The purpose of this thesis is to define which variables affect the average credit spread on the Swedish bond market. The study is conducted via the help of Enter Fonder, who contributes with data and insight into the Swedish corporate bond market. Earlier research has put a lot of weight on the connection between default risk and credit spread. The exact effect is however still debated and it is unclear which variables best describe the default risk. A multilinear regression analysis is conducted, studying the effect on the average credit spread in the NOMX-index (NOMXCRSP) with the following predictor variables: Treasury rate, Predicted EPS amongst OMXS30-companies, Change in net asset under management (AUM) of Swedish corporate bonds, The average credit spread on two European and two American counterparts to NOMX, D/E-ratio and EBITDA-margin amongst OMXS30-companies and finally PMI-index from both the industry and service sector. The regression analysis is based on 89 data points which were aggregated into an equivalent interval on a monthly basis. The final results presents a model of seven variables consisting of all the four international indexes, treasury rate, predicted EPS and change in net AUM, and was able to explain around 87% of the variance in the data. / Syftet med denna avhandling är att identifiera och analysera den genomsnittliga kreditspreadens underliggande variabler på den svenska företagsobligationsmarknaden. Arbetsprocessen utförs tillsammans med fondbolaget Enter Fonder vilka bidrar med stöd i samband med datainsamlingen samt insikt om den svenska företagsobligationsmarknaden. Tidigare forskning inom ämnet har påpekat ett tydligt samband mellan ett företags likviditetsrisk och kreditspreaden på dess emitterade företagsobligationer. Likviditetsriskens exakta effekt på kreditspreaden samt hur denna risk lämpligast mäts, råder det dock oenighet om. En multipel linjär regressionsanalys genomförs där effekten på den genomsnittliga kreditspreaden i NOMX-indexet (NOMXCRSP) analyseras utifrån de underliggande variablerna: Statslåneränta, Estimerade EPS bland OMXS30-bolag, Förändringar i fondflöden på svenska företagsobligationer, Genomsnittlig kreditspread på två europeiska respektive amerikanska motsvarigheter till NOMX, D/E-ratio samt EBITDAmarginal bland OMXS30-bolag och slutligen PMI-siffror från både industri- samt tjänstesektorn. Regressionsanalysen baseras på totalt 89 datapunkter som aggregerats till likvärdig och månatlig basis. Den slutliga modellen består av totalt sju förklarande variabler där de fyra internationella indexen, Estimerad EPS, Statslåneräntan samt Förändringar i fondflöden utgör dessa och tycks förklara cirka 87 % av variansen i datasetet.

This dissertation consists of three chapters, each containing a distinct research paper in the field of macroeconomics. In the first chapter, I estimate the impact of mutual fund flows on corporate bond prices, issuance and firm investment. I leverage variation caused by the COVID-19 induced financial panic of March 2020 and find that safer firms suffered a larger impact in the component of bond spreads that does not compensate for expected default risk. However, I do not detect impacts of fund flows on issuance or investment. A simple model predicts liquidation decisions and price responses as being driven by demand and liquidation elasticities, which depend on the characteristics of the bond return processes. In the second chapter, we ask: what is the importance of firm and bank credit factors in determining investment responses to monetary policy? We decompose variation in corporate loan growth rates into purely firm-level and bank-level variation. The estimated factors are correlated with a set of variables that proxy for the firm’s and bank’s financial health. Firms with a higher borrowing factor experience relatively larger investment responses to an unexpected interest rate shock; the effect is muted when the shock is the reveal of central bank information. The bank factor does not induce similar heterogeneity in investment responses. In the third chapter, we ask: what is the nature of optimal monetary policy and central bank disclosure when the monetary authority is uncertain about the economic state? We consider a model in which firms make nominal pricing decisions and the central bank sets the nominal interest rate under incomplete information. We find that implementing flexible-price allocations is both feasible and optimal despite the existence of numerous measurability constraints; we explore a series of different implementations. When monetary policy is sub-optimal, public information disclosure by the central bank is welfare-improving as long as either firm or central bank information is sufficiently precise.

