time" deliveries, is not a profitable solution for Sefab. It would result in a higher total cost and will only make the production slightly more efficient. The services from a TPL-company would on the other hand increase Sefabs profitability and result in a more efficient production process.

Rapporten syftar till att avgöra om entreprenörernas stora användning av GNSSteknikinom vägbyggnation är berättigad med avseende på ställda toleranskrav.GNSS betyder ”Global Navigation Satellite Systems” och är ett samlingsnamn förde satellitsystem som idag används för att utföra precisionsmätningar.En litteraturstudie har gjorts för att få svar på frågorna om vilka toleranser somgäller för vägutsättning samt vilken noggrannhet de olika mätmetoderna har.Kontakt har tagits med ett antal vägentreprenörer från olika företag som är insattai vägutsättning. De har fått besvara ett antal frågor som reder ut vilkenmetod/utrustning de använder idag samt hur stor kunskapen är om GNSS iblandentreprenörerna. De har dessutom fått svara på vad de anser är för-, respektivenackdelar med användning av GNSS vid vägutsättning.En litteraturstudie av byggtoleranser resulterar i de värden som måste uppnås vidbygget. Dessa jämförs sedan med de noggrannheter som de olika mätmetodernahar enligt en litteraturstudie av dessa.Frågeformulär har skickats ut och sammanställs i rapporten vilket ger en godåterspegling av entreprenörernas åsikter och kunskaper om GNSS samt vad deanvänder sig av idag. Dessutom finns en sammanfattad punktlista med för ochnackdelar som angetts av mätansvariga hos de olika entreprenörerna.En slutsats som kan dras är att den beställare som använder sig av AMAAnläggning 07 vid upprättande av bygghandling också anger toleranskrav i bådeplan och höjd för alla vägens lager.Ska man jämföra mätnoggrannhet med de hjälptoleranser i höjd som beskrivits såär GNSS-tekniken otillräcklig för den noggrannheten som ställs. Dessahjälptoleranser speglar dock inte funktionskraven till fullo utan är bara ett slagshjälpmedel för att räkna ut rimliga utsättningstoleranser.Entreprenörer vittnar om att GNSS-teknik kan användas vid anläggning avsamtliga obundna lager undantaget bärlagerjustering för att uppfylla defunktionskrav som ställs på vägen. Detta verifieras med de efterkontroller somgörs på vägens färdiga lager.De entreprenörer som är vana vid större vägprojekt har även stor kunskap omGNSS-teknik och använder den flitigt.Det finns stora fördelar med användandet av GNSS-tekniken. Smidighet, en godöverblick för maskinföraren och tidsbesparing är några av demMen det finns även vissa nackdelar som dålig kompabilitet mellan olika märken påutrustning, onoggrannheten som inte tillåter att man helt slutar använda annan typav mätutrustning samt att platsansvariga tappar överblicken över bygget. / The report aims to determine whether contractors' high use of GNSS technologyin road construction is entitled in respect of subordinated tolerance requirements.GNSS means ”Global Navigation Satellite Systems” and is a collective name forthe satellite systems that today are used to perform precision measurements.A literature study has been done to get answers to questions about the tolerancesthat apply to road stake out and the accuracy of the different measurementmethods.Contact has been made with a number of road contractors from variouscompanies who are familiar with road stake out. They've got to answer a numberof questions that sorts out which method / equipment they use today and howmuch knowledge is on GNSS among contractors. They also answered questionsabout what they believe is for, and disadvantages with the use of GNSS in roadstake out.The literature review of construction tolerances results in the values that must beachieved during the construction. These results are then compared with theaccuracies of different measurement methods, according to the literature review ofthese.A questionnaire was sent out and responses are compiled in the report, they giveus a good reflection of contractors' opinions and knowledge of GNSS and whatthey use today. A bulleted list has been made of pros and cons identified bypersons responsible of measuring among the various contractors.A conclusion to be drawn is that the client that uses the AMA Anläggning 07 inthe preparation of construction document also specifies tolerances of all layers ofthe road, both horizontally and vertically.Shall one compare accuracy of GNSS technology with the help tolerances inheight described in the report; the method is inadequate for the accuracyrequirements. These tolerances are not fully comparable to the performancerequirements; it is only a tool to figure out a reasonable stake out tolerances.Contractors testify that GNSS technology can be used in the construction of allunbound layers except for base course adjustments to meet the functionaldemands on the road.The contractors who are accustomed to major road projects have also greatknowledge of GNSS technology and use it diligently. There are great benefits withthe use of GNSS technology. Agility, a good overview for the machine operatorand time saving are some of them. But there are also some disadvantages such aspoor compatibility between different brands, inaccuracy that does not allow tocompletely stopping using other types of measuring equipment and locationmanagers that loses the overview.

