South Africa since the liberation in 1994 has faced a lot of changes. The changes include being a member of the international community. As part of the international community, South Africa is finding itself largely faced by the challenges associated with this position. Looking at other countries South Africa is realizing that the world is looking at better ways of educating their people and organizing their education and training systems so that they might gain the edge in an increasingly competitive economic global environment. Success and survival in such a world demands that South Africa has a national education and training system that provides quality learning and promotes the development of a nation that is committed to life-long learning. Institutions of higher education in South Africa are currently changing their present education system to conform to a Competency-Based Training (CBT) system. This system has only been planned but not implemented yet and it is not clear how CBT will be implemented, especially how the learners are going to be assessed. Competency-Based Assessment (CBA) is an integral part of CBT that needs particular attention if the new system is to succeed. The key aims of this thesis are to investigate the current assessment policy and practice at the Canberra Institute of Technology (CIT) underpinned by Competency- Based Training system. The project will describe and analyze the Competency-Based Assessment system used within CIT's CBT system. The project will focus on: Observing classroom practice of CBA, analyzing students' and teachers' perceptions of their involvement with CBA, and analyzing employers' perceptions of the effectiveness of CBA. The main aim of this thesis is to suggest recommendations for an assessment model that will be suitable to implement within hospitality training institutions in South Africa.

<p>Priestley's One-to-One CBT programme is intended to reduce criminal recidivism. Data were collected from 1484 programme rounds in Sweden. 776 of these cases contained the data necessary for this study and were used in the analyses. The data included pre- and postprogramme test scores on areas addressed in the programme. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the tests or background data of participants have predictive properties for dropout and recidivism and whether test scores differ between sub-groups. To do this, t-tests and logistic regression analyses were performed. There were significant improvements on all scores post-programme. Only age predicted completion, with older participants being more likely to complete the program. Several variables were found to have predictive properties for recidivism. The most potent predictor for nonrecidivism was programme completion. The study finds a relation between some of the tests measuring psychological change, and recidivism. This partly supports the theory behind the programme.</p><p> </p>

Priestley's One-to-One CBT programme is intended to reduce criminal recidivism. Data were collected from 1484 programme rounds in Sweden. 776 of these cases contained the data necessary for this study and were used in the analyses. The data included pre- and postprogramme test scores on areas addressed in the programme. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the tests or background data of participants have predictive properties for dropout and recidivism and whether test scores differ between sub-groups. To do this, t-tests and logistic regression analyses were performed. There were significant improvements on all scores post-programme. Only age predicted completion, with older participants being more likely to complete the program. Several variables were found to have predictive properties for recidivism. The most potent predictor for nonrecidivism was programme completion. The study finds a relation between some of the tests measuring psychological change, and recidivism. This partly supports the theory behind the programme.

SammanfattningSömnproblem är vanligt förekommande hälsoproblem i befolkningen. Kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) har visats vara en effektiv behandling för personer med insomni men mindre forskning har bedrivits på effekten av KBT i grupp för personer med insomni (KBT-I) och samtidiga depressiva symtom. Studien syftade till att undersöka effekten av KBT-I i grupp med avseende på graden av insomni, depressiva symtom, och samvariationen med transdiagnostiska processer. En single-subject design användes med dagliga skattningar och för-, mellan- och eftermätningar. Resultatet visade att graden av insomni minskade för samtliga deltagare och graden av depressiva symtom minskade för majoriteten. En samvariation mellan sömnrelaterad oro, selektiv uppmärksamhet, och insomni fanns. Det återstår för framtida forskning att undersöka de transdiagnostiska processernas samband med insomni och depressiva symtom närmare. / AbstractSleep disorders are a common health problem in the population. Cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) have proved to be an effective treatment for people with insomnia, but less research has been conducted on the efficacy of CBT-I in a group of people with insomnia (CBT-I) and comorbid depressive symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CBT-I in group with respect to insomnia, depressive symptoms, and transdiagnostic processes. A single-subject design was used with daily estimates and pre- between-and posttest measures. The study concluded that the degree of insomnia symtoms decreased for all participants and the degree of depressive symptoms decreased for the majority. A correlation was found between sleep-related worry, selective attention, and insomnia. It remains for future research to investigate transdiagnostic processes associated with insomnia and depressive symptoms further.