This doctoral thesis consists of 4 self-contained chapters: Sovereign Credit Default Swap Premia. This comprehensive review of the literature on sovereign CDS spreads highlights current academic debates and contrasts them with contradictory statements from the popular press.  Real Economic Shocks and Sovereign Credit Risk. New empirical evidence highlights that global macroeconomic risk unspanned by global financial risk bears some responsibility for the strong co-movement in sovereign spreads. A model with only two global macroeconomic state variables rationalizes the existence of time-varying risk premia as a compensation for exposure to common U.S. business cycle risk. The Term Structure of CDS Spreads and Sovereign Credit Risk. The term structure of CDS spreads is an informative signal about the relative importance of global and country-specific risk factors for the time variation of sovereign credit spreads. An empirically validated model illustrates how local risk matters relatively more when the slope is negative, while systematic risk bears more responsibility when the slope is positive. Squeezed Everywhere - Disentangling Types of Liquidity and Testing Limits-to-Arbitrage. The CDS-Bond basis is used as a laboratory to disentangle different types of liquidity and to test limits-of-arbitrage. While asset-specific liquidity is cross-correlated in both the cash and derivative market, funding and market liquidity matter only for the former. The tests find strong evidence in favor of margin-based asset pricing and flight-to-quality effects. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2013. Sammanfattning jämte 4 uppsatser</p>

Submitted by daniel palaia (daniel.r.palaia@itau-unibanco.com.br) on 2014-12-08T17:13:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese.pdf: 1714771 bytes, checksum: d7dffa1b861621b14266ec6baa643b10 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2014-12-08T17:46:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese.pdf: 1714771 bytes, checksum: d7dffa1b861621b14266ec6baa643b10 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-08T18:39:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese.pdf: 1714771 bytes, checksum: d7dffa1b861621b14266ec6baa643b10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-01 / Este trabalho é composto por três capítulos que se dedicam a discutir aspectos distintos a respeito do importante mercado de títulos corporativos norte-americano. No primeiro capítulo, 'Mercado de Títulos Corporativos Norte-Americano: Evolução e Fatos Estilizados', mostramos como se deu a evolução do mercado de crédito norte-americano nas últimas décadas no que diz respeito à sua relevância para a economia. Nesse estudo mostramos também as principais mudanças regulatórias que afetaram de forma relevante esse mercado nos últimos anos. Trabalhos recentes encontraram evidências de que mudanças regulatórias no mercado de títulos corporativos provocam redução dos spreads e diminuem a liquidez dos ativos de crédito. Finalmente, ilustramos nesse capítulo as principais correntes teóricas e alguns fatos estilizados a respeito de curvas de juros e de spreads de títulos corporativos. No segundo capítulo, 'Fatores Latentes Globais e Idiossincráticos na Estrutura a Termo da Curva de Juros de Títulos Corporativos', analisamos a maneira como fatores globais e idiossincráticos influenciam a estrutura a termo das curvas de juros de emissores corporativos norte-americanos para diferentes níveis de classificação de risco, setor de atividade e período de análise. Os resultados são inéditos, pois a metodologia utilizada nunca foi aplicada anteriormente para essa classe de ativos, e indicam que a influência dos componentes latentes globais nos fatores de nível é menor quanto pior a classificação de risco. Um segundo resultado importante é que as curvas de setores de atividade distintos como o financeiro e industrial são influenciadas de maneira distinta pelos fatores globais e idiossincráticos no que diz respeito aos componentes de nível e inclinação. No terceiro capítulo, 'Estrutura a Termo da Curva de Spreads de Títulos Corporativos', estudamos as variáveis que influenciaram os fatores de nível e inclinação das curvas de spreads corporativos nos Estados Unidos. O modelo estimado nesse estudo incorpora, ao contrário de estudos anteriores, fatores latentes das curvas de juros do tesouro e de spreads, variáveis macroeconômicas e setoriais. Concluímos que o componente de nível da curva de juros norte-americana afeta positivamente o nível dos spreads. Os resultados diferem da literatura tradicional, mas estão em linha com estudos recentes que controlam períodos de elevada volatilidade de ativos com quebras estruturais. Palavras-chave: Spreads; Classificação de risco; Curva de juros; Títulos corporativos / This work consists of three chapter dedicated to discussing different aspects of the important North American market for corporate bonds. In the first chapter, we show the evolution of the American credit market in recent decades, concerning its relevance to the economy. In this study we also show major regulatory changes that significantly affected the market in recent decades, as well as some references that indicate how these changes impacted the price and liquidity of credit assets. Finally, this chapter illustrates the main theoretical works and their contributions in the area of spreads and term structure of the corporate yield curve. In the second chapter, "Global and Idiosyncratic Latent Factor in the Term Structure of Corporate Yield Curve Bonds", we analyze, in an unprecedented way, how global and idiosyncratic factors influence the term structure of the yield curves for corporate issuers from different ratings, activity sector and period of analysis. The results are unprecedented for this asset class because they had never been applied before to sovereign curves. The results indicate that the influence of global components decrease as the rating worsens. A second important result is that curves, for different sectors such as financial and industrial, are influenced differently by global and idiosyncratic factors regarding the level components and slope. In the third chapter, "Term Structure of Corporate Bond Spreads Curve" we study the determinants of level and slope factors in corporate spreads in the United States from February 2002 to September 2012. The estimated model incorporates, unlike previous studies, latent factors of yield curves and treasuries spreads, macroeconomic and sectoral variables. We conclude that the level component of the treasury yield curve positively affects the level of spreads. The results differ from traditional literature, but are in line with recent studies that control periods of high assets volatility with structural breaks.

