Hur resonerar potentiella kunder kring inköp av produkten som ens företag tillhandahåller? En av de främsta frågorna hos en marknadsförare, men också en fråga som är aktuell i vår marknadsekonomi i stort. Konsumentbeteende är därför ett givet fält inom företagsekonomin. Men hur går det till när konsumenten är ett företag? Vilka aspekter är viktiga och varför? Vilka marknadsföringsinsatser bör genomföras utifrån denna adderade förståelse? Det är utgångspunkten för denna uppsats. För att kunna svara på dessa frågor har en ny konsumentbeteendemodell utarbetats, vilket skett utifrån befintliga teorier inom konsumentbeteende och då särskilt den så kallade svarta lådan-modellen. Målet med modellen är att kasta ljus över relevanta aspekter och processer som beaktas och gås igenom i samband med inköp inom ett företag. Studien avser inköp av kaffemaskiner avgränsat till potentiella kunder för kaffe- och kaffemaskinleverantören Premium Coffee och dess produkt Nespresso, med betoning på större företag i Stockholmsområdet. Informationsinsamlingen har skett med hjälp av enkäter per mail. Utifrån vår empiri och analys av denna har vi gjort antagandet att priset är den absolut mest styrande faktorn för gruppen. Det verkar dock som om man kan tänka sig att betala mer om detta ”mer” är konkret och efterfrågat. Hit verkar inte en godare smak och möjligheter till varumärkesbyggande finnas utan snarare värden som miljövänlighet, kvalité och hållbarhet. Vidare kan vi också anta att inköp nästan alltid sker via anbud. Utifrån detta kan man dra slutsatser kring vilka insatser som skulle kunna genomföras. Hit hör att berättiga sitt ändå högre pris, men också utforma ett bättre svar på miljöfrågorna och en uppväxling av positioneringsaktiviteterna. / How do potential customers reason concerning the purchase of a product supplied? This is one of the main issues for a marketer, but also an issue that is current in our market economy at large. Consumer behaviour is a given field of business economy. But how does this work when the consumer is a company? What marketing efforts should be implemented based on these new findings? This is the starting point of this essay. To answer these questions, a new consumer model, has therefore, been developed, which is based on existing theories of consumer behaviour and in particular the so-called black box model. The goal of the model is to shed light on the relevant aspects and processes that are reviewed and considered in connection to the purchase of an enterprise. The study relates to the purchase of coffee machines to the limited prospects for the coffee and coffee machine supplier Coffee Premium, with an emphasis on large companies in the Stockholm region. Information has been collected using questionnaires by mail. Based on our empirical data, we can assume that price is the absolutely most governing factor for the group. They are however willing to pay for more if this "more" is defined and demanded. It does not seem as a better taste and the ability to strengthen the brand are aspects considered as such but rather aspects as quality and durability. Furthermore, we can also assume that the purchase is almost always done through tenders. Based on this we are able to draw a number of conclusions about what actions that could be implemented. These include, for example, to review the pricing, combined with the aim to justify the higher prices, but also design a better response to environmental issues and an up shift of positioning activities.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture. (Soil Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The constant growth experienced by the coffee industry has led to the high-volume production of coffee waste worldwide. One of the main coffee wastes is spent coffee ground (SCG), a residue obtained after the ground coffee beans are treated under pressure. The present study was aimed to investigate the utilization of SCG to amend soil physicochemical properties. This study was conducted at Greenhouse Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, University of Limpopo, South Africa, where the effect of various rates of SCG concentration in volume percentage (vol%) was tested for a period of nine months. The spent coffee ground residue was collected from four restaurants at Haenertsburg, and the application rates were 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 vol%. To evaluate the change in soil physicochemical properties overtime, the incubation period was divided into four test periods namely T1 was after a month, T3 after 3 months, T6 after 6 months, and T9 after 9 months. Physicochemical properties including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), total organic carbon (TOC), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), C:N ratio, large macroaggregates (LM), small macroaggregates (sM), microaggregates (m), unaggregated silt and clay (s+c), mean weight diameter (MWD) and soil moisture content (SMC) were quantified at the end of each test period. Results revealed that the interaction between incubation periods and various SCG application rates significantly (p<0.05) increased pHw, EC, MWD, LM, base cations and significantly decreased TOC, heavy metals, SMC, m, and sM. Spent coffee ground increased pHw and EC of the soil at all application rates and reached a maximum of 7.8 units at T6 in treatment SCG-5 and 202.30 S/cm at T9 in treatment SCG-50 above the control respectively. Total organic carbon increased by 548% above control in the highest treatment (SCG-50) at T1, but, however, started declining from T3 in all treatments across the incubation period. SCG’s highest application rates (SCG-20 to SCG-50) reduced the soil Cd toxicity (threshold of >2 mg/kg), but however, also reduced the availability of micronutrients (Cu and Zn) during the incubation period. At T9, Mg, Ca, K, and P increased from mean values of 55.9 to 77.9, 40.9 to 62.2, 77.4 to 112, and 22.0 to 30.0 mg/Kg above control in treatments with high application rates. LM increased whilst sM, and m decreased across the incubation period in all treatments. MWD increased by 46% at T1 and reached its maximum of 56% at T6 in treatment SCG-50 above control. Additionally, there was a positive relationship between LM and MWD. Soil moisture content however increased to 60.26% at T1 in treatment SCG-50 and decreased from T3 across the incubation period. Spent coffee ground has the potential to be used as a liming material, a chelating agent, and for water management in semi-arid areas. It retains and cycles nutrients and improves soil structure through aggregation. However, research should be done in field conditions to access the effectiveness of this residue. / NRF

