abstract: Digital architectures for data encryption, processing, clock synthesis, data transfer, etc. are susceptible to radiation induced soft errors due to charge collection in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits (ICs). Radiation hardening by design (RHBD) techniques such as double modular redundancy (DMR) and triple modular redundancy (TMR) are used for error detection and correction respectively in such architectures. Multiple node charge collection (MNCC) causes domain crossing errors (DCE) which can render the redundancy ineffectual. This dissertation describes techniques to ensure DCE mitigation with statistical confidence for various designs. Both sequential and combinatorial logic are separated using these custom and computer aided design (CAD) methodologies. Radiation vulnerability and design overhead are studied on VLSI sub-systems including an advanced encryption standard (AES) which is DCE mitigated using module level coarse separation on a 90-nm process with 99.999% DCE mitigation. A radiation hardened microprocessor (HERMES2) is implemented in both 90-nm and 55-nm technologies with an interleaved separation methodology with 99.99% DCE mitigation while achieving 4.9% increased cell density, 28.5 % reduced routing and 5.6% reduced power dissipation over the module fences implementation. A DMR register-file (RF) is implemented in 55 nm process and used in the HERMES2 microprocessor. The RF array custom design and the decoders APR designed are explored with a focus on design cycle time. Quality of results (QOR) is studied from power, performance, area and reliability (PPAR) perspective to ascertain the improvement over other design techniques. A radiation hardened all-digital multiplying pulsed digital delay line (DDL) is designed for double data rate (DDR2/3) applications for data eye centering during high speed off-chip data transfer. The effect of noise, radiation particle strikes and statistical variation on the designed DDL are studied in detail. The design achieves the best in class 22.4 ps peak-to-peak jitter, 100-850 MHz range at 14 pJ/cycle energy consumption. Vulnerability of the non-hardened design is characterized and portions of the redundant DDL are separated in custom and auto-place and route (APR). Thus, a range of designs for mission critical applications are implemented using methodologies proposed in this work and their potential PPAR benefits explored in detail. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2017

The purpose of the project: The aim of this project was to finish the current BOM-list that already existed so it could be sent to X-ponent. When that was done it got possible to identify the non X-ponent products from other suppliers. These products had to be order by the needs to build walls, roof, and etc. When all the products were on place on the BOM-list the next goal was to send it back to X-ponent so they could buy them and then start to build different car-riages/boards by knowing who to call. The last step was to plan a delivery based on the most effective way by identify the risks. Make sure that the existing BOM-list is finished with the most suitable tools/ equip-ment’s and how to strategically buy them from X-ponent. How can X-ponent buy the non X-ponent products effective from the suppliers? How will these assembled products arrive effective from X-ponent to Husmutterns facil-ity?  How will these products be financed?Sum: A plan for the purchaser on Husmuttern AB so he/she just have to call X-ponent only once and to tell them a thought date for the products to be on place.Method: To achieve with these tasks, the author had to do a literature study on lean and six sigma tools. The comparison that was done between Husmuttern AB and XX gave a clear im-age about how respective companies purchasing process are. When these studies were done it became easier to handle these tasks, sush as fill in the rest on the BOM-list, knowing how transport the goods effective and also know what to take up on the attended meetings with the suppliers and to communicate through email and phone.Study results: The result for this project was to fill the required equipment’s/tools for the company that is thought to be purchased, considering the best products for these types of car-riage/boards. When all the tools/equipment’s were covered and finished the result was how to strategically buy them from this supplier (X-ponent). The author had to find the best logistics company to deliver these products and therefore was the delivery time estimated and founded based on Google maps estimated time to travel from Phils to X-ponent and then to Husmuttern AB:s facility. To transport the goods from X-ponents facility to the truck was estimated based on earlier experience out of the seller on X-ponent and CEO on husmuttern. The total price for each product from X-ponent:The exact price exkl moms:1 Instruction carriage/board: XXkr2 Tool/equipment carriages/boards: XXkr1 Charging carriage/boards: XXkr1 Unloading carriage: XXkr1 Unrolling stand: XXkr16 Pallet carriages: XXkrThe estimated price for the fixtures:1 Roof fixture: XXkr1 Wall fixture: XXkr1 Inner wall/inner roof fixture: XXkr1 Floor fixture: XXkr1 Corner fixture: XXkrThe estimated delivery price for the total transport: XXkrA total estimated price for the whole process: XXkr excl VATRecommendations: When the facility is on place and is producing the houses, it is important that the staff on the company evaluate the products that was bought, so if they know if any changes will be done or not. This will also help them to save money so they do not have to buy same tools/equipment over and over again. If you see it from another perspective, it will make4 (67)it possible for Husmuttern to tell X-ponent that the products they bought is not good as they thought and that will help X-ponent to fix the coming problems, and maybe make a discount to other Husmuttern facilities that probably be established in the coming future.It is also very im-portant that the company always looks what the market has to tell, and be very aware what the costumers needs in the coming future.

