Este trabalho apresenta uma plataforma e uma técnica para o melhoramento da eficiência da graduação de falhas stuck-at de padrões de teste através do uso de co-emulação de hardware. Os fabricantes de Circuitos Integrados continuamente buscam novas formas de testar seus dispositivos com o intuito de distribuir peças sem defeitos aos seus clientes. Scan é uma técnica bem conhecida que consegue alta cobertura de falhas com eficiência. As demandas por novos recursos motivam a criação de sistemas complexos que fazem uso de uma mistura de blocos analógicos e digitais com uma interface de comunicação, difícil de ser coberta pelos padrões de scan. Adicionalmente, a lógica que configura o chip para cada um dos diferentes modos de operação, algumas interfaces com circuitos de teste de memória (BIST), divisores ou geradores de clocks assíncronos, entre outros, são exemplos de circuitos que se encontram bloqueados em scan ou possuem poucos pontos de observação/controle. Este trabalho descreve uma plataforma baseada em FPGA que usa modelos heterogêneos para co-emular blocos digitais, analógicos e de memória para a graduação de padrões em sistemas complexos. Adicionalmente introduziu-se quatro tipos de modelos que podem ser usados no FPGA, e os resultados de aplicar a técnica de co-emulação de falhas em alguns circuitos de benchmark incluindo ISCAS89, um conversor análogo digital, portas configuráveis de entrada/saída e um controlador de memória. / A platform and a technique to improve stuck-at fault grading efficiency through the use of hardware co-emulation is presented. IC manufacturers are always seeking for new ways to test their devices in order to deliver parts with zero defects to their customers. Scan is a well known technique that attains high fault coverage results with efficiency. Demands for new features motivate the creation of high complex systems with a mixture of analog and digital blocks with a communication interface that is difficult to cover with scan patterns. In addition, the logic that configures the chip for each of the different test modes, some BIST memory interfaces, asynchronous clock dividers or generators, among others, are examples of circuits that are blocked or have few observation/control points during scan. A FPGA based-platform that uses heterogeneous models to emulate digital, analog and memory blocks for fault grading patterns on complex systems is described. Also introduced in our proposal are four types of models that can be used with FPGAs, and the results of applying our fault co-emulation technique to some benchmark circuits including ISCAS89, ADC, iopads and memory controllers.

Submitted by Sandro Camargo (sandro.camargo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2015-05-09T19:09:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 117110018.pdf: 4311604 bytes, checksum: 0978b40aef931c296de315514d7d64ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-09T19:09:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 117110018.pdf: 4311604 bytes, checksum: 0978b40aef931c296de315514d7d64ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-22 / A indústria de microeletrônica tem a sua evolução ditada pela necessidade cada vez maior de integração de circuitos como memórias e processadores, fazendo com que os dispositivos semicondutores sejam cada vez mais miniaturizados. Esta miniaturização implica processos de fabricação cada vez mais complexos, resultando em uma grande variabilidade de parâmetros. O projeto de circuitos analógicos torna-se cada vez mais complexo, pois em geral é altamente suscetível às variações de processo, o que afeta a sua produtividade. Uma das partes mais complexas deste projeto é o dimensionamento dos dispositivos que compõem o circuito, pois o espaço de projeto é altamente não-linear e nem sempre se conhece a localização do seu ponto ótimo. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta para o dimensionamento automático de circuitos integrados analógicos, capaz de lidar com a variabilidade dos parâmetros e visando aumentar a produtividade do circuito gerado. Esta ferramenta baseia-se no dimensionamento do circuito como um problema de otimização baseado em simulação elétrica SPICE. O objetivo principal é receber as especificações requeridas de uma topologia de circuito e, através de técnicas de inteligência artificial, explorar o espaço de soluções em busca de soluções otimizadas que atendam às restrições impostas. Além disso, espera se obter soluções que atendam às especificações requeridas mesmo com variações no processo de fabricação. Para isso, são empregadas técnicas de design centering de modo a maximizar a produtividade do circuito. A ferramenta desenvolvida foi implementada de maneira modular, permitindo que a análise do dimensionamento do circuito possa ser realizada sob diferentes aspectos. Como resultado, este trabalho apresenta duas topologias de amplificadores operacionais automaticamente dimensionadas em tecnologia CMOS, tendo como objetivo a minimização da área de gate e da potência dissipada, além da maximização da produtividade. Os circuitos gerados apresentaram