A cafeicultura representa uma das atividades agrícolas de maior importância para o Brasil e para a Colômbia e ultimamente tem sido impactada negativamente, devido às condições climáticas desfavoráveis com desvios da normalidade da precipitação pluviométrica e de altas temperaturas do segundo semestre do 2015 no caso do Brasil e na Colômbia, na safra 2015-2016, foi altamente impactada pelos efeitos do evento climático El Niño que aumentou os níveis de infestação da brocado- café e com a seca prolongada, que tem afetado a qualidade do grão. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer o zoneamento de Hypothenemus hampei e Leucoptera coffeella, pragas no cafeeiro em Brasil e na Colômbia, com base nas suas exigências térmicas. Os resultados obtidos para H. hampei, mostraram que a praga se desenvolve na faixa térmica de 15 a 32°C; a 25°C foram observados os maiores valores de taxa liquida de reprodução (Ro) e da razão finita de aumento (&lambda;); sendo que Ro foi maior nesta temperatura, pois, a cada geração a população de H. hampei aumentou 127,8 vezes. O estudo das exigências térmicas de H. hampei indicaram que o limite térmico de desenvolvimento ou temperatura base (Tb) é de 13°C e a constante térmica (K) de 312 GD. Com a determinação das exigências térmicas de H. hampei e mediante a utilização de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica, foi possível obter mapas de distribuição do desenvolvimento deste inseto para o estado de São Paulo no Brasil e para a região produtora de café na Colômbia. Assim, para o estado de São Paulo, podem ocorrer de 4,56 a 9,25 gerações/ano, levando-se em consideração as exigências térmicas desta praga. A maior incidência da praga deve coincidir com o aumento da temperatura e com a disponibilidade de frutos de café aptos a serem infestados. Para a Colômbia, o número de gerações/ano pode ser de 5,85 a 13,55; sendo que 93% da cafeicultura deste pais, pode apresentar a broca-do-café o ano todo. O bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro, L. coffeella, se desenvolve na faixa térmica de 15 a 32°C; a 28°C foram observados os maiores valores de taxa liquida de reprodução (Ro) e da razão finita de aumento (&lambda;); o valor de Ro foi visivelmente maior nesta temperatura, pois, a cada geração a população de L. coffeella aumentou 22,23 vezes. O estudo das exigências térmicas de L. coffeella, mostrou que o limite térmico de desenvolvimento ou temperatura base (Tb) é de 13°C e a constante térmica (K) de 259 GD. Com a determinação, em condições de laboratório, das exigências térmicas de L. coffeella e mediante a utilização de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), foi possível obter mapas de distribuição do desenvolvimento deste inseto para o estado de São Paulo no Brasil. Assim, podem ocorrer de 5,12 a 14,17 gerações/ano, levando-se em consideração as exigências térmicas desta praga. Os dados obtidos no presente trabalho poderão auxiliar na estimativa do número de gerações mensais e anuais para o fortalecimento dos programas de manejo integrado destes insetos. / Coffee culture is one of the main agriculture activities for Brazil and Colombia, with recently negative impacts due to unfavorable climatic conditions as the result of subnormal rain period and increased temperatures during the second half of 2015. In both the mentioned countries, 2015 -2016 yields has been affected by the dry climatic effect of the \"el Niño\" phenomena favoring the coffee berry borer infestation and the the grain quality decrease. The present research aimed to establish the climatic zoning for Hypothenemus hampei and Leucoptera coffeella based on their thermal requirements. Results showed for H. hampei developed into the thermal range between 15 and 32°C; at 25°C were observed the higher liquid net reproduction rate (Ro) and increase finite rate (&lambda;), being the Ro 127,8 times. Thermal requirements estimated for H. hampei showed the temperature threshold (Tt) as 13°C and the thermal constant (K) as 312 DD. Estimation of the thermal requirements for H. hampei in laboratory and with the use of Geographic Information System tool (GIS), were obtained insect lifetime distribution maps at the Sao Paulo state and the coffee production region at Colombia. In this way, at Sao Paulo state 4,56 to 9,25 generations/year can be obtained. Higher pest incidence should be coincident with both temperature increases and coffee fruit availability to be infested. At the Colombian coffee crop region, 5,85 to 13,55 generations/year can be obtained between 18 to 24°C temperature range, with that 93% of the coffee crop can be infested with the coffee berry borer whole of the year. The leaf miner L. coffeella, develops at thermal requirements between 15 to 32°C, being the 28°C temperature with the higher net reproduction rate (Ro) and increase finite rate (&lambda; ); showing a population increase per generation of 22,23 times. Thermal requirements for L. coffeella showed the temperature threshold (Tt) is 13°C and the thermal constant (K) of 259 DD. Using the before mentioned variables in laboratory and using the Geographic Information System tool, insect lifetime distribution maps were obtained at the Sao Paulo state in Brazil. 5,12 to 14,17 generations/ year can occur. Data obtained could contribute in the monthly and yearly generation pest generations determination for the integrated pest management programs of these pests.