Depression is a significant mental health concern with a pivotal increase of incidence during adolescence, specifically for females. Currently, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most widely tested treatment for depression. Yet, it is unclear how CBT functions to produce effective outcomes. Adult studies have shown that behavioral components of CBT are more effective than cognitive components in reducing depression at acute treatment. Both behavioral and cognitive components have been shown to be effective in preventing relapse of depressive symptoms at follow up. Yet less is understood about how treatment components work together to provide positive outcomes, particularly for depressed youth. The overall goal of this study was to examine which parts of treatment (cognitive and/or behavioral) aid in symptom reduction and to determine if treatment outcome is mediated by cognitive change. Forty two pre-adolescent girls, aged 9-14, participated in a 20-session manualized group CBT program. The first portion of treatment (session 1-9) focused the behavioral intervention and the second portion of treatment (sessions 11-19) focused on cognitive interventions while continuing to reinforce behavioral interventions when necessary. Self report measures and diagnostic interviews were completed at pre-treatment and post-treatment. Using multiple regression analyses, the findings of this study supported the role of behavioral and cognitive interventions in reducing depression. Behavioral interventions were found to significantly reduce depression at post-treatment. Additionally, cognitive interventions were found to play a small, but significant role in post-treatment outcome, with preliminary evidence that cognitive interventions could also be linked to treatment outcome one year later. Treatment specificity could not be tested, as the cognitive change of depressed girls was not directly influenced by the behavior and cognitive interventions. Exploratory analysis demonstrated the significant role of behavioral techniques such as behavior activation, positive reinforcement, homework review, and skills training in predicting outcome of treatment. Implications of the results, limitations, and recommendations for future research are provided. / text

No description available.

Purpose: The aim of the systematic review was to address whether psychological interventions were able to reduce fatigue severity or the impact of fatigue in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis. The empirical study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a CBT based self-help workbook at reducing perceived impact of fatigue in a clinical sample of MS patients. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was carried out between the years 1980 and February 2015 to review whether psychological interventions were effective for fatigue management in Multiple Sclerosis. A randomised controlled trial examined the effectiveness of a CBT-based self-help workbook for the reduction of fatigue impact in MS. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups treatment as usual (TAU), pure self-help (PSH) or guided self-help (GSH). Results: Eleven studies were included in the systematic review, which indicated that CBT based interventions aiming to reduce fatigue or depression were most effective at reducing the severity of fatigue. Impact of fatigue can be reduced through mindfulness, CBT, motivational interviewing and to a lesser extent acceptance and commitment therapy. The empirical study did not find any significant differences between groups, however satisfaction with the workbook was high. Conclusions: The review suggests that there is a clear role for psychological interventions in fatigue management in MS, although further robust research into different therapeutic modalities is needed. From the empirical study it appears that the low level CBT-based intervention for fatigue in MS was not effective at reducing the perceived impact of fatigue. This study reflects an inclusive, clinical sample, recruited from a specialist rehabilitation unit, with high levels of multidisciplinary input which may have diluted any potential effect of the workbook. Objectives: The aim of the systematic review was to address whether psychological interventions are able to reduce fatigue severity or the impact of fatigue in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis Data sources: A search was conducted of: Psychinfo, Medline, Embase, CINAHL between 1980 and February 2015. Review methods: All studies were evaluated against a set of quality criteria by author (KG) with a proportion of studies being independently reviewed by author (DP) to ensure reliability of ratings. Results: Eleven studies were included in the review. CBT based interventions with a focus on fatigue management and depression appear to significantly reduce fatigue severity with medium to large effect. Significant reductions in fatigue impact can be found from mindfulness groups, motivational interviewing and CBT. Effect sizes for CBT interventions ranged from negligible to medium. For the mindfulness and motivational interviewing interventions effect sizes were not able to be calculated. The acceptance and commitment therapy intervention did not find a significant reduction in fatigue but found a medium effect for the intervention. Conclusions: There is a clear role for psychological interventions in the reduction of fatigue management but more high quality research needs to be carried out.

Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra KBT (kognitiv beteendeterapi) och fenomenologi ur ett återhämtningsinriktat perspektiv. Den mer klassiska synen gällande tillfrisknandet från psykisk ohälsa, kan ses i likställighet till att bli botad eller symptomfri. I opposition till denna syn betonas istället vikten, ur perspektivet återhämtning, av att skapa ett nytt liv genom främst en värdefull social gemenskap. Därav utgör den professionelles förmåga, att stötta sin klient utifrån dennes individuella behov, en hörnsten inom återhämtning. KBT är relevant inom socialpsykiatri, då det är en väl implementerad behandlingsmetod. Den syftar främst till att uppnå en beteendeförändring hos klienten, exempelvis genom att förändra kognitiva tankemönster. Bortsett från KBT, utgör fenomenologi en relevant del. Detta då fenomenologi är en erkänd filosofisk metod inom detta område, som skiljer sig i jämförelse med KBT då den ej utgår från en specifik metodologisk grund. Därav ligger intresset av att jämföra dessa inriktningar ur ett gemensamt fenomen, så som återhämtning. Denna jämförelse har resulterat i väsentliga skillnader mellan båda inriktningar. De skiljer sig främst åt gällande synen på den professionella rollen och dennes förhållningssätt, samt synen på mätbara framsteg. Ur ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv präglas den professionelles roll av dennes förmåga att förhålla sig följsam och neutral, i jämförelse med KBT som nästintill förespråkar en mer aktiv och engagerad professionell roll. Gällande klientens mätbara framsteg, skiljer sig det fenomenologiska perspektivet i jämförelse med KBT, genom synen på framsteg som icke-synliga eller märkbara men trots det meningsfulla. / The aim of this study is to compare CBT (Cognitive behavioral therapy) and phenomenology through a recovery-oriented perspective. Recovery stands for an individual process, which can be seen in contrary to the more traditional view of being cured or symptom free, regarding mental illness. Instead of being cured for example, recovery emphasizes the process of constituting a new life, partially through a social community. A cornerstone in recovery is hence the practitioner’s ability to support its client, through her individual needs. CBT is relevant within the field of social psychiatry, since it is a well-implemented method of treatment. It mainly aims towards achieving a change of behavior, by addressing cognitive patterns. Phenomenology constitutes an acknowledged philosophical method in this field, but differs in the sense of not standing on a methodological base, as CBT. In this aspect lays the interest of comparing these methods through a common phenomenon, such as recovery. This comparison has resulted in a basic disparity between the two methods, predominantly regarding the view of the practitioner’s role and approach, as well as the perception of progress as measurable. The practitioner’s role, through a phenomenological perspective, features the ability to approach its client in a flexible and neutral manner, in opposition to a CBT-oriented practitioner, which advocates a more active and concerned approach. Regarding the clients progress as measurable, the phenomenological standpoint differs in comparison to CBT, through the perception of progress as being partly non-visible or noticeable but despite that meaningful.

