Anotation The main topic of my graduation theses is cooperative learning. Understanding of cooperative learning's system and art of its application in practice is the main intention of my work. The graduation theses incudes two parts - theoretic part and practical part. The theoretic part deals with theory of cooperative learning and its use in the Bohemian schools. The practical part checks theoretic opinions and it focuses on research domain "The influence of cooperation on teaching's processes and results of learning." by means of the research methods of questioning, observation methods and experimenting.

Diploma thesis addresses the issue of initial training of beginning teachers of primary school in Czech schools. Defines the requirements for successful integration of new employees, as well as suggesting possible standard procedures, methods and assesses the possibility of their use in the school environment. It describes the role of supervising teacher and the meaning of its existence. The task of the practical part is to find out with which kinds of educational activities beginning teachers have problems. In interviews with experienced teachers, we tried to clarify whether at the time of their beginnings had the same problems as current teachers and we wonder on what skills and knowledge should be students of faculties of education trained better. Key words beginning teacher, supervising teacher, class teacher, educate teachers, professional competence

This master thesis deals with educational needs of foster parents. The main assumption of this thesis is that foster parents are despite all specifics among all parents. Therefore it firstly mentions competences, that are essential for good parenthood and relationship between parents as partners. Than it focuses on specific competences that are essential for foster parents. The main question then is how to encourage these competences during educational activities. In the next part this thesis describes the current state of education of foster parents, examples of good practice and present researches. The empirical part of the thesis consists of a qualitative research, which aims to describe the educational needs of foster parents, current deficiencies and suggestions on what to improve. The research is based on semi-structured interviews with foster parents and professionals in the field of alternative family care. On the basis of this research I propose a suitable educational programme for foster parents. KEY WORDS: education of foster parents, foster care, alternative family care, competences of parents

This thesis is concerned with the analysis of sets of German language textbooks intended for the second grade of elementary school dating from the nineties until now from the point of view of the historical development of the mediation of language culture and background. The theoretical part clarifies the terms substantial for the issue in question, it describes the historical development of language culture and background teaching, individual approaches to the mediation of language culture and background and while doing so, it follows the fundamental publications concerning the didactics of language culture and background and also crucial works regarding the analysis of textbook sets. The practical part describes the design of the research, its division to stages, the sample of the textbooks analysed and the establishing of the criteria according to which the textbooks will be analysed. On the basis of thus established criteria, nine textbook sets have been analysed. The method utilised was content and comparative analysis. The fundamental part of this thesis presents the results and the final evaluation. The objective of this thesis was to grasp the development of the mediation of language culture and background in the chosen sample of German language textbooks intended for the second grade of...

Until the first of december 2016 was sustainability reporting voluntary for all companies in Sweden. Sweden then implemented new legislation that forced companies, who fulfill the criterias that are seth forth in chapter 6, paragraph 6 in the annual account act (SFS 1995:1554), to establish a sustainability report. This study investigate how competences, tools, internal- and external actors, elaborate structural changes within companies that haven´t previously established sustainability reports and now according to the new legislation are required to do so. Previous research has been inadequate when it comes to how these three categories work together with each other in relation to companies that are new to sustainability reporting. In this study we interviewed four different companies in different industries through a qualitatively approach with the purpose of being able to identify how competences, tools, internal- and external performers elaborate structural changes in companies that are new in establishing a sustainability reports. By analyzing this studie:s empirical results in accordance with the institutional theory and it´s complementary aspects and previous research in the three categories, this study has been able to prove that competences, tools, internal- and external performers elaborate structural changes for companies that are new in the field of sustainability reporting. Through the empirical results of the study we have found that all companies have been affected in varying degrees by competences, tools, internal- and external performers and that these have elaborated structural changes within the participating companies and that these three categories interacts with each other.