Produzido em mais de 60 países e movimentando anualmente US$ 70 bilhões, o café é a segunda commodity mais comercializada no mundo, atrás somente do petróleo. É também, depois da água, a bebida mais popular, com consumo mundial anual superior a 400 bilhões de xícaras. O mercado internacional de cafés especiais, como orgânicos, sombreados, gourmets e socialmente justos cresce 12% ao ano, gerando oportunidades para produtores de café do mundo todo. Apesar de o Brasil ser o maior produtor e exportador mundial de café, com 38 milhões de sacas de 60 kg produzidas e 26 milhões de sacas exportadas na média dos anos de 2003 a 2007, sua produção de café sombreado e orgânico é reduzida. O cultivo sombreado predomina na maioria dos países enquanto o Brasil é caracterizado por áreas de monocultivo a pleno sol. Assim, grande parte da produção brasileira de café é originada de sistemas com pouca biodiversidade, contrapondo-se à crescente preocupação mundial com o meio ambiente e a qualidade de vida. Sistemas sombreados de café aumentam a biodiversidade nas propriedades e contribuem para a mitigação do aquecimento global, além de apresentarem vantagens técnicas potenciais como menor pressão de pragas e doenças e melhoria das condições hídricas e térmicas locais. A discussão sobre cultivo sombreado versus a pleno sol já se desenvolve há mais de um século, contudo, até hoje, o assunto permanece controverso. Portanto, a pesquisa nacional deve avaliar cientificamente diferentes sistemas de produção de café, obtendo informações qualitativas e quantitativas, visando sustentabilidade e ganho de competitividade do produto brasileiro. A hipótese do trabalho é que o sombreamento do cafeeiro com uma espécie caducifólia no período de dias curtos, secos e frios, não reduz a produtividade em relação ao cafeeiro a pleno sol nesta região do país, além de promover maior ciclagem de nutrientes no sistema e melhor qualidade de grãos. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar se o cultivo de café arábica, orgânico e convencional, sombreado com a espécie Platycyamus regnellii, leguminosa, nativa, caducifólia no período de dias curtos, no sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, resulta em vantagens técnicas. Os experimentos foram instalados no município de Machado, sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, em fazendas com distintos sistemas de produção, orgânico e convencional, em lavouras de café arábica variedade Catuaí Amarelo, espaçamento de 3,5 m x 1,5 m e idade de 17 anos. Parcelas dos tratamentos sombreado e a pleno sol foram implantadas em cada sistema, sendo o sombreamento proporcionado por indivíduos arbóreos adultos da espécie leguminosa Platycyamus regnellii, localmente chamada Pau Pereira. Avaliaram-se produtividade do cafeeiro, características químicas de solo, folhas e grãos, qualidade dos grãos de café produzidos (bebida, tipo e tamanho) e radiação solar incidente no solo. A ciclagem de nutrientes proporcionada pela queda de folhas da espécie arbórea também é ponto importante do trabalho. Resultados mostraram que além de produzirem quantidade de café similar aos tratamentos a pleno sol, os tratamentos sombreados apresentaram, em geral, teores mais elevados de nutrientes nos solos, folhas e grãos além de melhor qualidade dos grãos, concluindo-se que o sistema sombreado é tecnicamente mais sustentável. Devido ao crescimento de diferentes certificações na cafeicultura, foram também avaliadas as principais certificações de café no Brasil objetivando fornecer informações aos produtores e consumidores. / Produced in more than 60 countries and with an annual turnover of US$ 70 billions, coffee is the world second most traded commodity, only behind oil. It is also, after water, the most popular beverage, with an annual world consumption of 400 billion cups. International market for specialty coffees such as organic, shaded, gourmets and fair trade increases 12% a year, generating opportunities for coffee producers worldwide. In spite of Brazil being the largest world coffee producer and exporter, with 38 million bags of 60 kg produced and 26 million bags exported in the average of the years 2003 till 2007, its production of shaded coffee and organic coffee is still very low. Shaded coffee cultivation dominates in most of the producing countries while Brazilian production is characterized by full sun monoculture areas. Consequently most of Brazil coffee production originates from low biodiversity production systems, opposed to the rising world concern on environment and life quality. Shaded coffee systems increase biodiversity and contribute to mitigation of global warming besides presenting potential technical advantages such as lower pest pressure and improvement of the hydric and thermal local conditions. The discussion on shaded coffee versus full sun coffee has been going on for more than a century and still today the subject is controversial. Therefore the Brazilian science must study the distinct coffee systems in order to obtain qualitative and quantitative data aiming at sustainability and increase in the competitiveness of the national product. The hypothesis of this work is that coffee shading with a tree that loses its leaves in the period of short, dry and cold days, do not result in decrease of coffee productivity in comparison to full sun coffee for this region of Brazil besides promoting higher nutrient cycling and better coffee quality. The aim of this work is to verify if the cultivation of arabica coffee, organic and conventional, shaded with the Platycyamus regnellii specie, a leguminous, native tree that loses its leaves in the short days period, in the south of Minas Gerais state, will result in technical gain. Experiments were established at the municipality of Machado, south of Minas Gerais state, in farms from distinct systems, organic and conventional, in arabica coffee plantations, Catuaí Amarelo variety, spacing of 3,5 m x 1,5 m and 17 years of age. Plots from the shaded and full sun treatments were established for each system and the shading was provided by adult trees from the native leguminous specie Platycyamus regnellii, locally known as Pau-Pereira. Parameters of coffee productivity, soil, leaves and beans chemical characteristics, coffee quality (drink, type and size) and solar radiation were evaluated. Nutrient cycling from the fall of the shade tree leaves is also an important part of the work. Results show that besides producing the same amount of coffee than full sun treatments, the shaded treatments presented, in general, higher levels of nutrients on soils, leaves and coffee beans and better coffee quality, concluding that the shaded system is technically more sustainable. Due to the increase of distinct coffee certification, this work also studies the main coffee certification systems aiming to supply information to producers and consumers.