melhor desempenho em comparação com resultados descritos na literatura. / The microelectronics industry has the CMOS technology evolution dictated by the capability of integration of digital circuits such as memories and processors, causing the semiconductor devices miniaturization. The miniaturization leads to complex manufacturing processes with high parameters variation. Analog circuit designs are complex and highly susceptible to process variations, affecting the circuit yield. One of the most complex part of the analog design is the circuit sizing, since the possible solutions have a highly nonlinear design space and the optimal solution is not known. In this context, this work aims at developing a tool for the automatic sizing of analog integrated circuits that is able to deal with parameter variation in order to yield maximization. This tool is based on the circuit sizing as an optimization problem based on electrical SPICE simulations. The main objective is to receive the required specifications of a circuit topology and, by means of artificial intelligence techniques, to explore the design space for optimized solutions that meet the circuit constraints. Furthermore, it is expected to obtain solutions which meet the specifications required even with the presence of variations in the manufacturing process. For this purpose, design centering techniques are implemented for yield maximization. The tool is implemented with modular functions, enabling the sizing process on different configurations. As results, this work present the automatic design of two CMOS operational amplifiers topologies, with the goal to reduce the power dissipation and the gate area and to maximize the yield. The results present good performance when compared to similar designs found in literature.

Esta tese apresenta uma metodologia para classificação automática de achados mamográficos em mamas densas através de uma abordagem híbrida de classificadores e extração de atributos, como parte de um esquema computadorizado de auxílio ao diagnóstico (CAD) para mamografia. Foram implementadas duas redes Backpropagation. Uma responde pela classificação de clusters de microcalcificações, através de atributos descritores geométricos, em duas classes - suspeito e não suspeito. A outra rede classifica nódulos utilizando descritores geométricos e uma entrada com informação extraída de atributos de intensidade, produzindo na saída dois tipos de informação: presença ou não do nódulo, e constatada a presença do nódulo, classificação da região de interesse (RI) entre as categorias BI-RADS. As respostas de um \"clusterizador\" de RIs através de atributos de intensidade serviram de entrada para essa rede fornecendo uma informação de grau de densidade da RI. Uma interface foi desenvolvida para a apresentação dos resultados a fim de fornecer informações mais detalhadas da classificação e do caso analisado. Os resultados do classificador foram analisados através de análise estatística de sensibilidade e especificidade, e também por curvas ROC. Os resultados obtidos ficaram próximos a 89% de acerto total (verdadeiros-positivos mais verdadeiros-negativos) para nódulos produzindo valor de Az superior a 0,92 e ultrapassaram 75% de acerto da classificação entre as classes BI-RADS. Na classificação dos clusters os acertos totais do classificador ficaram próximos de 90%, com Az superior a 0,94. Para ambos tipos de lesões, as taxas de respostas falsas-negativas ficaram abaixo de 0,1, o que significa baixo erro em relação à não detecção da doença quando o sinal está presente. O classificador apresentado nesse trabalho é a conclusão de uma etapa importante do esquema CAD que vem sendo desenvolvido pelo grupo, além de possibilitar a disponibilização de mais uma ferramenta automática de auxílio ao diagnóstico do câncer de mama aos serviços de mamografia. / This thesis presents a methodology for automatic classification of mamographic findings in image of dense breast through hybrid approach of classifiers and features extraction techniques, as part of a computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) scheme for mammography. Two Backpropagation neural networks were implemented. One for microcalcifications clustered classification, through geometric descriptors, in two classes - suspect and non-suspect. The other neural network classifies nodules using geometric descriptors and additional information from intensity features extracted, producing in the output two kinds of information: presence or not of the nodule, and if nodule is present in the image, classification among BI-RADS categories. The result of clustering technique by using intensity features is presented as a new input to neural network, supplying density degree of image. An interface was developed for results presentation in order to supply more detailed information from the classifier outputs and of the analyzed case. The results of the classifier were analyzed through sensibility and specificity statistical analysis, and also for ROC curves. The results were close to 89% of total accuracy (positive-true plus negative-true) for nodules producing value of Az more than 0,92 and 75% of accuracy to classification among BI-RADS categories. In the cluster classification the total accuracy is about 90%, and Az greater than 0,94. In both kinds of lesions, negative-false result rates were below 0,1, which means low error related to the fail to detect the disease when the signal is present. The classifier presented in this work is the conclusion of an important stage of the CAD scheme that has been developed by the group, besides making possible the availability of one more automatic tool of aid to the breast cancer diagnosis to be used in mammography centers.