[pt] Este trabalho registra e analisa criticamente uma experiência de inserção dos jogos de RPG (Role Playing Game) como parte integrante do currículo de uma escola particular da zona sul do Rio de Janeiro, com o objetivo de se trabalhar a expressividade e a criatividade dos alunos por meio do uso de múltiplas linguagens e também como meio de se promover o desenvolvimento de variadas competências dentro de sala de aula. Ao todo, 69 crianças e jovens dos 9 aos 17 anos, alunos da 5ª série do Ensino Fundamental ao 2º ano do Ensino Médio, participaram das oficinas focalizadas nesta pesquisa. A metodologia utilizada no trabalho de campo incluiu tanto a observação, apoiada em cadernos de campo e fotografias, quanto a análise dos artefatos produzidos pelos alunos durante (e para) as sessões de jogo, sob a forma de descrições dos personagens, histórias, textos diversos, desenhos, mapas, maquetes etc, além da participação na montagem de mostras dos trabalhos, visitadas por pais, professores, familiares e demais membros da comunidade escolar. Ao lado do teatro, da música, da dança, do vídeo, dos desenhos animados e de outras linguagens e meios de expressão artística e cultural, a prática de jogos como o RPG, que reúnem ludicidade e criatividade, pode servir como forma de se aproximar o ambiente da escola do mundo complexo, múltiplo e multi-midiático no qual as crianças e os jovens das grandes cidades se encontram imersos em seu dia- a-dia. / [en] This work documents an experiment in which Role Playing Games were part of the curriculum in a private school in Rio de Janeiro. The game was used as a tool to promote expression and creativity among the students and also the development of several competencies inside the classroom. Sixty-nine children and adolescents (ages 9 to 17, from the 5th to the 10th grade) took part in the workshops studied here. The filedwork methodology included observation, supported by field notes and photos, along with the analysis of artifacts produced by the students during (and for) the game sessions, such as character profiles, stories, assorted texts, drawings, maps, schetches, mock ups and others, and also their engajement in the preparation of a show, visited by parents, teachers, family membres and other members of the school community. As with theater, music, dace, video-production, animation and other forms of artistic and cultural expression, games like RPGs, that unite creativity and fun, might serve as a way to straighten the ties between the school and the complex, multiple and multimidiatic world where children and adolescents in major cities are imersed in day-to-day basis.

Orientador: Maria Helena Vieira-Abrahão / Banca: José Carlos Paes de Almeida Filho / Banca: Nelson Viana / Banca: Douglas Altamiro Consolo / Banca: Ana Mariza Benedetti / Resumo: A presente tese visa investigar se no processo de formação inicial, desenvolvido no Teletandem Brasil e envolvendo um professor mediador e um par de interagentes (um brasileiro e um estrangeiro), ocorre legitimação de crenças ou (re) construção de competências. Para o desenvolvimento desta investigação, temos como norte a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: ―A professora mediadora legitima as suas próprias crenças e/ou cria condições para a (re) construção de competências?". Para responder a esta pergunta, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativo-interpretativista (BROWN, 1988; NUNAN, 1992; MOITA LOPES, 1994), etnográfica virtual (HINE, 1998; GURIBE & WASSON, 2002) e o presente estudo se ancorou nos seguintes objetivos: a) identificar as crenças entre os participantes que constituiram o universo de nossa pesquisa (professora-mediadora e do interagente brasileiro); b) analisar os reflexos que as ações realizadas pela professora mediadora podem ter no sistema de crenças do interagente em questão; c) observar se e quais competências são (re) construídas e desenvolvidas nas sessões de mediação e como isto acontece. O referencial teórico é baseado em estudos sobre essas questões realizados em Linguística Aplicada que tiveram como foco o ensino de línguas por meio de (Tele) tandem, o ensino reflexivo e a aprendizagem reflexiva e as competências do professor de línguas para o meio presencial e/ou virtual. Os dados nos revelam as crenças da professora mediadora e da interagente brasileira e até que ponto estas crenças tem reflexos em ambas práticas pedagógicas. Estas crenças se devem, no caso da interagente brasileira, à sua experiência advinda do curso de formação inicial de professores de línguas e do seu engajamento na formulação de projeto de iniciação científica tendo como foco a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This theses aims at investigating if in the process of initial teacher education developed in the scope of the ―Teletandem Brasil‖ project involving a mediator teacher and two interactants (foreigner and Brazilian) occurs legitimacy