Les propriétés de symétrie d'un objet représenté sous la forme d'un modèle B-Rep CAO sont analysées localement et globalement à travers une approche de type diviser pour conquérir. La surface frontière de l'objet est décrite à partir de surfaces canoniques fréquemment utilisées dans les formes de composants mécaniques. La première phase de l'analyse consiste en la génération de faces et d'arêtes maximales indépendantes du processus de modélisation de l'objet mais préservant ses propriétés de symétrie. Ces faces et arêtes constituent des ensembles infinis de points traités globalement. La seconde phase est l'étape de division consistant en la création de plan et axes de symétrie de candidats pour les faces et arêtes maximales générées précédemment. Enfin, suit l'étape de propagation de ces plans et axes de symétrie représentant la phase de conquête et déterminant les propriétés de symétrie locales et globales de l'objet et caractérisant ses zones non-symétriques. / Symmetry properties of objects described as B-Rep CAD models are analyzed locally as well as globally through an approach of type divide-and-conquer. The boundary of the object is defined using canonical surfaces frequently used when shaping mechanical components. Then, the first phase consists in generating maximal faces and edges that are independent from the object modelling process but that preserve its symmetry properties. These faces and edges form infinite sets of points that are processed globally. The second phase is the division one that creates candidate symmetry planes and axes attached to the previous maximal edges and faces. Finally, comes the propagation step of these candidate symmetry planes and axes forming the conquer phase that determines the local as well as the global symmetries of the object while characterizing its asymmetric areas.

No description available.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-21T13:47:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VALÉRIA VITAL CORDEIRO - TESE (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 2501691 bytes, checksum: b4f2ef7029d9c18c87c96cc0bbba39e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-21T13:47:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VALÉRIA VITAL CORDEIRO - TESE (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 2501691 bytes, checksum: b4f2ef7029d9c18c87c96cc0bbba39e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / CNPq / As indicações das cerâmicas odontológicas se devem as propriedades estéticas. O sistema CAD/CAM permite realizar restaurações cerâmicas, gerando uma elevada quantidade de resíduos, na forma de pó, durante o desbaste e fresa da peça cerâmica, que atualmente é descartado. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o reaproveitamento dos resíduos de zircônia obtidos através do sistema CAD/CAM visando sua aplicação em prótese odontológica. Foi estudado o resíduo proveniente da fresagem de blocos comerciais de zircônia estabilizada com 3% de ítria (3Y-TZP), (sistema Zirkonzahn®), o resíduo caracterizado através da determinação da composição química, difração de raios X, determinação de tamanho de partículas e análise térmica diferencial/gravimétrica. O resíduo beneficiado seguiu duas rotas: desaglomeração em moinho de bolas e sem desaglomeração. Ambos os materiais foram utilizados para confecção de corpos de prova de zircônia queimados a 1180oC em seguida infiltrou-se o vidro de lantânio a 1140oC, os corpos para densificação e os corpos confeccionados extraídos das placas comerciais (Zirkonzahn®) foram queimados em temperaturas de 1300, 1400 e 1500oC após sinterização caracterizados com a determinação da porosidade aparente, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, resistência à flexão em três pontos e microdureza Vickers. Observou-se nos resultados que o resíduo é constituído por zircônia estabilizada com 3% de ítria (3Y-TZP) e matéria orgânica. A desaglomeração diminui o tamanho dos agregados e favoreceu o processo de sinterização, os corpos infiltrados não apresentam resistência adequada para infraestruturas, os corpos sinterizados a 1500oC apresentaram porosidade próxima da obtida pelos corpos de referência. A resistência e a microdureza dos corpos do resíduo atingiram o valor máximo de 1079 HV para os corpos com zircônia não desaglomerada (ZSD) e de 1523 HV para os corpos com zircônia