Orientador: Jonas Teixeira Nery / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T03:07:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_DeboraMoreirade_M.pdf: 8701651 bytes, checksum: 931c05cab5dd716b29ed0baf5a95c789 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Diante dos diversos conhecimentos técnicos e científicos reunidos recentemente, observa-se que ainda existe uma grande barreira no que se refere à aplicação das informações climáticas no planejamento urbano, sendo que a falta de integração entre estes tem contribuído para problemas de ordem ambiental, entre os quais envolve o sistema climático urbano. Ourinhos (cidade média do sudoeste de São Paulo), por exemplo, apresenta configurações urbanas e climáticas que tendem a ocorrência de desconforto térmico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o clima urbano, do ponto de vista do conforto térmico, no município de Ourinhos. Entrevistas junto ao poder público foram realizadas. Dados de precipitação pluvial e temperaturas (máximas, médias e mínimas) foram usados para fornecer uma caracterização do clima da área de estudo durante os anos 2001 e 2012. Através do software SURFER foi possível obter a distribuição espacial da temperatura do ar e da umidade relativa, considerando episódios específicos de 2011 e 2012. Com base nestes dois parâmetros discutiu-se o índice de desconforto. Analisou-se também o comportamento da direção e da velocidade do vento. Através do modelo microclimático tridimensional ENVI-met foi possível discutir a temperatura média radiante (TMR) e os índices Voto Médio Predito e Percentual de Pessoas Insatisfeitas (PMV e PPD, siglas em inglês para Predicted Mean Vote e Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied, respectivamente). Foi constatado que Ourinhos não faz uso das informações climáticas em seu planejamento/gerenciamento urbano e ambiental. Discutiu-se que Ourinhos apresenta dois períodos climáticos bem marcados: verão (quente e úmido) e inverno (frio e seco). Verificou-se que os diferentes ambientes microclimáticos são propícios à ocorrência de desconforto térmico (tanto por calor quanto por frio), o qual contribui para provocar diversas consequências negativas para a sociedade (como doenças e gastos desnecessários de energia), sobretudo diante de determinados quadros sinóticos. Concluiu-se que as configurações urbanas de Ourinhos influenciam no conforto térmico desta população e que o ENVI-met mostrou-se ser uma ferramenta capaz de simular satisfatoriamente as condições climáticas observadas, podendo ser usada como suporte no processo de gestão municipal. Entende-se que a dinâmica climática é extremamente importante na organização do espaço e que considerar suas especificidades no planejamento e gerenciamento contribui diretamente para a qualidade de vida da sociedade / Abstract: Among the many technical and scientific knowledge gathered recently notes that there is still a big barrier in relation to the application of climate information in urban planning, and the lack of integration between these has contributed to the environmental problems, among which involves the urban climate system. Ourinhos (city average southwest of Sao Paulo), for example, notes that climatic and urban settings tend to occurrence of thermal discomfort. The aim of this study was to analyze the urban climate, from the point of view of thermal comfort in Ourinhos. Interviews with the government were held. Data from rainfall and temperatures (maximum, medium and minimum) were used to provide a characterization of the climate of the study area during the years 2001 and 2012. Through software SURFER was possible to obtain the spatial distribution of air temperature and relative humidity, considering specific episodes from 2011 and 2012. Based on these two parameters discussed the discomfort index. It was also analyzed the behavior of direction and wind speed. Through three dimensional microclimatic model ENVI-met was possible to discuss the mean radiant temperature (MRT) and the Predicted Mean Vote and Percentage of Persons Dissatisfied (PMV and PPD). It was found that Ourinhos makes no use of climate information in planning/urban and environmental management. It was argued that Ourinhos presents two well-marked climatic periods: summer (hot and humid) and winter (cold and dry). It was found that the different climatic environments are conducive to the occurrence of thermal discomfort (both by heat and by cold), which contributes to cause several negative consequences for society (such as diseases and unnecessary expenditures of energy), especially in front of certain paintings synoptic. It was concluded that urban settings Ourinhos influence the thermal comfort of this population and the ENVI-met proved to be a tool able to simulate satisfactorily observed climatic conditions and can be used to support the process of municipal management. It is understood that the climate dynamics is extremely important in the organization of space and to consider their specific planning and management contributes directly to the quality of life of society / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestra em Geografia