This final year project is made for Peab Jönköping and its target group is the construction industry. The main focus is the use of unutilized building material in the most economical and environmental-friendly way. Unutilized building material is here defined as material purchased for a construction project that for different reasons not has been used. The most important thing to find out was how much building material considered as being waste is actually useable material, and how much less it costs to use that building material instead of throwing it away. When this information was gathered a proposal on how to efficiently use the unutilized building material instead of wasting it was designed. Costs and incomes were investigated and the proposal suggested a storage area where Peab can store their unused building material. The costs for the storage area was however relatively high, large savings are therefore needed. These savings are very difficult or actually almost impossible to calculate because it is very difficult to know how much material that really is usable of the total waste. The savings can be estimated, however with low reliability. Hence, the proposal seems very expensive since the savings are not being able to cover the costs. If the incomes were known from the beginning it would be easier to properly design a proposal. Another way is to test the proposal at a smaller range first to better be able to calculate the savings. The decrease of environmental influence and other impacts from the proposal are hard to show with figures and it is difficult to estimate how much the storage area will cost. Based on this, Peab are therefore presently recommended not to take this risk. With this knowledge at hand an alternative proposal was designed. This proposal suggested a development of Peab’s already existing storage area utilizing the same resources as today. If this is properly realized, the environmental influence will be reduced and Peab Jönköping’s economy will be improved.

A prefabricated timber frame house previously built by Villafabriken AB has been modeled in Autodesk Revit Architectural, a 3D-program based on BIM-technology. This has been done tosee if it’s possible to produce the publications that Villafabriken demands from the designengineer’s work, and examine which possible extra values that may arise compared to traditional 2D-CAD drawing.BIM is short for Building Information Modeling. Everything is stored in a single database and a change in the project file is automatically updated across the project. BIM provides more than just drawings since information from the model can be retrieved in various ways such as lists and quantity schedules.It was possible to produce the publications that Villafabriken demanded using Revit, but BIM doesn’t only mean a new way of drawing, it also require a change in the company’s process were the information from the model is being used.

<p>This final year project is made for Peab Jönköping and its target group is the construction industry. The main focus is the use of unutilized building material in the most economical and environmental-friendly way. Unutilized building material is here defined as material purchased for a construction project that for different reasons not has been used. The most important thing to find out was how much building material considered as being waste is actually useable material, and how much less it costs to use that building material instead of throwing it away.</p><p>When this information was gathered a proposal on how to efficiently use the unutilized building material instead of wasting it was designed. Costs and incomes were investigated and the proposal suggested a storage area where Peab can store their unused building material. The costs for the storage area was however relatively high, large savings are therefore needed. These savings are very difficult or actually almost impossible to calculate because it is very difficult to know how much material that really is usable of the total waste. The savings can be estimated, however with low reliability. Hence, the proposal seems very expensive since the savings are not being able to cover the costs. If the incomes were known from the beginning it would be easier to properly design a proposal. Another way is to test the proposal at a smaller range first to better be able to calculate the savings. The decrease of environmental influence and other impacts from the proposal are hard to show with figures and it is difficult to estimate how much the storage area will cost. Based on this, Peab are therefore presently recommended not to take this risk.</p><p>With this knowledge at hand an alternative proposal was designed. This proposal suggested a development of Peab’s already existing storage area utilizing the same resources as today. If this is properly realized, the environmental influence will be reduced and Peab Jönköping’s economy will be improved.</p>