Submitted by Odilio Hilario Moreira Júnior (odilio@espm.br) on 2016-11-28T12:55:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas de Vasconcelos Teixeira.pdf: 30069920 bytes, checksum: 7e644d5de1b68f899254e06965368c86 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Odilio Hilario Moreira Júnior (odilio@espm.br) on 2016-11-28T12:55:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas de Vasconcelos Teixeira.pdf: 30069920 bytes, checksum: 7e644d5de1b68f899254e06965368c86 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2016-11-28T12:56:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas de Vasconcelos Teixeira.pdf: 30069920 bytes, checksum: 7e644d5de1b68f899254e06965368c86 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-28T12:57:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas de Vasconcelos Teixeira.pdf: 30069920 bytes, checksum: 7e644d5de1b68f899254e06965368c86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / The theme of this academic research is the Cafés, as communicational environments of sociability and consumption of memories and experiences. Its theoretical object is the consumption of memories and experiences, spatialities and temporalities of Cafés in the city of São Paulo, while the empirical objects are Café Girondino and Coffee Lab, which allow us to observe a variety of cultural scenes involving the universe of coffee. The general objective of this study is to examine the phenomenon of cultural scenes in the city of São Paulo, originated from the consumption of memories and experiences in communicational spaces and sociability, as observed at the Cafés mentioned above. One of its specific objectives is to analyze to what extend Café Girondino, nowadays, operates as a space organized by communicative strategies, enabling to revisiting memories and histories that took place at the beginning of modernity in the city of São Paulo, mainly at the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the following century. In addition to that, to identify how Coffee Lab disseminates the culture of specialty coffees, counting on a pedagogy of consumption, and becomes an obligatory destination for coffee lovers. Furthermore, we aim to problematize similarities and differences involving these cultural scenes including here the consumption of memories and experiences in these two Cafés. The guiding issue is to understand how these cultural scenes rise and structure with the consumption of memories and experiences in these iconic Cafés in the city of São Paulo. The corpus of this study includes the physical spaces of both Cafés, their objects, interviews and courses. For a deeper investigation into these communicational environments, we employed the flânerie methodology, as proposed by McLaren (2000), grounded on bibliographical and documentary researches. Among the theoretical references, authors as Will Straw, Norval Baitello, Mary Douglas and Baron Isherwood, Walter Benjamin, Iúri Lótman, Maurice Halbwachs, Pierre Nora, Mike Featherstone, Mônica Nunes, Cláudia Pereira, Vander Casaqui, Ana Luiza Martins and Nicolau Sevcenko, not to mention other thinkers that have contributed to our discussions. The results show there is a media strategy in these spaces, and the symbolic meaning that brings reasoning and value to consumptions is the fruit of sociabilities that go beyond market studies, characterizing these cultural scenes as a symptomatic phenomenon. / Esta pesquisa tem como tema os Cafés como ambiências comunicacionais de sociabilidade e de consumo de memórias e experiências. O objeto teórico diz respeito ao consumo de memórias e experiências, de espacialidades e temporalidades em cafeterias paulistanas, enquanto que os objetos empíricos são o Café Girondino e o Coffee Lab, que permitem observar variadas cenas culturais envolvendo o universo do café. O objetivo geral é examinar o fenômeno das cenas culturais paulistanas originadas do consumo de memórias e experiências em espaços comunicacionais e de sociabilidade, como nas referidas cafeterias. Os objetivos específicos são: analisar em que medida o atual Café Girondino opera como um espaço que se organiza através de estratégias comunicativas que proporcionam revisitar memórias e histórias do início da modernidade paulistana, mais precisamente do final do século XIX e início do seguinte; identificar as formas pelas quais o Coffee Lab dissemina a cultura dos cafés especiais por meio de uma pedagogia do consumo e se converte em destino obrigatório para os apreciadores da bebida; problematizar as semelhanças e diferenças entre as cenas culturais e também entre os consumos de memórias e experiências nas duas cafeterias. A questão que norteou a pesquisa pretende responder de que modo são constituídas as cenas culturais que se articulam em torno do consumo de memórias e experiências nestas cafeterias paulistanas icônicas. O corpus de pesquisa inclui os espaços físicos de ambas as cafeterias, seus objetos, entrevistas e cursos. Para melhor explorar estas ambiências comunicacionais, utilizamos a flânerie de McLaren (2000) como a metodologia aplicada, alicerçada por pesquisas bibliográfica e documental. O referencial teórico inclui autores como Will Straw, Norval Baitello, Mary Douglas e Baron Isherwood, Walter Benjamin, Iúri Lótman, Maurice Halbwachs, Pierre Nora, Mike Featherstone, Mônica Nunes, Cláudia Pereira, Vander Casaqui, Ana Luiza Martins e Nicolau Sevcenko, entre outros pensadores que contribuem para as discussões. Os resultados indicam que há uma estratégia midiática de construção desses espaços ao mesmo tempo em que as apropriações que dão sentido e valor ao que é consumido são fruto de sociabilidades que ultrapassam o que é mercadologicamente planejado, sendo as cenas culturais seu fenômeno sintomático.