Orientadores: Roberto Funes Abrahão, Mauro José Andrade Tereso / Tesse (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T06:14:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_IvanAugustoVall_D.pdf: 6768277 bytes, checksum: 3276154c8c5da600e316acce986202e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Diversas têm sido as pesquisas em agricultura orgânica a partir de perspectivas técnicas, econômicas ou relacionadas aos aspectos ecológicos. No entanto, ainda são raras as investigações que objetivam identificar as características da carga de trabalho na agricultura orgânica, sob uma perspectiva ergonômica. Este projeto buscou caracterizar a carga física de trabalho na horticultura orgânica com base na determinação da frequência de exposição dos trabalhadores às categorias relevantes da atividade. Para tanto, fez-se uma adaptação do método PATH (Posture, Activities, Tools and Handling) para sua utilização na análise do trabalho agrícola. A abordagem incluiu uma avaliação do esforço físico exigido para a execução das tarefas dos diversos sistemas de trabalho por meio de uma amostragem sistemática das situações laborais e da monitoração sincronizada do parâmetro fisiológico frequência cardíaca; caracterização do repertório postural adotado pelos trabalhadores pela adaptação do método OWAS; identificação das áreas do corpo dos trabalhadores que apresentam desconforto pela aplicação do Diagrama das Áreas Dolorosas; avaliação do esforço percebido através da aplicação da escala RPE. Buscou-se correlacionar os resultados das avaliações particulares e interpretá-los à luz da observação da atividade dos trabalhadores. Os resultados sugerem que o método adotado mostrou-se eficiente para caracterizar a carga de trabalho da horticultura orgânica. As exigências posturais foram mais significativas que as cardiovasculares para as tarefas estudadas e se correlacionaram positivamente com as manifestações de desconforto corporal. O desenvolvimento tecnológico para assistir o trabalho humano na horticultura deveria ser priorizado para as tarefas ligadas ao plantio, tratos culturais e à colheita, tanto para minimizar os efeitos deletérios da carga de trabalho, quanto para aumentar a sua produtividade / Abstract: There are many researches on organic agriculture regarding technical, economic or ecological issues; few researches, however, tries to identify the characteristics of the workload in organic agriculture under an ergonomic perspective. This project aimed the characterization of the physical workload in organic horticulture by determining the frequency of exposure of operators to some activity categories. To do this, an adaptation of the PATH method (Posture, Activities, Tools and Handling) was done to be used in the context of agriculture work. The approach included an evaluation of physical effort demanded to perform the tasks in the work systems from an systematic sampling of work situations from a synchronized monitoring of the heart rate; a characterization of posture repertoire adopted by workers by adapting the OWAS method; an identification of pain body areas using the Corlett diagram; and a subjective evaluation of perceived effort using the RPE Borg scale. The results of the individual assessments were cross correlated and explained from an observation of the work activity. The results suggest that the adopted method was efficient to characterize the workload of the organic horticulture. Postural demands were more significant than cardiovascular demands for the studied tasks, and correlated positively with the expressions of bodily discomfort. It is expected that, besides the knowledge obtained of the physical effort demanded by organic horticulture, this project will be useful for the development of new technologies directed to minimize the difficulties of the human work and to raise the work productivity / Doutorado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Le confort des véhicules automobiles est un élément stratégique et économique lors de leurs développements. L’un des enjeux de demain est la personnalisation du confort, qui ne pourra être atteinte qu'avec des modèles numériques originaux de pointe. En effet, il faudrait être capable de prendre en compte la diversité anthropométrique des occupants au niveau mondial. Dans ce contexte, Faurecia, équipementier de sièges d’automobile et leader dans ce domaine, souhaite optimiser son processus de conception, au moyen d’outils numériques permettant d’analyser le confort dès les premières étapes de la conception. Cependant, à l’heure actuelle, aucun outil numérique n’est disponible pour valider le confort du dossier. Le but de cette étude est donc de développer un outil numérique d’évaluation du confort du dos pour la conception des sièges en tenant compte des différences interindividuelles. Cet outil repose sur le développement d’un modèle biomécanique paramétré du tronc. Tout d’abord, une campagne d’essais a permis d'identifier la reproductibilité d’assise d’un volontaire dans une position standardisée (position, répartition de pression). Un modèle paramétré en éléments finis du tronc a été développé et permettra de simuler ces conditions expérimentales. Le modèle a été validé d’un point de vue géométrique et le maillage a été analysé. Pour valider complètement le modèle et pour permettre son utilisation par les équipementiers, des positions assises, dont la courbure du rachis est connue, devront être simulés. Puis, le modèle sera évalué pour l’analyse du confort par comparaison des cartographies de pression à l’interface homme/siège. / The comfort of motor vehicles is a strategic and economic element in their developments. One of the future challenges is the individual comfort, which can only be achieved with original digital models. Indeed, we should be able to take into account the diversity of anthropometric occupants in the worldwide. In this context, Faurecia, automotive seating manufacturer and leader in this field, wishes to optimize its design process through digital tools to analyze comfort in the early design steps. However, at present, no digital tool is available to validate the comfort of the backrest. The purpose of this study is to develop a numerical assessment tool for the comfort of the backrest design taking into account individual differences. This tool is based on the development of a biomechanical trunk model. Firstly, a test campaign allowed identifying the sitting reproducibility of a volunteer in a standardized position (position, pressure distribution). A parametric finite element model of the trunk was developed and will allow simulating these experimental conditions. The model was validated from a geometrical point of view and the mesh was analyzed. To fully validate the model and allow its use by OEMs, sitting positions which the spine curvature is known will be simulated. Then the model will be evaluated for the comfort analysis by comparison of the pressure maps to the human/seat interface.