of beliefs or (re) construction of competencies. In order to develop this investigation, our research guiding question is: What reflexes can the actions performed by the mediator teacher have on the system of beliefs of the Brazilian interagent? For answering this question it was developed a qualitative-interpretative research (Brown, 1988; Nunan, 1992; Moita Lopes, 1994) and a virtual ethnographic orientation (Hine, 1998; Guribe & Wasson, 2002) The present study is based on the following objectives: a) to raise the beliefs among the participants who constitute the universe of our research (mediator teacher and her corresponding interactants); b) analyze the reflexes that the actions performed by the mediator teacher can cause to the system of beliefs of the interagent in question; c) observe which competencies are (re) constructed and developed during the mediation sessions and how it happens. The theoretical reference is based on studies related to these questions carried out in Applied Linguistics whose focuses were the teaching of English through (Tele) tandem, reflective teaching and reflexive learning and competencies of the language teacher related to the virtual and face-to-face environments. The data revealed the mediator teacher's beliefs, as well as the Brazilian interactant's and the influence of these beliefs on their pedagogical practices. Taking the Brazilian interactant as reference, these beliefs are due to her experience since her initial formation in language teaching and to her engagement in the formulation of scientific initiation projects whose focus is on grammar. Her... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação sobre o ensino da cartografia articulado ao desenvolvimento de competências de aprendizagem, destacando a importância da formação dos professores de geografia para o desenvolvimento de práticas de ensino que atinjam os objetivos do processo de alfabetização cartográfica. Parte-se da idéia de que é extremamente importante que os professores adquiram os conhecimentos básicos da cartografia escolar e do ensino a partir do desenvolvimento de competências para mediar esses conhecimentos e práticas juntamente com os alunos. Nesse sentido, o trabalho toma como ponto de partida o ensino de cartografia no 6° ano do ensino fundamental II, onde os alunos têm, pela primeira vez, o contato com o profissional de ensino especialista em geografia. Nessa etapa dos estudos, também, é onde (dentro do currículo do Estado de São Paulo) aparecem propostas as noções básicas de cartografia a serem desenvolvidas em sala de aula. Assim, para contribuir com a formação dos professores de geografia dentro dessa perspectiva, a pesquisa parte da análise do currículo do Estado de São Paulo e da discussão das práticas docentes em sala de aula, compreendendo as noções de cartografia desenvolvidas no 6° do ensino fundamental II, haja vista as grandes dificuldades dos professores em lidar com o assunto. Dessa forma, considera-se que, através da discussão e da compreensão da metodologia que esta por detrás do currículo, é possível contribuir com o professor no que diz respeito à sua própria formação, e contribuir com o aluno no que diz respeito à aquisição das noções básicas de cartografia e ao desenvolvimento de competências de aprendizagem que serão essenciais na resolução de situações-problema, tanto na vida escolar como na vida cotidiana. / This study presents an investigation on the teaching of cartography linked to learning competences development, as it points out the importance of the formation of geography teachers to the development of teaching procedures that achieve a successful cartographic alphabetization. It is important for teachers to acquire a basic knowledge level in school cartography and in its teaching through the construction of competences, which, in turn, mediate such content and practices between the students. This study first analyzes the cartography teaching in the Grade 6 course from middle school, where students face, for the first time, a teacher specialized in geography. At this stage, the elementary notions of cartography to be studied in class are presented to them (as seen in the subject program of the State of São Paulo). So, in order to contribute to the formation of geography teachers within this perspective, this research analyzes the subject program of the State of São Paulo, and discusses the in-class teaching practices, involving the cartography notions studied in Grade 6 given the difficulties that teachers usually face regarding this subject. This way, it is considered that, through the discussion and comprehension of the methodology running this program, it is possible to contribute to the teacher\'s formation and to the students\' acquisition of basic notions of cartography and their learning competences that will become key factors in solving problematic situations in school life and everyday life as well.