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de projeto para fabricação ou Design Methodology for Manufacturing (DFM) utilizando a Programação Geométrica (PG) e os métodos tipo Newton para resolver problemas de otimização não-linear, os quais definem e assistem o projeto de circuitos analógicos. Depois, essa metodologia é aplicada e validada através do projeto de uma fonte de referência. Nos últimos anos, a tendência do aumento na densidade de transistores previsto pela lei de Moore tornou o problema do projeto dos circuitos dimensionalmente mais complexo. Além disso, uma maior densidade de transistores implica na diminuição das dimensões características do processo tornando-o mais sensível às variações de processo e as condições ambientais. As diferenças apresentadas entre o circuito projetado e aquele testado dão evidências de perdas de rendimento, as quais são atribuídas numa grande proporção ao processo de projeto. Devido à grande responsabilidade que o projetista tem neste problema, o projeto analógico deve ser focado para novas abordagens que levem em conta o desempenho e o rendimento conjuntamente. Em primeiro lugar, a metodologia proposta obtém um ponto inicial com um conjunto de especificações de desempenho adequadas, o qual vai ser usado na análise do impacto que tem o mismatch e as variações de processo sobre as especificações. Uma vez que o comportamento estatístico e determinístico do circuito foi caracterizado, uma nova estratégia de melhoria de rendimento foi implementada usando PG. A intenção de obter um projeto com um conjunto de especificações de bom desempenho envolve diretamente o rendimento do circuito, pois um conjunto de especificações ótimo obtido através da estrutura típica da PG não garante a obtenção de um projeto comercial e competitivo. Assim, este trabalho estabelece um método de projeto que combina a facilidade na obtenção do ótimo global da Programação Geométrica com uma nova análise de mismatch e de pior caso a qual permitiu uma redução nos tempos de computação mantendo semelhantes os valores de desempenho nominais. Usando a metodologia de projeto para fabricação proposta neste trabalho foi obtido um projeto de uma fonte de referência com um rendimento maior que 37% comparado com uma estratégia de projeto típica, sem nenhuma penalização significativa nas especificações de desempenho. / This work proposed a Design Methodology for Manufacturing (DFM) using Geometric Programming (GP) and Newton-like methods to solve non-linear optimization problems, which define and aid the design of analog circuits. Afterwards, this methodology is applied and validated through the design of a voltage reference circuit. Over the last years, the tendency of the increasing on the transistor density predicted by the Moore Law has turned the circuit design problem dimensionally more complex. Additionally, a higher transistor density implies shrinkage on the feature dimensions of the process making it more sensitive to the process variations and environmental conditions. The differences between the designed circuit and the tested one give an evidence of yield losses, which are attributed in a great proportion to the design process. Due to the high responsibility of the designer on this problem, the analog design must be focused on new approaches that jointly manage performance and yield. In first place, the proposed methodology obtain a initial point with a suitable set of performance specifications, which will be used to analyze the impact of the mismatch and process variation over the design specifications. Once the statistical and deterministic behavior of the circuit was characterized, a new yield improvement strategy is implemented using Geometric Programming. Attempting to obtain a design with a set of high performance specifications directly involves the circuit yield, because an optimal performance set obtained by the traditional framework of GP does not assure the obtaining of a marketable and competitive design. So, this works establish a design method that combine the advantage of obtaining global optimum in Geometric Programming with a new mismatch and worst-case analysis that enabled a reduction in their computation time and maintain the initial nominal performance values. Using the design methodology for manufacturing proposed in this work, a voltage reference design with 37% better yield than one obtained with a typical design strategy without any significant penalty on their performance specs was achieved.