Aujourd’hui à de nombreuses études sur la thermique du bâtiment pour réduire la consommation d’énergie tout en préservant le confort des usagers sont proposées. Le travail présenté ici met en avant les performances d’une technique d’isolation active par un dispositif de bardage extérieur de ce fait soumis au rayonnement solaire incident. L’étude expérimentale mise en oeuvre a permis de caractériser les échanges thermiques à l’intérieur de la lame d’air verticale (circulante ou non circulante), qui sont la clef de ce type de dispositif, en fonction des différents paramètres retenus comme pertinents. Le terme moteur est bien évidemment l’éclairement solaire. La distance parement extérieur mur support, i.e. l’épaisseur de la lame d’air, conditionne un rapport d’aspect et influe donc sur la vitesse de l’air circulant ou sur le volume tampon en situation non circulante et donc sur les échanges thermiques. Enfin les caractéristiques thermiques du parement extérieur, ici une lame de pin maritime ou un bois aggloméré, impactent assez fortement sur l’évolution temporelle des différentes. Une modélisation globale du comportement de la cheminée solaire que constitue le bardageet quelques simulations numériques ont permis de conforter ces différents résultats expérimentaux. On retiendra qu’en été, la solution optimale est un dispositif de bardage avec peu d’inertie thermique et un écoulement d’air rapide alors qu’en hiver, un dispositif avec inertie et sans écoulement contribue à assurer un bon volant thermique. / Today many studies on thermal building to reduce energy consumption while maintaining user comfort are proposed. The work presented here highlights the performance of an active isolation technique by means of exterior cladding thus subjected to solar radiation.The experimental study has been used to characterize the heat transfers inside the vertical cavity (air circulating or not), which are the key to this type of device, depending on various parameter staken as relevant. The driving factor is of course the solar irradiance. The thickness of the air gap induces an aspect ratio and thus affects the speed of the air flowing or the buffer volume and therefore the heat exchanges. Finally, the thermal characteristics of the cladding here maritime pine or chipboard, impact quite strongly on the temporal evolution of the different temperatures.The cladding and the vertical cavity act as a solar chimney, a global modeling of its behavior and some numerical simulations have strengthened the experimental results. We note that in summer, the optimal solution is a device of cladding with little thermal mass an drapid air flow while in winter, a device with large thermal mass and without flow helps to ensure a good thermal flywheel.