<p>A prefabricated timber frame house previously built by Villafabriken AB has been modeled in Autodesk Revit Architectural, a 3D-program based on BIM-technology. This has been done tosee if it’s possible to produce the publications that Villafabriken demands from the designengineer’s work, and examine which possible extra values that may arise compared to traditional 2D-CAD drawing.BIM is short for Building Information Modeling. Everything is stored in a single database and a change in the project file is automatically updated across the project. BIM provides more than just drawings since information from the model can be retrieved in various ways such as lists and quantity schedules.It was possible to produce the publications that Villafabriken demanded using Revit, but BIM doesn’t only mean a new way of drawing, it also require a change in the company’s process were the information from the model is being used.</p>

<p>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att jämföra de två byggproduktionsmetoderna, industriellt/prefabricerat byggande och platsbygge. Vi undersöka om någon av metoderna är fördelaktigare än det andra, samt varför man allt mer använder sig av prefabricerat. Jämförelsen behandlar främst aspekterna byggtid, ekonomi och kvalitet. Genom en litteraturstudie och intervjuer med aktiva personer inom byggbranschen har vi införskaffat oss det material vi behöver.</p><p>Att bygga och montera så mycket som möjligt inne i fabrik gör att kvaliteten ökar då materialet inte utsätts för fukt och kyla före montering. Huset byggs upp mycket fortare då byggarbetsplatsen endast blir en montageplats av olika färdiga delar. Materiallager på bygget försvinner då delarna levereras när de ska monteras.</p><p>Levereras elementen i tid minskas också byggtiden, vilket i sig innebär lägre kostnader.</p> / <p>The main purpose with this diplomawork is to compare the two production methods,</p><p>premanufacturing and on-site construction. We want to investigate if one of the methods is more advantageous than the other and why premanufactured elements are used more often. The comparisons mostly consider aspects of building time, economy and quality. We gathered the material we needed through a literature study and by interviewing active persons in the building industry.</p><p>Building as much as possible in a production hall increases the quality since it’s not being exposed to moisture and cold before assembly. The house is built much faster when the building site becomes a montage place with different finished elements. There is no material storage at the building site since the elements are delivered when it’s time to assemble the specific element. If the elements are delivered when needed, building time will decrease which means reduced costs for the whole project.</p>

A public private partnership is an alternative to procurement of the facility by the public sector, using funding from tax revenues or public borrowing. In a typical public sector procurement, the public authority sets out the specifications and design of the facility, calls for bids on the basis if this detailed design, and pays for construction of the facility by a private sector contractor. The public authority has to fund the full cost of construction, including cost overruns. Operation and maintenance of the facility are handled by the public authority and the contractor takes no responsibility for the long term performance of the facility after the construction warranty period has expired. In a public private partnership, on the other hand, the authority specifies its requirements in terms of outputs, which set out the public services which the facility is intended to provide, but which do not specify how these are to be provided. It is then left to the private sector to design, finance, build and operate the facility to meet the longterm output specifications. The project company receives payments over the life of the PPP contract, which are supposed to repay the financing costs and give a return to investors. The payments are subject to deductions for failure to meet output specifications, and there is no extra allowance for cost overruns which happen during construction or in operation of the facility.