For many years, incompatible computer-aided design (CAD) packages that are based on Non-uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) technology carried out the exchange of models and data through either neutral file formats (IGES or STEP) or proprietary formats that have been accepted as quasi industry standards. Although it is the only available solution at the current time, the exchange process most often produces unsatisfactory results. Models that are impeccable in the original modeling system usually end up with gaps or intersections between surfaces on another incompatible system. Issues such as loss of information, change of data accuracy, inconsistent tolerance, and misinterpretation of the original design intent are a few examples of problems associated with migrating models between different CAD systems. While these issues and drawbacks are well known and cost the industry billions of dollars every year, a solution to eradicate problems from their sources has not been developed. Meanwhile, researchers along with the industries concerned with these issues have been trying to resolve such problems by finding means to repair the migrated models either manually or by using specialized software. Designing in recent years is becoming more knowledge intensive and it is essential for NURBS to take its share of the ever increasing use of knowledge. NURBS are very powerful modeling tools and have become the de facto standard in modeling. If we stretch their strength and make them knowledge driven, benefits beyond current expectations can be achieved easily. This dissertation introduces knowledge guided NURBS with theoretical and practical foundations for supporting design intent capturing, retrieval, and exchange among dissimilar CAD systems. It shows that if NURBS entities are tagged with some knowledge, we can achieve seamless data exchange, increase robustness, and have more reliable computations, all of which are ultimate objectives many researchers in the field of CAD have been trying to accomplish for decades. Establishing relationships between a NURBS entity and its origin and destinations can aid with seamless CAD model migration. The type of the NURBS entity and the awareness of any irregularities can lead to more intelligent decisions on how to proceed with many computations to increase robustness and achieve a high level of reliability. As a result, instead of having models that are hardly modifiable because of migrating raw numerical data in isolation, the knowledge driven migration process will produce models that are editable and preserve design intent. We have addressed the issues not only theoretically but also by developing a prototype system that can serve as a test bed. The developed system shows that a click of a button can regenerate a migrated model instead of repairing it, avoiding delay and corrective processes that only limit the effective use of such models.

Der verschärfte Wettbewerb auf den globalisierten Märkten, wachsender Termindruck sowie steigende Qualitätsanforderungen machen das betriebsspezifische Know-how bei der Anfertigung von Betriebsmitteln zum entscheidenden Wettbewerbsfaktor. Durch die in Werkzeug- und Formenbaubetrieben traditionell anzutreffende Werkstattorganisation wird dieses Wissen individuell durch die Erfahrungen der Facharbeiter gehalten, woraus eine geringe Transparenz der Fertigungsabläufe sowie ein hoher Anteil manueller Tätigkeiten bei der Arbeitsplanung resultiert. Zur Standardisierung und Automatisierung von Fertigungsabläufen ist folglich die Akquisition internen Erfahrungswissens erforderlich, die sowohl bei organisationalen als auch IT-orientierten Wissensmanagement-Ansätzen als hochaufwändig gilt. Anhand vorhandener globaler Modelle wurde in dieser Arbeit ein Ansatz entwickelt, der mit Hilfe maschineller Lernverfahren eine automatisierte Wissensakquisition ermöglicht. Auf Grundlage der abgeleiteten Wissensbedarfe „Werkzeuge“ und „Schnittwerte“ und den besonderen Randbedingungen bei der NC-Programmierung mit Hilfe eines grafisch interaktiven CAM-Systems wurden Verfahren konzipiert, die eine automatisierte Akquisition, Standardisierung und regelbasierte Repräsentation von Erfahrungswissen auf Basis einer großen Anzahl an Fallbeispielen ermöglicht. Die entworfenen Lernverfahren wurden prototypisch implementiert und ihre Funktionsfähigkeit anhand einer Datenbasis mit 24.000 realen Fallbeispielen (1 Fallbeispiel entspricht 1 Operation/NC-Programm) nachgewiesen. Die Plausibilität des akquirierten Wissens sowie seine automatisierte Verarbeitung mit Hilfe moderner kommerzieller CAM-Systeme wurde abschließend durch die NC-Programmierung eines Beispielwerkstücks unter Verwendung einer kommerziellen CAM-Software demonstriert. / The intensive competitive