El presente trabajo de tesis desarrolla las estrategias de arquitectura ecológica con bambú y el confort térmico en el Parque Nacional del Manu, Cusco, específicamente para el Sector I de la Zona de Amortiguamiento. El estudio elige al bambú, por sus múltiples aportes en lo ambiental, económico y social y por ocupar una superficie significativa de especies nativas del genero Guadua en la Amazonia peruana, como principal componente para proponer estrategias de arquitectura ecológica que contribuyan a la conservación de un Área Natural Protegida de importancia a nivel mundial como lo es el Parque Nacional del Manu, el cual viene siendo amenazado por diversas acciones antrópicas, principalmente su Zona de Amortiguamiento, agravadas por los efectos del cambio climático y las necesidades económicas y de habitabilidad de la población. Estrategias que a su vez contemplen el confort térmico de las personas que habitaran en ese medio físico natural, con mínimo uso de energía para el caso del estudio. Se consideran dos ejes prioritarios para diseñar las estrategias: el Medio físico natural y el Uso del bambú, con la selección de tres especies locales una nativa del género Guadua y dos exóticas de los géneros Bambusa y Dendrocalamus; y el Diseño y Construcción. Cada uno con sus propios componentes y fases que se relacionan entre sí, planteando al mismo tiempo una correlación integrada entre todos. Estrategias que son aplicadas con la ejecución de un Modelo Arquitectónico – Cabaña de bambú, validado por los pobladores, y en el cual que se estiman las condiciones térmicas tomando como muestra representativa la evaluación de una de sus habitaciones, ambiente con ventilación natural, para ser comparada con las condiciones de térmicas de una habitación de una edificación local, con características similares en cuanto la ventilación y uso de materiales naturales y la sensación del poblador local. Para lo cual se plantea y desarrolla un sistema y cadena de procesos para la recolección y procesamiento de datos, utilizando para la predicción térmica el simulador virtual CBE Thermal Comfort Tool - estándar ASHRAE 55, con sus aplicaciones: modelo PMV y modelo Adaptativo de Confort. Con la estimación térmica se evalúa si se consideraron y aplicaron adecuadamente los lineamientos del primero y segundo eje. De esta manera se logra diseñar, emplear y validar las estrategias de arquitectura ecológica con bambú y el confort térmico en el PNM, Manu, Cusco.

Le changement climatique et le phénomène d'Ilot de Chaleur Urbain - ICU sont quelques effets de l'action humaine sur le milieu. Les conséquences de ce phénomène sont perçus non seulement en termes d'économie - consommation énergétique, mais aussi directement sur le confort des habitants. Dans le contexte des villes tropicales, où les citoyens sont exposés à une forte chaleur, le confort thermique devrait être considéré comme une priorité dans l'élaboration des politiques d'aménagement et conception des espaces extérieurs. Nous avons étudié ce phénomène à travers un cas concret, la ville de Barranquilla, qui répond non seulement à la condition tropicale, mais qui exprime la réalité et les conflits de l'Amérique Latine et de la Colombie. A travers notre étude, nous avons confirmé la relation entre le microclimat et la forme urbaine ; nous avons aussi caractérisé cette relation et fait une contribution à l'enrichissement de l'état de l'art. Mais nous avons également mis en évidence le lien qui peut exister entre les conditions de confort dans les espaces extérieurs et les conditions socio-économiques de la population dans les villes, qui comme Barranquilla, sont marquées par la ségrégation sociale et la fragmentation spatiale. Enfin, nous avons conclu que la meilleure façon d'intégrer des aspects climatiques à la conception urbaine, c'est d'inclure ces connaissances sous forme de principes dans la formation du concepteur urbain. Dans cette optique, nous proposons d'orienter la réflexion vers la création d'une pédagogie plus active basée sur la sensibilité des acteurs et sur le travail collectif et collaboratif. / Climate change and Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomena are some of the effects of human activity. The consequences of UHI are perceived not only in terms of economic (energy) costs, but also in terms of thermal comfort for inhabitants. In the context of tropical cities, where citizens are exposed to extreme heat, thermal comfort should be considered a policy priority in the design of public space.We have studied the phenomenon of thermal comfort through the case of Barranquilla, a city which not only meets the tropical conditions but also shows us the peculiar conflict and reality of Latin America and Colombia. In our study, we confirmed the relationship between microclimate and urban form; we also characterized this relationship and contributed to enrich the state of the art. In this study we put into evidence the connection between thermal comfort conditions in outdoor public spaces and socio-economic conditions of people in cities marked by social segregation and spatial fragmentation, such as Barranquilla.Finally, this study concludes that the best way to incorporate thermal comfort into urban design and planning is not through design strategies but through the assimilation of principles. Thus, we propose a new pedagogy based on sensitivity to the thermal environment and on collective efforts to enrich the practice of urban design and to develop a symbiosis with climate considerations that seems to have faded at some point in the history of urban development.