lt;p align="justify"gt; The present work aimed to assess the intensity of effort of the coffee pickers in different stages of the manual coffee picking, by means of the Heartbeat Frequency, Systolic Arterial Pressure and rate pressure-product, during the three stages of the coffee harvest, in the city of Caratinga-MG. 154 workers were selected and assessed, 77 men and 77 women. The sampling consisted of coffee pickers, with ages ranging between 18 to 57. The design of this work took place in four distinguished moments. Firstly, all the farm workers selected were submitted to a top benchmark test, to assess the maximum *VO2 , maximum rate-pressure product of the workers, through the Balke Protocol (MARINS amp; GIANNICHI, 1998). In a second moment, with the maximum *VO2 results available, the farm workers were compared and classified according to the Aerobic Conditioning Classification Chart for men and women. In a third stage, the heartbeat rate, arterial pressure and rate pressure-product were measured during the stages of: cropping, gathering and fanning. In stage four, the values of heartbeat rate, arterial pressure and rate pressure-product obtained in the three stages of the coffee picking were compared by means of statistical analysis, to determine the statistically significant difference of the values of work load. In the VO2max, classification, there can be noticed that 18 men and 26 women, representing 23.37% and 33.77% , respectively, were qualified as GOOD, for the Balke benchmark test; 41 men and 47 women, 53.25% and 61.03%, classified as REGULAR; 16 men (20.78%) and 3 women (3.90%) classified as BAD; and 2 men (2.60%) and 1 woman (1.30%) classified as VERY BAD. There was a significant increase of the heartbeat rate in all three stages of the harvest as related to heartbeat rate when at rest. It was also assessed that the highest mean values, for both genders, was during the Gathering stage (115.2bpm for the men and 105.3bpm for the women), followed by the Fanning (105.6bpm for the men and 108bpm for the women) and Dropping 91.8bpm for the men and 105.3 for the women), respectively. The mean values found for the heartbeat rates characterize the stages of dropping and fanning of the coffee as reasonably mild, for both the genders, with relative values from 50.28% to 60.81% for the Max. heartbeat rate or 28% to 40% of the VO2max. The values found in the gathering stage, of 63.09% of the max. heartbeat rate for the men, classifies this stage as Reasonably Mild; for the women, the percentage of 69.36 max Heartbeat rate classifies this stage as Rather Hard. The gathering stage recorded the highest mean values of arterial pressure for both the genders (137.40mm Hg for the men and 137.79mm Hg for the women), followed by Fanning (132.68mm Hg foe the men and 134.63mm Hg for the women) and Dropping (129.87 mm Hg for the men and 128.87mm Hg for the women), respectively. In the stages of Dropping and Gathering there was no Significant Difference in the results, regarding genders. The highest mean vales of rate pressure-product found in the three stages of the coffee harvesting were, respectively: 15836.58 for the men, and 16995.06 for the women in the Gathering stage; 14000.43 for the men and 14563.8 for the women in the Fanning; and 11944.3 for the men and 13574.3 for the women in the Dropping stage.lt;/pgt; / lt;p align="justify"gt; O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a intensidade de esforço dos colheitadores de café, através da Freqüência Cardíaca, Pressão Arterial Sistólica e Duplo Produto, durante as três etapas da colheita do café, no município de Caratinga – MG. Foram selecionados e avaliados 154 trabalhadores, sendo 77 do sexo masculino e 77 do sexo feminino. A amostra foi de colheitadores de café, na faixa etária entre 18 e 57 anos de idade. O processo de construção deste trabalho ocorreu em quatro (04) momentos distintos. No primeiro momento, todos os trabalhadores rurais selecionados foram submetidos a um teste máximo de banco, para estimar o de VO2max. e o duplo produto máx., através do Protocolo de Balke (MARINS amp; GIANNICHI, 1998). No segundo momento, com resultados do teste VO2max., os trabalhadores rurais foram comparados e classificados de acordo com a Tabela de Classificação do Condicionamento Aeróbio de Homens e Mulheres. No terceiro momento, foi avaliada a freqüência cardíaca, a pressão arterial e o duplo produto dos trabalhadores rurais durante as etapas de: derriça, recolhimento e abanação. No quarto momento, os valores de freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial e duplo produto, obtidos nas etapas da colheita, foram comparados através da análise estatística, para determinar as diferenças significativas dos valores da carga de trabalho. Na classificação do VO2max, pode-se observar que 18 homens e 26 mulheres, que representam 23,37% e 33,77%, respectivamente, foram classificados como BOM, no teste de banco de Balke; 41 homens e 47 mulheres, 53,25% e 61,03%, classificados como REGULAR; 16 homens (20,78%) e 03 mulheres (3,90%), classificados como RUIM; e 02 homens (2,60%) e 01 mulher (1,30%) classificados como MUITO RUIM. Observaram-se maiores valores médios, em ambos os sexos, na etapa de Recolhimento (115,2 bpm para os homens e, 123,2 bpm para as mulheres), seguido pela Abanação (105,6 bpm para os homens e, 108 bpm para as mulheres) e Derriça (91,8 bpm para os homens e, 105,3 bpm para as mulheres), respectivamente. Os valores médios de freqüência cardíaca encontrados caracterizam as etapas de derriça e abanação de café como Razoavelmente Leve, para ambos os sexos, com valores relativos entre 50,28% a 60,81% da FCmáx ou 28% a 40% do VO2 máx. Os valores encontrados na etapa de recolhimento, de 63,09% da FCmáx para os homens, classifica a etapa como Razoavelmente Leve; para as mulheres, o percentual de 69,36% da Fcmáx, classifica a etapa como Bastante Dura. Foram observados maiores valores médios de Pressão Arterial, em ambos os sexos, na etapa de Recolhimento (137,40 mm Hg para os homens e, 137,79 mm Hg para as mulheres), seguido pela Abanação (132,68 mm Hg para os homens e, 134,63 mm Hg para as mulheres) e Derriça (129,87 mm Hg para os homens e, 128,87 mm Hg para as mulheres), respectivamente. Nas etapas de Derriça e Recolhimento não houve diferença significativa nos resultados, em relação ao sexo. Os maiores valores médios de DP encontrados nas três etapas da colheita de café foram, respectivamente: na etapa Recolhimento, 15836,58 para os homens e 16995,06 para as mulheres; na etapa Abanação, 14000,43 para os homens e 14563,8 para as mulheres; na etapa Derriça, 11944,3 para os homens e 13574,3 para as mulheres.lt;/pgt;