environment on globalized markets, the growing deadline pressure caused by shortened product life cycles as well as increasing quality requirements emphasize the company-specific know-how as a decisive competitive factor for toolmakers. Due to the traditional shop floor organization within toolmaking companies, this knowledge is individually held by experiences of the single skilled worker which a low transparency of manufacturing processes as well as a high degree of manual activities at the operation planning process results from. In that form of representation the existing manufacturing knowledge of the company can not be, independent of individual people, integrated in the value-adding process and hence can not be used consequently. Therefore the standardization and automation of manufacturing processes requires the acquisition of internal experience-based knowledge, what is deemed to be a complex task in organizational as well as in IT-based approaches. Based on existing global models the present work develops an approach that enables an automated acquisition of knowledge using methods of data mining based on an amount of real sample data. For that purpose, methods for the automatic extraction, preparation and structured storage of sample data sourced from a commercial CAM system were developed and prototypically implemented. Based on the specified knowledge demands, „milling tools“ and „cutting data“ as well as the special environment of the shop-floor oriented NC programming by using a graphically interactive CAM system, adequate learning methods were conceived that enable an automated acquisition, standardization and rule based representation of experiential knowledge. The conceived methods were prototypically implemented and their functional capability was verified on the basis of the mentioned amount of real sample data. The plausibility of the acquired knowledge as well as its automated processing capability within modern CAM systems was finally proved by the NC programming of a sample part using the CAM software hyperMILL®.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:43:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielaMA_DISSERT.pdf: 606059 bytes, checksum: cac128da2c04d2e2044a79faa5d2f38c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-28 / The objective of this research was to evaluate the passivity and strain induced in infrastructures screwed on abutments, made by CAD/CAM technology, and to compare these samples with parts manufactured by conventional casting. Using CAD/CAM technology, 4 samples were made from zirconia (Zircad) and 4 samples were manufactured from cobaltchrome (CoCrcad). The control groups were 4 specimens of cobalt-chrome, made by onepiece casting (CoCrci), for a total of 12 infrastructures. To evaluate the passivity, the infraestructures were installed on the abutments. One end was tightened and the vertical gap between the infrastructure and the prosthetic abutment was measured with scanning electron microscopy (250?). The mean strain in these infrastructures was analyzed via the photoelasticity test. A significant difference (p = 0.000) in passivity was observed between the control (CoCrci) and sample groups (CoCrcad and CoCrci). CoCrcad exhibited the best value of passivity (48.76 ? 13.45 μm) and CoCrci the worst (187.55 ? 103.63 μm), Zircad presented an intermediate value (103.81 ? 43.15 μm). When compared to the other groups, CoCrci showed the highest mean strain around the implants (17.19 ? 7.22 kPa). It was concluded that the zirconia infrastructure made by CAD / CAM showed a higher vertical marginal misfit than those made in cobalt-chromium alloy with the same methodology, however, the tension generated in the implants was similar. The CAD/CAM technology is more accurate for passivity and mean strain of infrastructure screwed on abutments than conventional manufacturing techniques / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a passividade e a tens?o induzida em infraestruturas parafusadas sobre pilares, confeccionadas por tecnologia CAD / CAM, e comparar com infraestruturas fabricadas por fundi??o convencional. Com a utiliza??o da tecnologia de CAD / CAM, 4 infraestruturas de 3 elementos foram confeccionadas em zirc?nia (ZirCAD) e 4 em cobalto-cromo (CoCrcad). Para o grupo controle foram utilizadas 4 infraestruturas em cobalto- cromo, confeccionadas por fundi??o em monobloco (CoCrci), totalizando 12 infraestruturas. Para avaliar a passividade, as infraestruturas foram instaladas sobre os pilares. Uma extremidade foi apertada e a diferen?a vertical entre a infraestrutura e o pilar prot?tico na outra extremidade foi medida com microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (250 ?). A tens?o m?dia gerada aos implantes foi analisada por meio do teste de fotoelasticidade. An?lise de Vari?ncia (ANOVA) foi aplicada a fim de comparar as m?dias entre os grupos para a passividade e ?rea de tens?o. Com isso, para a compara??o dois a dois entre os grupos, o teste T foi utilizado para a avalia??o da passividade e teste Tukey para a ?rea de tens?o. Foi observada uma diferen?a significativa (p = 0,000) na passividade entre os grupos controle (CoCrci) e demais amostras (CoCrcad e CoCrci). CoCrcad exibiu o menor valor de passividade (48,76 ? 