En ventilation assistée, l’inadéquation entre l’activité des muscles respiratoires du patient et l’assistance délivrée par le ventilateur se traduit par la survenue d’une dysharmonie patient-ventilateur potentiellement associée avec la survenue d’asynchronies patient-ventilateur et d’une dyspnée. Minimiser cette dysharmonie est un objectif majeur de la ventilation assistée. Le Neuro Asservissement de la Ventilation Assistée (NAVA) et la Ventilation Assistée Proportionnelle (PAV) sont deux nouveaux modes qui pourraient améliorer l’harmonie patient-ventilateur. Nous avons montré que, de façon similaire, le NAVA et la PAV diminuent le nombre d’asynchronie patient-ventilateur, préviennent la surdistension pulmonaire, restaurent la variabilité cycle à cycle du comportement ventilatoire et améliorent l’équilibre charge-capacité et le couplage neuromécanique. De plus, l’utilisation du mode NAVA en ventilation non invasive pourrait également permettre d’améliorer la synchronisation patient-ventilateur. Nous avons également montré aux cours de différents travaux sur la dyspnée en ventilation mécanique que celle ci était fréquente mais néanmoins difficile à identifier, en particulier chez les patients non communicants. L’EMG de surface des muscles inspiratoires extra-diaphragmatiques pourrait constituer un outil simple et objectif pouvant permettre au clinicien de diagnostiquer une dyspnée en ventilation mécanique et optimiser les réglages du ventilateur dans le but de minimiser la dysharmonie patient-ventilateur. Ces données permettent de progresser vers une meilleure connaissance de la dysharmonie patient- ventilateur. L’impact clinique de l’utilisation des modes proportionnels et d’une détection précoce de la dyspnée doit maintenant être évalué par des essais cliniques. / Ventilatory support must be tailored to the load capacity balance of the respiratory system to avoid patient-ventilator dysharmony as it may lead to patient-ventilator asynchronies and dyspnea. Minimizing this dysharmony is crucial. Neurally Ventilatory Assist Ventilation (NAVA) and Proportional Assist Ventilation (PAV) modes may improve patient-ventilator interaction. We showed in this work that PAV and NAVA both prevents overdistension, restores breath by breath variability of the breathing pattern and improves neuromechanical coupling and patient- ventilator asynchrony in fairly similar ways compared to pressure support ventilation. In addition the use of NAVA with non-invasive ventilation may also improve patient-ventilator interaction. We also demonstrated that dyspnea is a frequent issue in mechanically ventilated ICU patients and it can be difficult to assess when the patient is unable to report it. Surface electromyograms of extradiaphragmatic inspiratory muscles provides a simple, reliable and non-invasive indicator of respiratory muscle loading/unloading in mechanically ventilated patients. Because this EMG activity is strongly correlated to the intensity of dyspnea, it could be used as a surrogate of respiratory sensations in mechanically ventilated patients, and might, therefore, provide a monitoring tool in patients in whom detection and quantification of dyspnea is complex if not impossible. These data provide a better understanding of patient-ventilator dysharmony. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible clinical benefits of NAVA and PAV on clinical outcomes and the impact of an early detection of dyspnea in mechanical ventilation.

Orientador: Lucila Chebel Labaki / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T02:21:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_CarlaMatheusde_M.pdf: 11189524 bytes, checksum: a7fa919aa9c79e98af0575bc7bf36bb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Com a rápida urbanização, tem havido um aumento enorme de população e construções nas cidades. A alta concentração de prédios desencadeia muitas questões ambientais, como o efeito de ilhas de calor; que é agravado principalmente pela perda de áreas verdes no ambiente urbano (WONG et al., 2003). O alto consumo de energia para aquecimento e resfriamento de edificações é um dos maiores problemas do setor de energia e tem um impacto ambiental importante (JIMÉNEZ et al., 2010). A cobertura verde é uma boa estratégia para a redução do uso de energia, pois o calor externo é transmitido em menor quantidade e mais lentamente para o ambiente. Além da cobertura verde, a ventilação natural influencia positivamente no controle do conforto dos ambientes. A varanda constitui uma local agradável ambientalmente para a utilização nos países de clima tropical, pois possui uma cobertura para proteger dos raios solares diretos, permite a ventilação natural e ainda favorece a ligação com o entorno. Esta pesquisa tem como meta voltar-se para o conforto ambiental de forma passiva ao analisar o conforto ambiental de uma residência semiaberta na cidade de Atibaia, SP, construída em forma de varanda, com cobertura verde. A análise do conforto foi feita através de: medições in loco das variáveis ambientais, cálculo do Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) ensaia em túnel de vento e comparação dos resultados obtidos nessa simulação com aqueles obtidos nas medições in loco, visando verificar qual a real