KBT-terapi har de närmaste åren alltmer utförts via videosamtal, även kallat videoconferencing  psychoterapy (VCP) i privat och regional vård i Sverige som spridits ytterligare under pandemin covid-19.  Syftet var att undersöka KBT-behandlares åsikter om VCP. Frågeställningen var ”Vad har KBT-behandlare  för attityder gällande KBT via VCP?”. Ett urval samlades in genom ett bekvämlighetsurval som erhölls genom webenkät. Enkäten spreds via E-post till två KBT-föreningar (BTF och SFKBT) och bland annat  på sociala medier. 140 fullständiga svar gav resultatet att KBT-behandlarna var positiva till VCP som  ansågs tidsbesparande och flexibelt men svårt att motivera vissa patienter till. KBT-tekniker och arbetssätt  som ansågs mer okomplicerat var agenda, behandlingsmål, hemuppgifter, boostersessioner, acceptans och  återfallsprevention. Det ansågs komplexare med känsloreglering, rollspel och exponering. Ångest,  depression och stress ansågs lättare att behandla medan större osäkerhet eller skeptiskhet fanns gällande  tvång, bipolaritet, personlighetssyndrom och fobier. Slutsats blev att VCP ansågs som ett bra sätt att bedriva  KBT med god allians. Kreativa lösningar ansågs behövas för att lösa pedagogiska utmaningar samt att det  ansågs som en utmaning att läsa av kroppsspråk och känsloläge. Vidare forskning krävs för vidare  attitydmätning hos KBT-kliniker. VCP kommer säkerligen vidareutvecklas och expandera vidare. / <p>Linköpings universitet | Institutionen för beteendevetenskap och lärande Psykoterapeutexamensuppsats/magisteruppsats/uppsats på avancerad nivå, 15 hp | Psykoterapeutprogrammet (KBT) Höstterminen 2020 | ISRN-nummer: LIU-IBL/PST-A—20/02—SE</p>

Background: It has been under discussion in Sweden that the psychiatric inpatients ward is in the need of developing more content and structure. Earlier science shows that implementation of new conversations methods has been appreciated and developing for both nurses and patients. There is also obstacle for nurse`s to prioritize time for conversations with their patients. Aim: The aim was to explore nurse`s experiences of using a manual based CBT in conversations with patients in psychiatric inpatient ward. Method: Research design was interviews with qualitative approach and thematic analysis, inductive approach. Six nurses who worked in a psychiatric inpatients ward were interviewed. Results: The results of the study were summarized in to two main themes; Feelings in work as a nurse and the nurse in the professional role. Six under themes was conducted into the two mentioned main themes. Its presenting feelings connected to these conversations with CBT methodand about the professional working role. It was described useful in the daily work and agood support for the patient recovery, person-centered treatment and difficulties associated to the implementation of the new work. Conclusion: Cbt makes it possible to make in dept-care relationship, strengthens patients' recovery and provides structure for the conversation which also requires support and adaptation for making it useful in the daily work. / Bakgrund: Det har diskuterats i Sverige om att den psykiatrisk heldygnsvården är i behov av utveckling vad gäller innehåll och struktur. Tidigare forskning har visat att införandet av samtalsmetoder har varit uppskattat och utvecklande för både sjuksköterskor och patienter. Det finns också hinder för sjuksköterskor att prioritera tid för samtal med patienter. Syfte: Syftet med denna magisteruppsats var att utforska sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att använda sig av manualbaserad KBT i samtalet med patienter i psykiatrisk heldygnsvård. Metod: Designen var intervjustudie med kvalitativ ansats och tematisk analys med induktiv approach. Sex sjuksköterskor intervjuades och de var yrkesverksamma på psykiatriska heldygnsvårdsavdelningar. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i två huvudteman; Känslor i arbetet som sjuksköterska och sjuksköterskan i sin professionella roll. Sex undertemandelades in under de två huvudkategorierna. Det presenteras känslor kopplade till sjuksköterskans arbete med KBT metoden i samtalet likväl som det handlade om den professionella yrkesrollen. Det beskrevs som hjälpsamt för patienters återhämtning, personcentrerat bemötande samt vissa svårigheter kopplat till det nya arbetssättet. Slutsats: KBT möjliggör fördjupad vårdrelation, stärker patienters återhämtning och ger struktur för samtalet. Vilket ocksåbör backas upp med stöd omkring införandet och med viss anpassning för att det skall bli användbart i det dagliga arbetet.