13:45 μm) e CoCrci o maior (187,55 ? 103,63 μm), Zircad apresentou um valor intermedi?rio (103.81 ? 43.15 μm). Quando comparado com os outros grupos, CoCrci apresentou a maior m?dia tens?o ao redor dos implantes (17,19 ? 7,22 kPa). Concluiuse que as pe?as confeccionadas por CAD/CAM em zirc?nia apresentaram uma maior desadapta??o marginal vertical do que aquelas fabricadas em cobalto-cromo com a mesma metodologia, por?m, a tens?o gerada aos implantes foi semelhante. Entretanto, a tecnologia CAD/CAM foi mais precisa do que a t?cnica convencional de fabrica??o de infraestruturas parafusadas sobre pilares prot?ticos, tanto em rela??o ao desajuste marginal, quanto ? tens?o gerada aos implantes

[pt] Grandes projetos de engenharia como prédios e infraestrutura urbana demandam milhões em investimentos e estreita colaboração entre equipes de especialistas ao longo de vários anos de projeto, construção e operação. Para vencer estes desafios, a indústria de Arquitetura, Engenharia e Construção (AEC) está ativamente desenvolvimento métodos e ferramentas baseadas na Modelagem da Informação da Construção (BIM). BIM promove o uso de modelos CAD 3D como uma base de dados centralizada para todas as características físicas e funcionais de uma instalação e suas informações associadas de projeto e ciclo de vida. A complexidade inerente de um modelo BIM oferece um desafio crítico de visualização: como melhor apresentar informações relevantes necessárias para diferentes análises de engenharia? Este trabalho contribui para responder esta questão através de uma abordagem teórica e prática. A tese primeiro apresenta uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o estado atual de visualização de informação (VIS) em pesquisas BIM. A revisão analisa em detalhe as visualizações adotadas em diversos casos de uso ao longo das fases do ciclo de vida de um projeto de engenharia. Baseado nesses resultados, a tese descreve a especificação e avaliação de um novo sistema 4D para planejamento da construção que supere várias limitações de trabalhos anteriores. Colaboradores de engenharia utilizaram o software para revisar os planos reais de construção de uma planta industrial de Óleo e Gás. As ferramentas de visualização desenvolvidas tornaram evidente incertezas no cronograma, conflitos de espaço de trabalho e outros problemas de construtibilidade. A tese contribui para pesquisas em BIM com importantes recomendações de visualização e também contribui para pesquisas de VIS ao trazer à tona desafios interessantes em um domínio de engenharia cada vez mais relevante. / [en] Large-scale engineering projects such as buildings and city infrastructure require millions in investments and tight coordination between expert teams across several years of design, construction, and operation. To tackle these challenges, the Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry is actively developing methods and tools based on Building Information Modeling (BIM). BIM promotes the use of 3D CAD models as a centralized database for all physical and functional characteristics of a facility and its related project/life-cycle information. The inherent complexity of a BIM model offers a critical visualization challenge: how to best display relevant information required by different engineering analyses? This work contributes to answering this question through both theoretical and practical approaches. The thesis first presents a systematic literature review on the current state of information visualization (VIS) in BIM research. The review analyzes in detail currently employed visualizations in diverse use cases across an engineering projects life cycle. Based on these findings, the thesis describes the design and evaluation of a novel 4D construction planning system that overcomes many limitations of previous work. Engineering collaborators used the software to review the real-world construction plans of an Oil and Gas industrial plant. The developed visualizations made evident schedule uncertainties, workspace conflicts and other constructability issues. The thesis contributes to BIM research with important visualization guidelines and also contributes to VIS research by raising awareness to interesting challenges in a increasingly relevant engineering domain.