melhoria do conforto ambiental nessa área semiaberta. As medições in loco foram feitas no período outono e inverno de 2011 e verão de 2012. A partir dos resultados, pode-se inferir que, em relação à temperatura ambiente, apesar da temperatura superficial da cobertura verde ter uma atenuação de ate 9ºC em relação à da cobertura cerâmica, a combinação da cobertura verde com a cobertura cerâmica nessa área semiaberta proporciona uma atenuação da temperatura ambiente externa, de aproximadamente 2,5ºC graus. O calculo do PET mostrou que a área semiaberta melhora o grau de sensação de conforto. A análise da ventilação natural, feita através do ensaio em túnel de vento, mostrou que esse modo de implantação se faz eficiente para a diminuição da velocidade excessiva do vento na área semiaberta. O modelo de varanda com cobertura verde se mostrou uma boa forma para habitação para essa região / Abstract: With rapid urbanization, there has been a huge increase in population and buildings in cities. The high concentration of buildings triggers many environmental issues, such as the heat island effect, which is especially aggravated by the loss of green areas in urban environment (WONG et al., 2003). The high energy consumption for heating and cooling of buildings is one of the greatest problems of the energy sector and has a significant environmental impact (JIMÉNEZ et al., 2010). The green roof is a good strategy for reducing energy use, for the external heat is transmitted in less quantity and more slowly to the environment. Besides the green roof, natural ventilation positively influences in the control of the comfort of environments. The veranda, widely used in tropical countries, is a pleasant place, because it has a cover to protect from direct sunlight, allows natural ventilation and favors the connection with the surroundings. This research analyses the environmental comfort of a semi-open residence in the city of Atibaia, SP, built as a veranda, using green roof. The analysis of comfort was made through: local measurements of environmental variables, physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) wind tunnel simulation and comparison between the results of wind speed obtained in the local measurements and the wind tunnel simulation, to identify what is the real improvement of thermal comfort in this semi-open area. The in site measurements were made during the autumn and winter of 2011 and summer of 2012. From the results, it could be inferred that, in relation to temperature, although the surface temperature of the green cover showed an attenuation of up to 9 ° C when compared to the tile roof, the combination of green roof with tile roof in this semiopen area provides a temperature attenuation of approximately 2.5 ° C degrees. The PET analyses showed that the semi-open area improves the level of comfort sensation. Regarding natural ventilation, the results showed that this mode of projecting was effective to reduce the excessive wind speed in the semi-open area / Mestrado / Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade / Mestra em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade

[EN] This work has very human interest. Its aim is to analyze the color within the hospital environment and in order to help the patient, health professional and caregivers of patients during treatment of health. For the architecture however, this study must permeate the physical, physiological and psychological or sensory, since the architecture is developed in the environment or space to be built built, but always work in physical and tangible, always aims to achieve the aspirations the user, including the physiological and psychological. In summary, the color of Architecture never walk free concomitantly with lighting to ensure the comfort of those using the environment, and do not study the psychological reactions of the colors applied in environments. So buca answer: what the basic influence of the colors would be in the user's environment? To be a significant contribution in building hospitals architecture beyond the basic premises of the development of space being built or redesigned _ scale environments through calculations due to the use of space / equipment / furniture, the relationship between flows and flows in the space designed; development and adaptation of urban location and the basic aspirations of the (psychological, biological and mechanical) _ users must also have the characterization of the ideal profile of all people who develop an activity, the democratization of space using access resources basic permanent collection and all data research tool in the post-pass built to be crucial for the welfare of the patient, starting, of course, that the hospital space exists only thanks to him and depending on him. The colors and the light in the hospital environment must be recognized to have a basis of how to use them properly. In order to participate in the ethical process of humanization of the hospital environment. / [ES] Este trabajo tiene interés muy humano. Su objetivo es analizar el color dentro del ambiente del hospital y con el fin de ayudar al paciente, profesional de la salud y los cuidadores de los pacientes durante el tratamiento de la salud. Para la arquitectura