O tema desta tese é a evolução da tecnologia na cafeicultura em São Paulo durante o período excepcional de crescimento da lavoura e das exportações de café entre o final do século XIX e o início do século XX. De modo geral, o interesse dos historiadores econômicos pelo tema do progresso técnico na agricultura tem se concentrado no impacto da tecnologia sobre a produtividade. No entanto, outro aspecto importante da tecnologia diz respeito às técnicas agrícolas e aos processos mecânicos utilizados no cultivo, colheita e beneficiamento do café. A historiografia que trata dessa última dimensão do progresso técnico é relativamente escassa, havendo importantes questões que ainda necessitam ser investigadas de forma detalhada. Nosso trabalho parte dessas constatações e idéias para investigar o desenvolvimento tecnológico na agricultura cafeeira paulista, com ênfase no município de Ribeirão Preto no período de 1875 a 1910. O município de Ribeirão Preto foi o principal produtor de café no chamado Oeste novo paulista, desenvolvendo-se acentuadamente com a expansão cafeeira no final do século XIX e tornando-se o centro da maior área de produção de café do mundo. O período abrangido pelo estudo permite acompanhar a evolução da tecnologia durante a chegada e consolidação da cultura cafeeira em Ribeirão Preto, que experimentou nesse período a transição de uma economia basicamente rural para uma economia urbana. Os anos de 1875 a 1910 também constituem um período privilegiado de estudo da difusão de invenções e inovações na agricultura cafeeira entre o final do século XIX e início do século XX. / The theme of this thesis is the development of technology in coffee production in São Paulo during the exceptional period of crop growth and exports of coffee between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Generally, the interest of economic historians in the subject of technical progress in agriculture has focused on the impact of technology on productivity. However, another important aspect of technology relates to agricultural techniques and mechanical processes used in growing, harvesting and processing coffee. The historiography that treats this last dimension of technical progress is relatively sparse, with important issues that still need to be investigated in detail. Our work investigates the technological development in coffee farming in São Paulo, with emphasis in Ribeirão Preto in the period 1875-1910. The period covered by the study will monitor the evolution of technology during the arrival and consolidation of coffee culture in Ribeirão Preto that experienced the transition from a largely rural economy to an urban economy. The years 1875-1910 also constitute a privileged period to study the diffusion of inventions and innovations in coffee agriculture between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

In the face of biodiversity loss due to agricultural expansion and intensification, agroforestry has been proposed as an environmentally friendly form of agriculture capable of conserving biodiversity while supporting local livelihoods. However, how social drivers related to farmers’ decision-making and ecological processes affect the potential of agroforestry systems to serve as reservoirs for native species diversity and community composition is unclear. This dissertation aims to describe patterns of tree diversity and community composition in coffee (Coffea arabica) agroforestry systems as they compare to surrounding forests, and uncover the social drivers related to farmers’ decision-making and ecological processes giving rise to those patterns. Worldwide, there is an extensive overlap between coffee-growing areas and regions with high species richness and endemism considered biodiversity hotspots. This renders the issue of clarifying the sustainability and conservation value of shade coffee even more urgent. Otherwise, we risk losing important late-succession and conservation concern tree species, and simplifying the structural and floristic composition of mature forests. To uncover how the social factors related to farmers’ decision-making and ecological factors drive tree diversity and community composition in coffee agroforestry systems, a series of empirical studies were conducted based on surveys and field data collected in La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico, between 2009-2013. Field research took place in two coffee farming communities within the reserve, where 50 farmers were interviewed, and 31 coffee agroforest sites and 10 forest sites were sampled. Forests were sampled to provide a reference for tree diversity and community composition in the absence of coffee management. Although a higher sample size would have permitted the inclusion of more covariates in statistical analyses without losing statistical power, there is no reason to believe that the results of this dissertation would change if a larger sample size were considered. This is because the magnitude of the effects detected were large and the p-values small, which underscore the robustness of the results of this dissertation. The three chapters in this dissertation correspond to individual studies. Chapter One investigates tree floristic patterns in coffee agroforestry systems and compares them to those in surrounding forests. Findings indicate that although at the landscape level coffee agroforestry systems hold similar tree species richness compared to forests, tree species community composition is significantly distinct. Coffee agroforests had a lower proportion of trees of conservation concern, a higher proportion of pioneer trees, were dominated by Inga spp., harbored lower tree species