desaglomerada (ZCD), após queima a 1500oC. / The use of ceramics in dental prosthesis is due to the aesthetic properties. The CAD/CAM system allows making ceramic restorations, generating a large amount of waste, in powder form, during the roughing and milling cutter of the ceramic piece, which currently is thrown away. The aim of this work is to study the reuse of the waste obtained from zirconia CAD/CAM system for its application in dental prosthesis. It was studied the residue from the milling of commercial stabilized zirconia blocks with 3% of yttria (3Y-TZP). The residue was characterized by chemical composition, X-ray diffraction, particle size and differential and gravimetric thermal analysis. The improvement residue followed two routes: deagglomeration in a ball mill and without deagglomeration. Both materials were used for preparation of specimens of zirconia. It were sintered at 1180oC then infiltrated with lanthanum glass at 1140oC. The infiltrated specimens and the specimens extracted from the commercial blocks (Zirkonzahn ®) were sintered at temperatures of 1300, 1400 and 1500oC.After sintering its were characterized by apparent porosity, scanning electron microscopy, flexural strength in three points and Vickers micro hardness. It was observed in the results that the residue consists of stabilized zirconia with 3% yttria (3Y-TZP) and organic matter. The deagglomeration decreases the size of the aggregates and favored the sintering process. The infiltrated specimens do not have adequate resistance to infrastructures, the sintered bodies to 1500oC presented close porosity obtained by the scanbodies. Resistance and micro hardness of bodies of waste reached the maximum value of 1079 HV for the bodies with no deagglomeration zirconia (ZSD) and 1523 HV for the bodies with zirconia desaglomerada (ZCD), after burning the 1500oC.

Submitted by EDGAR PEREIRA DOS SANTOS (microedonline@gmail.com) on 2017-10-30T15:21:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edgar Santos Final 3010.pdf: 6266745 bytes, checksum: c6c456e1a94992c325b1b37eed2944db (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-11-09T17:22:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ep_me_ilha.pdf: 6266745 bytes, checksum: c6c456e1a94992c325b1b37eed2944db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-09T17:22:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ep_me_ilha.pdf: 6266745 bytes, checksum: c6c456e1a94992c325b1b37eed2944db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-30 / A sociedade sempre busca inovações como facilitadores de processos para o alcance de objetivos propostos em distintas áreas, utilizando instrumentos, métodos e técnicas diversas. Dentre estas encontra-se a Engenharia Reversa (ER), que é o processo de engenharia afim de se obter um produto ou objeto a partir de um modelo original. Nos últimos anos, com a rápida evolução tecnológica , envolvendo máquinas, ferramentas e softwares, a ER passou a ser um recurso utilizado até mesmo por pequenas e médias empresas. O proposito desta pesquisa é avaliar o desempenho da aplicação de recursos de engenharia, tais como hardwares e softwares de baixo custo ou de uso livre, sobre a ER a fim de obter-se uma peça usinada em uma maquina CNC o mais fiel possível ao modelo físico original. Para isso foram aplicados os conceitos, os processos e recursos necessários nas etapas de reconstrução de um modelo físico , desde a digitalização 3D, utilizando scanners tridimensionais, o tratamento do objeto capturado, a reconstrução do modelo no software CAD até a geração do código G, por meio de softwares CAM, a ser enviado a uma máquina CNC para realização da usinagem e obtenção da peça modelo. Foi utilizado o scanner 3d manual Ciclop, cuja digitalização resultou em dimensões muitas próximas ao objeto original. Também foram utilizados os softwares Meshlab para tratamento do modelo digitalizado e o AutoCad Fusion 3D para criação do modelo CAD e geração dos processos de usinagem e código G, escolhidos devido a facilidade de uso e por serem softwares livres. / Society is always looking for innovations as process facilitators for the objectives in different areas, using tools, and various techniques. Among these is the Reverse Engineering (RE), which is the engineering process in order to obtain a product or object from a original model. In recent years, with the rapid technological evolution, involving machines, tools and software, ER has become a resource used until even by small and medium-sized enterprises. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance of engineering resources, such as hardware and software. low cost or free-use software on the RE in order to obtain a part machined in a CNC machine as faithful as possible to the original physical model. For applied the concepts, processes and resources required in the steps reconstruction of a physical model, since 3D scanning, using scanners dimensionality, the treatment of the captured object, the reconstruction of the model in the CAD software to the generation of the G code, through CAM software, to be sent to a CNC machine to perform the machining and obtain the model part. Was the Ciclop 3d manual scanner, whose many close to the original object. Meshlab softwares were also used for handling the scanned model and AutoCad Fusion 3D for creating the model and generation of the machining processes and G code, chosen due to ease of use and because they are free software.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-04T20:46:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucioMauroSouzaBorges_DISSERT.pdf: 4799735 bytes, checksum: 79d871fbe0b0a5ebf018035ed6367963 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-11T19:18:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LucioMauroSouzaBorges_DISSERT.pdf: 4799735 bytes, checksum: 79d871fbe0b0a5ebf018035ed6367963 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-11T19:18:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucioMauroSouzaBorges_DISSERT.pdf: 4799735 bytes, checksum: 79d871fbe0b0a5ebf018035ed6367963 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-24 / Este trabalho consiste na concep??o, desenvolvimento e implementa??o de um M?dulo Computacional CAE contendo algoritmos para a an?lise de tens?es e deforma??es integrado a um software acad?mico de visualiza??o denominado OrtoCAD. Os algoritmos de expans?o para a interface CAE que s?o frutos desse trabalho foram desenvolvidos na linguagem FORTRAN objetivando complementar e ampliar as potencialidades de dois trabalhos previamente desenvolvidos no ?mbito do PPGEM-UFRN, a saber: projeto e fabrica??o de um Leitor EletroMec?nico e o software OrtoCAD. O OrtoCAD ? uma interface CAD que, originalmente, inclui a visualiza??o 3D de cartuchos prot?ticos a partir de dados gerados por um equipamento (esp?cie de scanner tridimensional simplificado que utiliza engenharia reversa) dotado de um sistema de Leitura Eletro-Mec?nica (LEM). Inicialmente, a geometria de um coto (i.e. parte remanescente de uma perna amputada e onde a pr?tese se encaixa) ? obtida a partir dos dados produzidos pelo equipamento LEM, aplicando-se os conceitos da Engenharia Reversa. O n?cleo FEA proposto aplica os conceitos de teoria da casca, onde uma l?mina 2D ? gerada a partir de um pe?a s?lida 3D oriunda do OrtoCAD. O programa de an?lise de casca desenvolvido utiliza o M?todo dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) para a descri??o da geometria assim como a an?lise de comportamento do material, fazendo a utiliza??o de elementos de base Lagrangeana quadrangular de nove n?s e campo de deslocamento de ordem superior para melhor descri??o do campo de tens?es na espessura. Como resultado o novo m?dulo FEA oferece ?timas vantagens ao prover o OrtoCAD com novas funcionalidades, a saber: possibilitou a independ?ncia dos softwares comerciais de elevado custo; ampliou a biblioteca disponibilizando novas rotinas computacionais que tratam o problema de forma mais real?stica utilizando crit?rios de falhas de engenharia voltados para materiais comp?sitos; melhorou a performance da an?lise FEA ao utilizar um elemento de malha espec?fico que contempla um maior n?mero de n?s e, finalmente, possui a vantagem de ser aberto e customizado oferecendo versatilidade intr?nseca e amplas possibilidades de edi??o, ajuste e/ou otimiza??o que se fa?am necess?rias no futuro / This work consists of the conception, developing and implementation of a Computational Routine CAE which has algorithms suitable for the tension and deformation analysis. The system was integrated to an academic software named as OrtoCAD. The expansion algorithms for the interface CAE genereated by this work were developed in FORTRAN with the