sin embargo, este estudio debe impregnar la física, fisiológica y psicológica o sensorial, ya que la arquitectura se desarrolla en el entorno o espacio que se construirá construida, aunque siempre trabajar en física y tangible, siempre tiene como objetivo lograr las aspiraciones de la usuario, incluyendo el fisiológico y psicológico. En resumen, el color de Arquitectura nunca liberarse caminar de forma concomitante con iluminación para garantizar la comodidad de los que utilizan el medio ambiente, y no estudian las reacciones psicológicas de los colores aplicados en entornos. Asi buca contestar: ¿cuál sería la influencia básica de los colores en el entorno del usuario? Para ser una contribución relevante en la construcción de hospitales arquitectura más allá de las premisas básicas del desarrollo del espacio que está siendo construido o rediseñado _ ambientes de escala a través de cálculos de espacio debido al uso / equipo / muebles, la relación entre los flujos y los flujos en el espacio diseñado; desarrollo y adaptación de ubicación urbana y las aspiraciones básicas de los usuarios (psicológicos, biológicos y mecánicos) _ debe haber también la caracterización del perfil ideal de todas las personas que desarrollan una actividad, la democratización del espacio con el uso de los recursos de acceso básico y toda la colección permanente de datos por herramienta de investigación en el post-pass construido para ser crucial para el bienestar del paciente, comenzando, por supuesto, que el espacio hospitalario sólo existe gracias a él y dependiendo de él. Los colores y la luz en el medio hospitalario deben ser objeto de reconocimiento para tener una base de cómo usarlos correctamente. A fin de que para participar en el proceso ético de la humanización del entorno hospitalario. / Barreira Do Nascimento, N. (2015). LA UTILIZACIÓN ÓPTIMA DEL COLOR PARA UM MEJOR RENDIMIENTO EM EL AMBIENTE HOSPITALAR [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/55763 / TESIS

[EN] Comfort on board is, nowadays, one of the main reasons for the choice of transport means. Therefore, offering greater comfort is an advantage against other modes of mobility and the competition brought about by liberalization of rail passenger transport. Noise is a key factor influencing passenger comfort. Therefore, in the late nineties, the first relevant acoustic comfort studies about high-speed vehicles began to appear. Although most studies focus mainly on the physical characterization, they have made some progress on trying to relate the interior noise and the passenger comfort. The main objective of this research is to conduct a methodological approach to obtaining a psychoacoustic model, in order to predict the level of discomfort of passengers in conditions of commercial circulation, and make a comparison between different high-speed rail vehicles in terms of sound quality. For this purpose, it was necessary to define an experimental methodology to obtain objective parameters of the background noise, as well as subjective measures of perception. In particular, for the calculation of objective measures, this study develops a procedure to measure sound inside high-speed vehicles traveling at commercial speed, that allows their psychoacoustical comparison. The field study has identified the psychoacoustic variables that best describe the background noise, and how they vary according to their location within the vehicle. To measure the perception, a methodology to assess the level of annoyance of representative sounds has been defined. This methodology has been validated as a result of the study, obtaining a high reliability in the measurement of discomfort levels. The experimental methodology was applied in a field study, where the sound within six high-speed vehicles traveling at commercial speed was recorded. That field study allowed to record forty-six sounds that were subsequently measured in their level of discomfort by passengers. In order to obtain a model to predict the level of annoyance, different psychoacoustic variables were analyzed: A weighted pressure level, loudness, sharpness and roughness of the sounds, along with the level of annoyance perceived by multiple linear regression. The model obtained has a predictive capacity of 90.8%. Moreover, the research includes a comparison of the level of discomfort and a psychoacoustic characterization of the vehicles that were part of the field study. / [ES] El confort a bordo es, hoy en día, uno de los motivos clave de la elección del medio de transporte. Por tanto, ofrecer una mayor comodidad es una ventaja competitiva a la hora de presentar una oferta diferenciada ante otros modos de movilidad y ante la competencia que aparecerá con la liberalización del transporte de viajeros por ferrocarril. El ruido es clave como factor que influye en el confort del pasajero. Por ello, a finales de los años noventa, comienzan a aparecer los primeros estudios relevantes sobre confort acústico de vehículos de alta velocidad. Aunque la mayor parte de los estudios se centran principalmente en la caracterización física, se han realizado algunos avances en intentar relacionar el ruido interior con el confort del pasajero. El objetivo principal de la presente investigación es realizar