Imersos no contexto complexo e desafiador da Era do Conhecimento, voltando a atenção aos contextos de ensino-aprendizagem dos cursos de Engenharias, observamos a necessidade da proposição de modelos avaliativos formativos, contextualizados e que apoiem um processo de ensino-aprendizagem continuado, ativo, autônomo e sustentável. Este trabalho tem, portanto, como objetivo propor um modelo formativo de avaliação do aprendizado de metacompetências, aplicável aos cursos de Engenharias, em contextos que utilizem metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem, entendendo aqui as metacompetências como um encontro sinérgico de competências que podem levar o indivíduo a alcançar e demonstrar resultados extraordinários. Para tanto, realizamos uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental que resultou em uma primeira versão do modelo, seguida por uma pesquisa quantitativa do tipo survey com uma amostra de 330 participantes, na qual por meio da PCA (Análise dos Componentes Principais) e do Alpha de Cronbach otimizamos o modelo e aferimos níveis aceitáveis de confiabilidade e validade; ademais, ainda em busca de uma validação qualitativa, realizamos uma entrevista semiestruturada com docentes universitários com notório saber. Uma vez concluído, o modelo foi testado em um grupo amostral de 31 aprendizes que representa uma amostra estratificada do público-alvo para o qual o modelo foi proposto, o que confirmou sua aplicabilidade e adequação. Os resultados são formados por um modelo de avaliação de aprendizado aplicável aos cursos de Engenharias composto por 12 metacompetências e 44 competências a elas associadas, proposições de aplicações no âmbito de três categorias avaliativas e rubricado de acordo com o contexto em que for inserido. O MAAM apresenta-se como um modelo útil, relevante e capaz de contribuir para um aprendizado sustentável e adequado ao contexto contemporâneo. / Immersed in the complex and challenging context of the Age of Knowledge, turning our attention to the learning contexts of higher engineering courses, we observe the need to propose formative evaluative models, contextualized and that support a process of continuous, active, autonomous and sustainable learning. The aim of this work is therefore to propose and test a formative model for evaluating the learning of meta-competences, applicable to engineering courses, in contexts that use active learning methodologies. Understanding meta-competencies as a synergistic meeting of competencies that can lead the individual to achieve and demonstrate extraordinary results. To do so, we performed a bibliographical and documentary research that resulted in a first version of the model, followed by a quantitative research of the survey type with a sample population of 330 participants, in which through PCA and Cronbach\'s Alpha we optimized the model and the we measure acceptable levels of reliability and validity; In addition, still in search of a qualitative validation, we conducted a semistructured interview with university professors with well-known recognition. Once completed, the model was tested in a sample group of 31 students representing a sample of the target audience for which the model was proposed, confirming its applicability and appropriateness. The results are formed by a learning evaluation model applicable to higher engineering courses composed of 12 meta-competences and 44 competences associated to it, propositions of applications within three evaluative categories and initialed according to the context in which it is inserted. The MAAM presents itself as a useful, relevant model capable of contributing to a sustainable learning that is relevant to the contemporary context.

No âmbito organizacional, este estudo aborda competências e aprendizagem a partir da perspectiva de recursos (Visão Baseada em Recursos). Contudo, apesar dos inúmeros estudos já realizados sobre aprendizagem, muitos desafios ainda permanecem em discussão. Mesmo não havendo uma teoria ou modelo amplamente aceito (FIOL; LYLES, 1985), há pontos de consenso na literatura. Entre eles, o de que aprendizagem organizacional é essencial para a compreensão de como as organizações evoluem ao longo do tempo. No centro do debate da aprendizagem, está a discussão sobre o conhecimento. A aprendizagem organizacional, como uma lente (PRANGE, 2001) permite abordar a apropriação do conhecimento pela organização. Mas a aprendizagem envolve mais do que a criação do conhecimento individual, abrangendo sua utilização e institucionalização na organização. O resultado da aprendizagem organizacional é a aquisição de uma nova competência: uma habilidade de aplicar novos conhecimentos para melhorar a performance de uma atividade presente ou futura. Portanto, está implícito neste trabalho o pressuposto de que as competências estão relacionadas com a aprendizagem organizacional. Apesar de alguns autores terem mostrado que há uma relação entre competências e aprendizagem, poucos estudos empíricos trazem evidências que a sustentem. Visando superar o desafio, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar os processos de aprendizagem organizacional ocorridos em duas instituições de ensino superior a partir da oferta de Cursos Superiores de Tecnologia (CST) e sua respectiva demanda por determinadas competências