<p> </p><p>Skanska Hus Väst planerar att bygga bostadsrätter på området kvarteret Ärtan i stadsdelen Romstad i staden Karlstad. För att detta ska vara genomförbart behövs ett underlag (marknadsanalys) som talar om vad som är mest lämpligt att bygga i området.  Vad som ska byggas beror på markförhållanden, efterfrågan, kringliggande miljö och byggnader, flyttmönster i kommun och området samt betalningsviljan hos kunden. Detta innebär att relevant statistik såsom förvärvningsinkomster, sysselsättning, snittpriser på jämförbara objekt med mera behövs tas fram för att kunna ställa en prognos över hyres- och fastighetsmarknaden.</p><p> </p><p>Det första delmomentet i projektutvecklingen av kvarteret Ärtan är göra en marknadsanalys. Marknadsanalysen består av en Ortsanalys, Objektsanalys samt en Omvärldsanalys, se figur 1. Den sistnämnda analysen är inte med då rapporten är avgränsad till enbart ort- och objektsanalys. Ort- och objektsanalysen ska resultera i att lämplig målgrupp samt betalningsvilja bestäms vilket är en del av vårt mål med arbetet. Vi har även som mål att bedöma vilka metoder som lämpar sig bäst för att analysera och bestämma betalningsviljan för projektet.</p><p> </p><p>Omvärldsanalys</p><p><strong>MARKNADSANALYS</strong></p><p>Ortanalys</p><p>Objektsanalys</p><p>Allmänt om orten</p><p>Näringsliv och sysselsättning</p><p>Hyres- och fastighetsmarknaden</p><p>Befolkning</p><p>Utbud och efterfrågan</p><p>Bostadsläget</p><p>Allmänt om området</p><p>Lägesanalys</p><p>Jämförbara objekt</p><p>Inkomster och lönsamhet</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong>Figur 1</strong>. Marknadsanalysöversikt</p><p> </p><p>De analysmetoder som har används för att dra en slutsats i arbetet är:</p><ul type="disc"><li>Tobins Q</li><li>Näringslivets specialiseringskvot</li><li>Regressionsanalys</li><li>Multipel Regressionsanalys</li><li>Ortprismetoden</li><li>Efterfrågan med hjälp av elasticiteter</li></ul><p> </p><p>Med hjälp av dessa metoder och en omfattande indatainsamling har vi kommit fram till att Karlstads utgångsläge för en nyetablering av bostadsrätter på kvarteret Ärtan är måttligt goda, vilket innebär att utgångsläget inte är optimalt men fortfarande lönsamt. Denna bedömning har vi försökt göra så objektiv som möjligt och vägt fördelar mot nackdelar på orten. Stadens näringsliv och sysselsättning har utvecklats väldigt bra de senaste åren och visar på goda förutsättningar att klara svårare tider i det analysarbete vi framställt. Bostadsutvecklingen i staden är även den positiv.</p><p>Romstad som område upplever vi har goda förutsättningar för investeringar på fastighetsmarknaden då det äger brist på bostadsrätter i området samt att medelinkomsten är större här än medlet för hela Karlstad.</p><p> </p><p>Efter att finanskrisen satt sina spår på marknaden bedömer vi att betalningsviljan för bostadsrätter på kvarteret Ärtan borde landa på ca 22 000 kr/m² BOA med prisintervallet 20 500 - 23 000 kr/m² BOA. En lämplig målgrupp för slutprodukten är 30- till 40-åringar som visar på god och stark betalningsvilja. Det vore dessutom inte fel att anpassa delar av boendet till lite äldre personer. En möjlig mix av dessa tror vi kan skapa både charm, trygghet och ökad trivsel i området vilket behövs för att få området attraktivt på marknaden.</p><p> </p><p>Alla använda analysmetoder visar på liknande siffror varvid vi bedömer att alla dessa metoder är lämpliga för uppgiften. Den multipla regressionsanalysen i kombination med mäklarnas uppfattning lämpar sig dock bäst då denna kombination kan utföras snabbt, enkelt och verklighetstroget.</p><p> </p> / <p> </p><p>Skanska Hus Väst is planning to construct condominiums in an area called Ärtan which lies in Karlstad, in the city district of Romstad. To be able to construct condominiums in this area a market analysis is needed. The market analysis describes the most appropriate type of residence to construct depending on ground conditions, public demand, the surrounding buildings and environment, the pattern in which the inhabitants move in the rural- and in the city district and how much the customer is willing to pay for a condominium on Ärtan. This means that relevant statistics of income, employment, prices on equal objects and more is needed to forecast the housing- and property market.