objective of increase the applications of two former works of PPGEM-UFRN: project and fabrication of a Electromechanincal reader and Software OrtoCAD. The software OrtoCAD is an interface that, orinally, includes the visualization of prothetic cartridges from the data obtained from a electromechanical reader (LEM). The LEM is basically a tridimensional scanner based on reverse engineering. First, the geometry of a residual limb (i.e., the remaining part of an amputee leg wherein the prothesis is fixed) is obtained from the data generated by LEM by the use of Reverse Engineering concepts. The proposed core FEA uses the Shell's Theory where a 2D surface is generated from a 3D piece form OrtoCAD. The shell's analysis program uses the well-known Finite Elements Method to describe the geometry and the behavior of the material. The program is based square-based Lagragean elements of nine nodes and displacement field of higher order to a better description of the tension field in the thickness. As a result, the new FEA routine provide excellent advantages by providing new features to OrtoCAD: independency of high cost commercial softwares; new routines were added to the OrtoCAD library for more realistic problems by using criteria of fault engineering of composites materials; enhanced the performance of the FEA analysis by using a specific grid element for a higher number of nodes; and finally, it has the advantage of open-source project and offering customized intrinsic versatility and wide possibilities of editing and/or optimization that may be necessary in the future

Made available in DSpace on 2011-12-27T14:14:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 000408028-0.pdf: 4863155 bytes, checksum: 1ba85f4de0b0a48ac9f7e911d06bf512 (MD5) license.txt: 581 bytes, checksum: 44ea52f0b7567232681c6e3d72285adc (MD5) / Guided surgery in Implant Dentistry consists of stages that comprise image diagnosis, virtual planning, bioprototyping and surgical application. The aim of this research was to evaluate the variations in the transfer of virtual planning and over biomedical prototypes for the procedure of dental implant placement by means of this technique. The experiment was conducted on 11 identical replicas of the human edentulous mandible. Definition of the implant positions was standardized and performed with specific software, from pre-operative cone beam computerized tomography images. For each of the mandibles, biomodels and surgical guides were made by the stereolithographic method. Initially simulated surgeries were performed with placement and removal of implants in the prototypes. After this, the implants were placed in the replicas of the mandible. To analyze the results, post-operative tomographs were performed and standardized cuts obtained on the prototypes and in the replicas, which enabled the implant beds to be visualized. Superimposition of the tridimensional pre and post-operative models allowed evaluation of the linear distance and angle formed by the long axes of the implants that had been planned and obtained. Linear measurements made directly on the models were used to evaluate the validity of procedures simulated in prototypes in the planning stage in Implant dentistry. The variations of distances between the coronal, central and apical regions of the 22 implants evaluated in this research presented mean values lower than 0. 41 mm.As regards angulation, the implants placed on the right side of the replicas presented variations of 1. 45 ± 0. 89 degrees, and those on the left side, 0. 70 ± 0. 30 degrees. Application of the Student’s-t test to compare the samples with a reference value zero indicated statistically significant difference for all the measurements analyzed (p<0. 05). The correlation between the positions of the implant beds in each mandible presented values considered from reasonable to very good, according to the distance analyzed and the method of interpretation used According to results of this study, the variations found in the transference to the operative field of dental implant positioning, determined during virtual planning and obtained in surgeries simulated with biomedical prototypes, confirm the reliability of guided surgery techniques in implantology. The safety margin of the method, considering the variation in the position of the implants and the overestimation or underestimation of the measurements in procedures simulated on biomodels, must be better evaluated in clinical studies. / A cirurgia guiada em Implantodontia consta de etapas que integram diagnóstico por imagem, planejamento virtual, bioprototipagem e aplicação cirúrgica. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as variações na transferência do planejamento virtual e sobre protótipos biomédicos para o procedimento de instalação de implantes dentários por meio desta técnica. O experimento foi realizado em 11 réplicas idênticas de mandíbula humana edêntula. A definição do posicionamento dos implantes foi padronizada e realizada em software específico, a partir de imagens de tomografias computadorizadas cone-beam pré-operatórias. Para cada uma das mandíbulas, foram confeccionados biomodelos e guias cirúrgicos pelo método de estereolitografia. Inicialmente, foram realizadas cirurgias simuladas com a colocação e remoção dos implantes nos protótipos. Em seguida, os implantes foram instalados nas réplicas de mandíbula. Para análise dos resultados, foram realizadas tomografias pós-operatórias e obtidos cortes padronizados nos protótipos e nas réplicas, que possibilitaram a visualização dos leitos dos implantes. A sobreposição dos modelos tridimensionais pré e pós-operatórios permitiu a avaliação da distância linear e do ângulo formado pelos longo-eixos dos implantes planejados e executados. Medidas lineares realizadas diretamente sobre os modelos foram utilizadas para avaliar a validade de procedimentos simulados em protótipos na fase de planejamento em Implantodontia. As variações das distâncias entre as regiões coronais, centrais e apicais dos 22 implantes avaliados nesta pesquisa apresentaram valores médios inferiores à 0,41 mm.Quanto à angulação, os implantes instalados no lado direito das réplicas apresentaram variações de 1,45 ± 0,89 graus e os do lado esquerdo, de 0,70 ± 0,30 graus. A aplicação do teste t de Student, para comparar as amostras com um valor de referência zero, indicou diferença estatisticamente significativa para todas as medidas analisadas (p<0,05). A correlação entre o posicionamento dos leitos dos implantes, em cada mandíbula, apresentou valores considerados razoáveis a muito bons, de acordo com a distância analisada e o método de interpretação utilizado. De acordo com os resultados desta pesquisa, as variações observadas na transferência para o campo operatório do posicionamento de implantes dentários, determinado durante o planejamento virtual e obtido em cirurgia simulada sobre protótipo biomédico, indicam a confiabilidade da utilização da técnica de cirurgia guiada em Implantodontia. A margem de segurança do método, considerando a variação na posição dos implantes e a superestimação ou subestimação de medidas em procedimentos simulados em biomodelos, deve ser melhor avaliada em estudos clínicos.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-12-27T14:14:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 000399743-0.pdf: 674310 bytes, checksum: 694cbc44bc682f21bed71e69a6f99e90 (MD5) license.txt: 581 bytes, checksum: 44ea52f0b7567232681c6e3d72285adc (MD5) / This study assessed the marginal adaptation of full crown Lava (3M/ESPE) zirconium infrastructure under three different finishing instruments. Thirty human premolars, extracted for therapeutic reasons, were fixed in acrylic resin platforms. The teeth were randomly assigned to three groups (n=10) according the proceedings to cut a full crown preparation: Group 1 - diamond bur; Group 2 - diamond bur and 12-bladed finishing bur; Group 3 - diamond bur and a 12-bladed finishing bur under a 12. 5 X magnification operating microscope. Impressions were taken with an addition silicone material and dies were formed with a special stone. The dies were sent to 3M/ESPE laboratory to have a Lava zirconium infrastructure machined to each specimen. The copings were cemented to the corresponding tooth with RelyX Unicem cement. The restored specimens were embedded in acrylic resin and cut mesio distally and buccal lingually. Eight surfaces were observed with a stereomicroscope at x70 and digital images were obtained. The marginal adaptation measurements were carried out in the Image Tool program. According to ANOVA and Tukey´s test (α=0. 05), there was no statistic difference between Group 1 (88. 601 μm) and Group 2 (90. 