Submitted by Letícia Gera Gouvêa de Albuquerque (leticiagera@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-06-24T00:36:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO FINAL.pdf: 342885 bytes, checksum: cb87377d99619766da03af5a43c885d8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2015-06-24T14:11:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO FINAL.pdf: 342885 bytes, checksum: cb87377d99619766da03af5a43c885d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-24T15:34:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO FINAL.pdf: 342885 bytes, checksum: cb87377d99619766da03af5a43c885d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-15 / This study provides an empirical investigation of the determinants of long-term debt maturity in Brazil. We built a unique database that includes privately placed debt and public debt for 308 publicly traded, non-financial Brazilian companies, from 2009 to 2013. We perform GMM panel analyses using as dependent variables the amount of long-term debt payable in more than one, three, and five years for total debt, BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) debt and corporate bonds. The results show that the BNDES finances less risky firms, i.e., those that are larger, older, more tangible and more transparent. We also find support for information asymmetry theories, as companies with higher transparency levels have similar leverage levels relative to others but higher proportions of long-term debt in their capital structures. Regarding debt levels, we find that more levered companies are larger, less profitable, more tangible and have fewer growth opportunities. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to address the determinants of long-term debt maturity in Brazil that uses various specifications of long-term debt and that examines different types of debt. / Este trabalho investiga empiricamente os determinantes de prazo de dívida no Brasil. Nós construímos uma base de dados que inclui dívida privada e pública de 308 empresas brasileiras não-financeiras listadas em bolsa, de 2009 a 2013. Utilizamos uma análise GMM utilizando como variáveis explicativas os montantes de dívida de longo prazo a pagar em mais de um, três e cinco anos, para dívida total, dívida BNDES (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social) e debêntures. Os resultados indicam que o BNDES financia firmas menos arriscadas, ou seja, maiores, mais antigas, mais tangíveis e mais transparentes. Também encontramos suporte para teorias de assimetria de informação, dado que firmas com maiores níveis de transparência apresentam níveis similares de alavancagem ao de firmas em outros segmentos, porém uma proporção maior de dívida de longo prazo em suas estruturas de capital. Quanto aos níveis de dívida, observamos que firmas mais alavancadas são maiores, menos lucrativas, mais tangíveis e possuem menos oportunidades de crescimento. Acreditamos que este é o primeiro trabalho a abordar determinantes de endividamento de longo prazo com diversas medidas de longo prazo e com diferentes tipos de dívida.

Submitted by Fayga Czerniakowski Delbem (fayga.c.delbem@gmail.com) on 2016-10-31T08:46:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_FINAL_28.10.2016.docx: 412347 bytes, checksum: 30f3648dfa285ec0fc602596d42f44bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2016-10-31T10:09:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_FINAL_28.10.2016.docx: 412347 bytes, checksum: 30f3648dfa285ec0fc602596d42f44bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-31T11:46:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_FINAL_28.10.2016.docx: 412347 bytes, checksum: 30f3648dfa285ec0fc602596d42f44bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-14 / The main goal of this paper is to analyze the credit spread impact given by the tax exempt treatment to Brazilian corporate infrastructure bonds introduced in 2011 by law number 12.431. Assuming the non-arbitrage theory, a rational investor would expect that an infrastructure corporate bond credit spread would be equivalent of a regular corporate bond credit spread, adjusted by the tax benefit and others risk factors. However, this paper finds no such evidence for infrastructure corporate bonds. This tax impact is more relevant when we analyze infrastructure corporate bonds sold to retail investors and implies that this asset class is not attractive, on a risk adjusted basis, to investors not eligible for the tax benefit, restricting the demand and development of the capital market infrastructure funding. Due to this, we suggest the possibility of converting the tax exempt bonds in regular bonds and granting the companies with tax subsidy and we believe that it is important to make adjustments in Law number 12.431 to effectively attract private funding to infrastructure financing. / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o impacto no spread de crédito causado pela isenção fiscal concedida as debêntures de Infraestrutura Incentivadas, conforme lei 12.431 de 2011. Partindo dos pressupostos da Teoria de Não Arbitragem, a expectativa de um investidor racional seria de que o spread de crédito de uma debênture de infraestrutura fosse equivalente a um spread de crédito de qualquer debênture, ajustado pelo imposto de renda e demais fatores de risco. Os ensaios empíricos realizados neste trabalho relevaram evidências de que isso não se verifica nas emissões que já ocorreram. Esta distorção fiscal é ainda mais relevante quando analisamos especificamente as debêntures focadas em pessoas físicas e implica na não atratividade deste tipo de instrumento para investidores que não se beneficiam da isenção, limitando a demanda e o desenvolvimento deste mecanismo de financiamento à infraestrutura. Frente a esta constatação, propõe-se a possibilidade de conversão da isenção fiscal em subsídio tributário e se conclui que são fundamentais alterações na lei 12.431 para o estímulo ao financiamento privado da infraestrutura brasileira.