una aproximación metodológica a la obtención de un modelo psicoacústico que permita predecir el nivel de molestias de los pasajeros en condiciones de circulación comerciales, así como realizar una comparativa de diferentes vehículos ferroviarios de alta velocidad en cuanto a su calidad sonora. Con este objetivo, ha sido necesaria la definición una metodología experimental para la obtención de parámetros objetivos del ruido de fondo así como de medidas subjetivas de la percepción del pasajero. En concreto, para el cálculo de medidas objetivas, se ha definido un procedimiento de medida del sonido en el interior de vehículos de alta velocidad circulando a velocidad comercial que permita la caracterización psicoacústica para su comparativa. El estudio de campo realizado ha permitido identificar las variables psicoacústicas que mejor describen el ruido de fondo y conocer como varían en función de su localización dentro del vehículo. Para la medida de la percepción se ha definido una metodología de evaluación del nivel de molestia de los sonidos representativa de la percepción del pasajero. Esta metodología ha sido validada como resultado del estudio, obteniendo una elevada fiabilidad en la medida del nivel de molestia. La metodología experimental ha sido aplicada en un estudio de campo donde se registró el sonido en el interior de seis vehículos de alta velocidad circulando a velocidad comercial. El estudio de campo permitió registrar cuarenta y seis sonidos que posteriormente fueron valorados por pasajeros en cuanto a su nivel de molestia. Con el objetivo de obtener un modelo de predicción del nivel de molestia, las variables psicoacústicas: nivel de presión sonora ponderado A, loudness, sharpness y roughness de los sonidos registrados fueron analizadas junto con el nivel de molestia percibido mediante un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. El modelo obtenido presenta una capacidad de predicción del 90,8%. Adicionalmente, se realizó una comparativa de los vehículos que formaron parte del estudio de campo en cuanto a su nivel de molestia y su caracterización psicoacústica. / [CAT] El confort a bord, és, hui en dia, un dels motius clau de l'elecció del mitjà de transport. Per tant, oferir una major comoditat és un avantatge competitiu a l'hora de presentar una oferta diferenciada front a altres modes de mobilitat i davant la competència que apareixerà amb la liberalització del transport de viatgers per ferrocarril. El soroll és clau com a factor que influeix en el confort del passatger. Per això, a finals dels anys noranta, comencen a aparèixer els primers estudis rellevants sobre confort acústic de vehicles d'alta velocitat. Encara que la major part dels estudis es centren principalment en la caracterització física, s'han realitzat alguns avanços en intentar relacionar el soroll interior amb el confort del passatger. L'objectiu principal de la present recerca és realitzar una aproximació metodològica a l'obtenció d'un model psicoacústic que permeta predir el nivell de molèsties dels passatgers en condicions de circulació comercials, així com realitzar una comparativa de diferents vehicles ferroviaris d'alta velocitat en quant a la seua qualitat sonora. Amb aquest objectiu, ha sigut necessària la definició d'una metodologia experimental per a l'obtenció de paràmetres objectius del soroll de fons, així com les mesures subjectives de la percepció del passatger. En concret, per al càlcul de mesures objectives, s'ha definit un procediment de mesura del soroll a l'interior de vehicles d'alta velocitat circulant a velocitat comercial que permeta la caracterització psicoacústica per a la seua comparativa. L'estudi de camp realitzat a permès identificar les variables psicoacústiques que millor descriuen el soroll de fons i conèixer com varien en funció de la seua localització dins del vehicle. Per a la mesura de la percepció s'ha definit una metodologia d'avaluació del nivell de molèstia dels sons representativa de la percepció del passatger. Aquesta metodologia ha sigut validada com resultat de l'estudi, obtenint una elevada fiabilitat en la mesura del nivell de molèstia. La metodologia experimental ha sigut aplicada en un estudi de camp on es registrà el so a l'interior de sis vehicles d'alta velocitat circulant a velocitat comercial. L'estudi de camp va permetre enregistrar quaranta sis sons que posteriorment foren valorats per passatgers en quant al seu nivell de molèstia. Amb l'objectiu d'obtindre un model de predicció del nivell de molèstia, les variables psicoacústiques nivell de pressió sonora ponderat A, loudness, sharpness i roughness dels sons enregistrats foren analitzades junt amb el nivell de molèstia percebut mitjançant una anàlisi de regressió lineal múltiple. El model obtingut presenta una capacitat de predicció del 90,8%. Addicionalment, es va realitzar una comparativa dels vehicles que formaren part de l'estudi de camp en quant al seu nivell de molèstia i la seua caracterització psicoacústica. / Mateo Martínez, B. (2015). Aproximación metodológica a la obtención de modelos de percepción de molestias a partir de parámetros psicoacústicos en vehículos ferroviarios. Aplicación a trenes de alta velocidad [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59414 / TESIS