The benefits of using feature-based CAD methodology and direct modelling are discussed inthe thesis. An experimental CAD study has been performed in which three different cases hasbeen modelled to get an overview of how direct modelling works in Solid Edge ST10 and to determine how the methodology could be integrated into product development. These two ways of modelling in Solid Edge are evaluated using previous research and data from thestudy to do a SWOT analysis and a Pugh matrix. Further on a comparison is made to find respective methodologies’ area of use.The experimental CAD study explores three cases in which each uses one type of product thatis investigated. The CAD models used as reference for the experiment are originally created using feature-based modelling, in the ordered module of Solid Edge. The intent is to recreate the models using direct modelling. The products of interest are created using different manufacturing processes which enables most tools in the Synchronous module to be put tothe test. Points of interests for the study is the workflow of direct modelling, to define the useand limits of Synchronous and investigate the synergy between the tools of the modules.It is concluded that direct modelling excels in certain area of operations where precision engineering can be ignored. When developing concepts for a new product, time could be savedby using the swift surface editing tool of direct modelling. When the CAD user does not need to rely on already set dimensions and is free to explore different shapes to create a 3D-model,direct modelling will come in handy due to its ability to model without taking history data into account. Direct modelling can also be used as a tool for creating redesigns of products containing complex feature trees. Cooperation between different CAD software could be strengthened using direct modelling where the need to redesign imported CAD files featuring “dead geometries” and empty history trees. These types of 3D-models, step, Parasolid’s etc can be easily modified using directmodelling in Solid Edge. Further research can be made to determine in which areas direct modeling can be applied and excel compared to the standard feature-based CAD methodology.

Följande studie är en kandidatuppsats i designteknik. Den undersöker skillnader som uppkommer vid gradering när två olika appliceringsmetoder används. Undersökningen görs på uppdrag från ett svenskt modeföretag. På företagets barnavdelning används i nuläget två graderingsmetoder men i framtiden vill de övergå till att använda endast en av dem. För att avgöra vilken behöver skillnaderna dem emellan klargöras. Den första metoden är utvecklad av företaget själva utifrån expertfunktioner i CAD-programvaran Modaris (Lectra 2017a). Medan den andra metoden grundar sig i en mer traditionell punktgradering. Metoderna jämförs genom att gradera upp två plagg utifrån varje metod, en t-tröja och en mjukisbyxa båda i trikå. Därefter undersöks skillnaderna genom att jämföra mönstren, plaggmåttlistor och provplagg. Resultatet av studien visar att appliceringsmetoderna utgör flera skillnader både i mönsterdelarnas form och i plaggmåttlistornas skillnadsintervaller. Under avprovning klargörs det dock att dessa skillnader behöver vara relativt stora för att påverka slutprodukten. En gemensam observation i alla tre jämförelsemetoder är att ju längre ut från grundstorleken graderingen rör sig desto mer ökar skillnaderna mellan appliceringsmetoderna. / The following study is a bachelor essay in design technology. It investigates the differences that occur when applicating grading with two different methods. The study is made on a mission from a Swedish fashion company. Currently the company’s children’s department are using two different grading methods, however in the future the company wants to transition into only using one of them. To determent whish one the differences needs to be identified. The first method is developed by the company themselves based on expert functions in the CAD-program Modaris (Lectra 2017a). While the second method is based on a more traditional point grading. The methods are being compared in the study by grading two garments according to each method, one t-shirt and one jogger both in jersey material. The differences are then investigated by comparing pattern pieces, garment measurement charts and garment samples. In the result several differences between the methods are discovered, these are found both in the shape of the pattern pieces and in the grading intervals in the garment measurement chart. However, during the fitting session it was determent that these differences needs to be quite large to impact on the final product. A joint observation in all three comparison methods was that the further the grading moves from the base size the greater the differences are.