organizacionais (novas ou não). O setor da educação profissional foi escolhido para a realização dos estudos de caso. A construção teórica buscou articular elementos conceituais inerentes às categorias competências e aprendizagem organizacional. Percebeu-se que para avançar no conhecimento sobre os temas, era necessário correlacioná-los com mudança e circulação do conhecimento no nível organizacional. A desconstrução das competências desenvolvidas pelas instituições de ensino foi o caminho encontrado para descortinar os processos de aprendizagem e verificar a convergência entre os conceitos. Quanto à metodologia, a natureza da pesquisa foi exploratória, tendo abordagem qualitativa, método de estudo de caso múltiplo, e perspectiva temporal longitudinal. A análise dos dados mostrou que os conhecimentos gerados foram incorporados a ponto de comporem o senso comum dos integrantes das organizações estudadas, ou seja, foram institucionalizados. As mudanças ocorridas na articulação dos recursos foram profundas, envolvendo inclusive mudanças nos valores organizacionais. Tais fatos permitiram constatar que a aprendizagem deu-se no nível organizacional. Algumas competências, desenvolvidas anteriormente aos eventos de implantação dos novos cursos, foram mantidas, enquanto que outras foram alavancadas e construídas. A oferta dos CSTs foi estabilizada e incorporada nos planos futuros da organização, mostrando que práticas e rotinas tornaram-se um padrão estável. As teorias institucional e de cultura organizacional foram evocadas para auxiliar tal análise. No capítulo final são sumariados os principais achados da pesquisa e são sugeridas pesquisas futuras neste campo. Entende-se assim, que houve uma contribuição efetiva na teorização sobre aprendizagem organizacional no Brasil, a qual foi sustentada por pesquisa empírica. / In the organizational environment, this study approaches competences and learning from the resources perspective (Resources Based View). However, in spite of the several studies already done on learning, many challenges are still being discussed. Even though there is not a theory or model widely accepted (FIOL; LYLES, 1985), there are points of consensus in the literature. Among them: the one which states that organizational learning is essential for the comprehension of how organizations develop along time. The discussion on knowledge is a main issue as far as the debate on learning is concerned. Organizational learning, as a lens (PRANGE, 2001) allows us to approach the appropriation of knowledge by the organization. Yet, learning involves more than the creation of individual knowledge, including its utilization and institutionalization in the organization. The result of organizational learning is the acquisition of a new competence: an ability to apply new knowledge to improve the performance of a present or future activity. Therefore, the assumption that competences are related to organizational learning is implied in this work. Despite the fact that some authors have shown that there is a relationship between competences and learning, few empirical studies bring evidences that support it. In an attempt to overcome this challenge, this work was aimed at analyzing the organizational learning processes which occurred in two Higher Education Institutions following the offer of Higher Education Technological Courses and its respective demand by determined organizational competences (either new or not). The sector of professional education was chosen to hold the case studies. The theoretical construction has attempted to articulate conceptual elements inherent to the competences and organizational learning categories. I have realized that to advance in the knowledge of the themes it was necessary to correlate them with change and circulation of knowledge in the organizational level. The deconstruction of the competences developed by the Higher Education Institutions was the path I have found to unveil the learning processes as well as to verify the convergence between the concepts. As for the methodology, the nature of the research was exploratory, with a qualitative approach, multiple case study method and longitudinal time perspective. The data analysis has shown that the knowledge generated has been incorporated up to the extent of building the common sense of the members of the organizations studied, that is, it was institutionalized. The changes which occurred in the resources articulation were significant, involving changes even in the organizational values. Such facts have made us realize that learning has happened in the organizational level. Some competences developed before the events of implantation of the new courses were maintained while others were constructed. The offer of Higher Education Technological Courses was stabilized and incorporated to the future plans of the organization, showing that practices and routines have become a stable pattern. Institutional and organizational culture theories have been evoked to support such analysis. In the last chapter, I have summarized the main findings of the research. Also, some future researches in this field are suggested. Thus, I believe that there has been an effective contribution to the theory concerning organizational learning in Brazil, which has been supported by empirical research.