946 μm). The lowest mean was obtained for Group 3 (58. 497 μm), and this mean was statistically different than those groups. It was concluded that the operating microscope provided better marginal adaptation of the Lava copings. / Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a adaptação de infra-estruturas de cerâmica Lava (3M/ESPE) com três diferentes tipos de acabamento em preparos para coroa total. Trinta pré-molares humanos, extraídos por razões terapêuticas, foram fixados em blocos de resina acrílica e divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos (n=10) de acordo com o procedimento para realizar os preparos: grupo 1 - ponta diamantada; Grupo 2 - ponta diamantada e broca multi-laminada; Grupo 3 - ponta diamantada e broca multi-laminada, sendo este último instrumento com o uso do microscópio operatório em aumento de 12,5 vezes. Os preparos foram moldados com silicone por adição e os modelos obtidos em gesso especial tipo IV. Os modelos foram enviados para o laboratório da 3M/ESPE, o qual confeccionou os casquetes de cerâmica Lava. As infra-estruturas foram cimentadas nos dentes preparados com RelyX Unicem, sendo então incluídos em blocos de resina acrílica e cortados em dois planos: mésio-distal e vestíbulo-lingual. Desta forma, obteve-se quatro fragmentos, sendo que cada fragmento forneceu duas regiões para observar a discrepância das margens. Por meio de lupa estereoscópica, acoplada a uma câmera de vídeo, foram obtidas imagens digitais da região das margens em aumento de 70 vezes. As medidas de adaptação marginal foram realizadas no programa Image Tool. De acordo com ANOVA e teste de Tukey (α=0,05), não houve diferença estatística entre os Grupo 1 (88,601 μm) e Grupo 2 (90,946 μm). A menor média foi obtida para o Grupo 3 (58,497 μm), diferindo estatisticamente dos outros dois grupos. Pôde-se concluir que o emprego do microscópio operatório favoreceu a melhor adaptação marginal nos casquetes de cerâmica Lava.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um fluxo de projeto de circuitos digitais integrados, visando a incluir células geradas automaticamente pela ferramenta ASTRAN. Como parte integrante deste novo fluxo, desenvolveu-se uma nova técnica de comparação entre células, utilizando Redes Neurais Artificiais, para a modelagem das células ASTRAN, esta técnica se mostrou flexível ao se adaptar a diversos tipos de células e com resultados robustos tendo 5% de desvio padrão e 4% para o erro relativo. Também, foi criada uma ferramenta capaz de substituir células comerciais por células ASTRAN, tendo como objetivo melhorar as características de potência consumida e área utilizada pelo circuito, e por fim gerando um circuito misto composto de células comerciais feitas à mão e células ASTRAN geradas automaticamente. O foco principal deste trabalho encontra-se na integração do fluxo de geração de células geradas automaticamente a um fluxo de síntese comercial de circuitos digitais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se promissores, obtendo-se ganhos em redução de área e potência dos circuitos analisados. Em média os circuitos tiveram uma redução de 3,77% na potência consumida e 1,25% menos área utilizada. Com um acréscimo de 0,64% por parte do atraso total do circuito. / This work presents the development of a design flow for digital integrated circuits, including cells generated automatically by the ASTRAN tool. Moreover, a new technique, using Artificial Neural Networks, was developed to perform a comparison between two different cells, i.e. commercial and ASTRAN’s cell. This technique proved to be flexible when adapting to several types of cells and with robust results having 5% of standard deviation and 4% for relative error. Also, a new tool was developed, capable of performing cell replacement between ASTRAN and commercial cells, to improve power consumption an used area. Finally a mixed circuit composed of handmade commercial cells and cells automatically generated by ASTRAN was generated. A target was to mix an automatic cell synthesis tool with commercial synthesis tools dedicated to standard cells. Comparisons have shown that our approach was able to produce satisfactory results related area and power consumption. In average the circuits had a reduction of 3.77% in the power consumed and 1.25% less used area. With an increase of 0.64% due to the total delay of the circuit.