diversity at the plot level, and were composed of different tree species compared to native forests. This chapter raised questions with regards to whether these results were the result of farmers’ intentional tree selection criteria and preferences, or an unintended consequence of management practices. Chapter Two addressed these questions by examining the use of knowledge by farmers to manage coffee agroforests and the consequences on tree community composition relative to forests. In Chapter Two, results indicate that differences between agroforests and forests are primarily driven by farmers’ manipulation of tree community composition, which occurs according to their beliefs about the benefits and disservices of trees for coffee production. Tree community composition in coffee agroforest is dominated by the trees that farmers prefer and practically void of the trees they dislike as compared to the trees’ natural abundances in forests. These findings are novel and important because they clarify that the community composition changes observed in coffee agroforests are mostly an intentional consequence of management and not a byproduct. Finally, Chapter Three focuses on a subset of trees of particular conservation importance, trees of conservation concern (CC) and typical of old growth or late succession (LS) forests. This chapter investigates how management practices that affect shade tree density, basal area, and the proportion of Inga trees, mediated by land use legacies, affect the proportions of CC and LS trees in coffee agroforests. Findings indicate that management practices that sought to increase the proportion of Inga spp. trees had the largest negative impact on the proportions of trees of LS and CC, but the magnitude of the effects were dependent on land-use legacy. Among farms established on land previously used for pastureland or crop cultivation, the impact of farmers’ tree preferences and selection criteria on LS and CC trees were significantly higher than on farms established on forests without an agricultural history. These findings underscore that farmers’ sharp preference for Inga spp. trees undermines the potential of agroforests to conserve higher proportions of CC and LS trees. The results presented in each chapter of this dissertation allow for a more thorough understanding of the tree diversity patterns conserved in coffee agroforestry systems and the underlying social drivers related to farmers’ decision-making and ecological drivers that generate such patterns. The results of this dissertation seek to contribute new knowledge not only to the scientific community, but also to society so that better policies and strategies be devised that successfully conserve floristic diversity in the biodiverse areas of the world where coffee is cultivated.

As plantas apresentam diferentes e complexos mecanismos de defesa, que atuam em conjunto, em respostas a estresses bióticos e abióticos, cuja natureza e intensidade de resposta variam com a idade, o grau de adaptação e a fenologia (OLIVEIRA, 2003). O objetivo principal da pesquisa consiste em: (i) identificar os ácidos clorogênicos nas folhas de Coffea arabica L., cultivar Obatã IAC 1669-20, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99, e das populações em seleção H14945-46 e H20049, e (ii) quantificar as várias classes de ácidos clorogênicos, nos mesmos genótipos, durante a fase reprodutiva do cafeeiro (florescimento, frutochumbinho, expansão/granação e maturação). Os compostos fenólicos foram separados por meio da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (Shimadzu, modelo LC-20A) para as análises em CLAE-DAD. O perfil cromatográfico dos genótipos estudados não diferiram entre si. Durante as fases de frutificação houve variação nos teores de ácido clorogênico e dos fenóis totais, no qual apresentou menores valores na fase de granação. O genótipo H14954-46 resistente ao bicho-mineiro apresentou o ácido clorogênico referente ao pico 5, incomum aos outros genótipos estudados. As folhas infestadas por bichomineiro (Leucoptera coffeella) apresentaram menores concentrações de fenóis totais, bem como de alguns ácidos clorogênicos e flavanóides, já as folhas inoculadas por ferrugem (Hemileia vastatrix) apresentaram maiores concentração. Há evidências de que os ácidos clorogênicos participem do complexo mecanismo de defesa das plantas. / The plants present different and complex mechanisms of defense, that work together, in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, whose nature and intensity of response varies with age, the degree of adaptation and phenology. The main objective from the research is: (i) detect the chlorogenic acids in the leaves of Coffea arabica L., cultivars Obatã IAC 1669-20 and Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99, and of the populations into selection H14945-46 and H20049, and (ii) quantify the several classes of chlorogenic acids, in the same coffee plants, during the fructification phases of the coffee tree (flowering, fruits at the beginning of growth , grain expansion/seed, grain maturation). The phenolic compounds have been apart through high performance liquid chromatography (Shimadzu , model LC -20A) for the analyses in CLAE DAD. The studied chromatography profile of the coffee plants has presented no difference between them. During the fructification phases there was variation at the content of chlorogenic acid and of the total phenols, in which has presented under age values at the phase as of grain expansion. The plants of H14954-46 resistant to the coffee leaf miner have presented the chlorogenic acid referring to pico 5, no common to the other coffee plants studied. The infested leaves by coffee leaf miner (Leucoptera coffeella) presented lower concentrations of total phenols, as well as, of some chlorogenic acids and flavanoids, unlike, the leaves inoculate by rust (Hemileia vastatrix) presented greater concentration. There is evidence that chlorogenic acids have involved in the complex defense mechanism of plants.