</p><p> </p><p>The first part in the project development of Ärtan is to make a market analysis. The market analysis includes the city analysis, the object analysis and the business intelligence, figure 2.  </p><p>The business intelligence is not included because the report is demarcated to the city- and object analysis only. The city- and object analysis will result in the determination of a suitable target group and how much the customer will be willing to pay for a condominium in Ärtan.  The purpose of this study is to determine these two and also decide the methods most appropriate for analyzing and determining the will of payment for the project.</p><p> </p><p>Business intelligence</p><p><strong>MARKET ANALYSIS</strong></p><p>City analysis</p><p>Object analysis</p><p>A short description of the city</p><p>Business sector and employment</p><p>Housing - and property market</p><p>Population</p><p>Supply and demand</p><p>  The state of the Property market</p><p>A short description of the object</p><p>Location analysis</p><p>Equal objects</p><p>Incomes and profitability</p><p><strong>Figure 2</strong>. Layout of the market analysis.</p><p> </p><p>The methods used for analyzing and making a conclusion in the report are:</p><ul type="disc"><li>Tobins Q</li><li>Business sector specialization quota</li><li>Regression analysis</li><li>Multiple Regression analysis</li><li>The method of location and price (Ortprismetoden)</li><li>Demand with the help of elasticity's. </li></ul><p> </p><p>With these methods and with a great amount of collected data we have drawn the conclusion that the conditions for constructing condominiums in Ärtan are not optimal but still profitable. We have tried to make this judgment as objective as possible and we have looked at all the advantages and disadvantages of the area. Karlstad's business sector and employment have increased during the last years and are displaying good conditions to withstand these troubling financial times.</p><p>We found good conditions to invest in the real estate market in Romstad, due to the lack of condominiums in the area and due to a higher level of incomes compared to the rest of the inhabitants of Karlstad.</p><p>           </p><p>After the traces from the financial crises we assess that the will of payment on condominiums on Ärtan should be about 22 000 Swedish kronor/m² (living area) in the interval of 20 500 - 23 000 Swedish kronor/m² (living area). Suitable target groups for the product are people which have a good and firm will of payment and are in their thirties or forties. A good thing to do is also to adjust parts of the condominiums for older inhabitants. Our opinion is that a mix of younger and older people creates charm, comfort and a sense of safety in the neighborhood which is needed to get the area more attractive on the market.</p><p> </p><p>All the methods that were used in this analysis showed similar results which led us to the conclusion that all of the methods used are suitable for this assignment. However, the combination of the multiple regression analysis and the brokers' opinions is the most suitable one for the assignment because the combination can be executed easy, swift and true.</p> / En del av projektutvecklingen för kvarteret Ärtan för Skanska hus väst

Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att undersöka om det är möjligt att överföra hallbyggnadsteknik till produktion av småhus för att sänka produktionskostnaderna. Studien visar att hallbyggnadsteknik enkelt går att överföra till en villa. Dessutom blir det billigare att bygga klimatskalet med vårt byggsystem jämfört med ett traditionellt prefabricerat småhus. Genom detta system kan den totala byggkostnaden för villan i jämförelsen sänkas med 3-10 % beroende på vilket fasadmaterial som väljs. / The aim with this diploma work is to see if it is possible to transfer the technology used for industrial buildings to the production of small houses to lower the production costs. In the report, we show that the industrial building technology is possible to transfer to a small house. It also becomes more efficient to build the climate shell with our construction system compared with a traditional prefabricated small house. The total construction cost can with our system be reduced with 3-10 % depending on which facade material that is chosen.