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar, por meio de variáveis fisiológicas vegetais como fotossíntese, condutância estomática, transpiração foliar, concentração interna de CO2 e temperatura foliar, o efeito de insetos pragas de diferentes hábitos alimentares em suas plantas hospedeiras. Foram estimados os níveis de dano de um sugador, Orthezia praelonga Douglas, 1891, em limão cravo (Citrus limonia L.), e de Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mènevile, 1842), um mastigador, em mudas de café 'Obatã'. Os ensaios foram realizados em condições ótimas de temperatura, com luz e CO2 saturantes, e diferentes porcentagens de área foliar lesionada, obtidas pela variação do número de insetos por folha, no caso de O. praelonga em limão cravo (de 0 a 35 cochonilhas/folha (0-6%), de 40 a 70 cochonilhas/folha (7-13%), de 80 a 220 cochonilhas/folha (14-40%) e >220 cochonilhas/folha (>40%)) ou por tecido vegetal consumido (intervalos de 0-25%, 26-36% e >37%), no caso de L. coffeella em mudas de cafeeiro. As leituras das variáveis fisiológicas vegetais foram feitas com um medidor portátil de fotossíntese (IRGA). Os dados foram analisados por meio de uma regressão não linear, e, nos dois casos, existe uma correlação negativa entre fotossíntese e área foliar lesionada, ou seja, quanto maior a área foliar lesionada, menor a fotossíntese; e o ponto de inflexão negativo da curva, no qual um pequeno aumento na área foliar lesionada resultou em uma grande perda fotossintética, é tomado como referência de nível de dano, sendo que o nível de controle destas pragas, esta abaixo destes valores. A condutância estomática, a transpiração foliar, a concentração interna de CO2 e a temperatura foliar, em ambos os casos, não demonstram uma correlação definida com a intensidade de danos. A transpiração foliar em limão cravo atacado por O. praelonga é maior nos pontos onde também é maior a condutância estomática, e nas folhas de café com ataque de L. coffeella a transpiração foliar mantem-se constante durante toda a curva, semelhante à variável condutância estomática. As relações matemáticas de fotossíntese/concentração interna de CO2, e fotossíntese/condutância estomática são, em ambos os casos, decrescentes, o que demonstra respectivamente queda na eficiência instantânea de carboxilação da rubisco e redução da eficiência intrínseca do uso da água em função do aumento da área foliar lesionada. A análise conjunta dos dados demonstrou que O. praelonga afeta o fotossistema I (PS I) de folhas de limão cravo; enquanto L. coffeella afeta, em primeiro plano, o fotossistema II (PS II). No caso de O. praelonga em limão cravo, determina-se a faixa de 7 a 13% de área foliar lesionada (de 40 a 70 cochonilhas/folha) como sendo o valor de nível de dano, e para L. coffeella em cafeeiro este valor ficou na faixa de 25 a 36% de área foliar lesionada (tecido consumido pelo inseto). Os valores obtidos em laboratório, necessitam ajustes efetivos na determinação do nível de controle destas pragas no campo. A técnica de leitura de fotossíntese mostrou-se adequada a este propósito, e a análise dessa variável demonstrou ser a melhor opção para tal correlação. / The goal of this work was to evaluate the effect of insect pests of different feeding habits in their host plants through readings of plant physiological variables as photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration, internal carbon dioxide concentration and leaf temperature. Thus, one estimated the injury level of a sucking insect, Orthezia praelonga Douglas, 1891, in 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia L.), and Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mènevile, 1842), a chewing insect, in 'Obatã' coffee seedlings. The trials were carried out under optimum temperature conditions, with saturating light and CO2 , with different injured leaf area percentages, obtained by the variation of the number of insects per leaf, in the case of O. praelonga in 'Rangpur' lime (0-35 mealybugs/leaf (0-6%), 40-70 mealybugs/leaf (7-13%), 80-220 mealybugs/leaf (14-40%), and >220 mealybugs/leaf (>40%)), or through plant tissue consumed (0-25%, 26-36% and > 37% intervals), in the case of L. coffeella in coffee seedlings. Plant physiological variables readings were performed through a portable photosynthesis meter(IRGA). The data were analyzed by means of nonlinear regression, and, in both cases, a negative correlation was observed between photosynthesis and the injured leaf area, that is, the larger the injured leaf area, the lesser the photosynthesis; the negative inflection point of the curve, upon which a slight increase in the injured leaf area resulted in great photosynt hesis loss is taken as a damage level reference, and the control level of these pests is below these values. The stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration, internal CO2 concentration and the leaf temperature, in both cases, showed no defined correlation with the damage intensity. The leaf transpiration in 'Rangpur' lime attacked by O. praelonga is higher in points where the stomatal conductance is higher as well, and in coffee leaves attacked by L. coffeella the leaf transpiration remains constant throughout the curve, similarly to the stomatal conductance variable. The mathematical relationships of photosynthesis/internal CO2 concentration, and photosynthesis/stomatal conductance are, in both cases, decreasing, which respectively shows drop in instant Rubisco carboxylation efficiency and reduction of the intrinsic efficiency of water use according to the increase of the injured leaf area. The joint data analysis showed that O. praelonga affects photosystem I (PS I) of 'Rangpur' lime, while L. coffeella affects, at first, photosystem II (PS II). In the case of O. praelonga in 'Rangpur' lime the 7-13% range of the injured leaf area (40-70 mealybugs/leaf) is determined as the damage level value, and for L. coffeella in coffee the value ranges 25-36% of the injured leaf area (tissue consumed by the insect). The values found in laboratory require field validation for effective adjustments to determine the level to control these insect pests. Overall, the photosynthesis reading technique was shown adequate to this purpose, and the analysis of this variable was the best choice for such correlation.