The diploma thesis focuses on issuance of the primary bond by non-financial companies on the Prague Stock Exchange (PSE). In the theoretical part were described the main parameters of securities and financial indicators of companies that build the risk premium and discussed options of risk-free base. The application part presents the evaluation of major factors influencing price and bond rates on the example of emissions carried on the PSE.

<div>In the first chapter, our empirical tests use data from three sources. First, we obtain the Loughran and McDonald’s (hereafter LM wordlist) positive/negative wordlist and from the authors’ website. Second, we obtain the monthly Fama and French (1993 and 2015) factors (i.e. SMB, HML, Rm-Rf, CMA, and RMW) and momentum factor (MOM) from Kenneth French’s website for the sample period January 1994 through December 2016. Third, we obtain the monthly stock returns, monthly index returns, month end market value from the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) as well as accounting information such as annual book</div><div>I the second chapter, we utilize five main datasets in this study. The first dataset is the stock market transaction level data for S&P 500 stocks, obtained from Trades and Quote (TAQ). The second dataset is the corporate bond transaction data from Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (TRACE) through Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS) for the S&P 500 firms. The TRACE data provides over the counter (OTC) corporate bond market real-time prices.To examine the price discovery of bonds in equity prices we use a sample period of over 1,000 trading days from January 2004 through December 2008.</div><div>Our third data source is the institutional level transaction data from ANcerno, which provides transactional level trade data for corporate bonds and stocks for the first quarter of 2006 through the third quarter of 2010. Several studies have used equity transaction dataset to examine the ANcerno institutional trading behavior. See for example Puckett and Yan (2011), Bethel, Hu and Wang (2009), Chemmanur, He and Hu (2009), Goldstein, Irvine, Kandel and Wiener (2009). Additionally, Hu, Jo, Wang and Xie (2018) provide a comprehensive review of ANcerno dataset. The fourth source of data comes from Mergent Fixed Income Security Database (FISD), which provides details of bond characteristics and credit ratings from standard and poor’s (S&P) and Moody’s. Finally, we obtain the daily stock returns data from center for security prices (CRSP) database and match it with the daily bond returns to examine the lead-lag relationships.</div><div><br></div>

No description available.

The Swedish economy is currently characterized by a low interest environment, which has contributed to a thriving real estate sector in Sweden. The property companies’ financial costs are extremely low and in the search for yield, many investors have shown an interest in real estate. Due to the high demand on the real estate market there has been an increasing demand for funds. Historically, the balance sheet of Swedish property sector has been comprised of common shares and a large share of bank debt. However, in recent years real estate companies have diversified their capital structure and the use of bonds and preference shares has become increasingly common. This master thesis aims to investigate the development of the capital structure of the listed real estate sector in Sweden and examine the driving forces. Furthermore, the purpose of the study is to identify and analyze what will drive the use of different financing options in the future. Consequently, the effect on the capital structure of the listed sector will be investigated. The study has been conducted primarily based on interviews conducted with key actors active in the real estate sector, the bank sector as well as the institutional and non-institutional investors. The study suggests that the access to financing will be increasingly dependent on the firms’ size and vice versa. Secondly, due to regulations of the banks, the listed real estate sector will have a growing need of financing through the capital markets. However, the thesis has identified a number of obstacles on the Swedish corporate bond market, such as illiquidity. Given the current conditions on the Swedish corporate bond market, the listed sector will be unable to acquire the funds needed to support a growth of the real estate sector. The final finding relates to the capital structure theories and concludes that access to different financing options will be more important than the capital cost. The study shows that there is a clear trend of growing real estate companies. The larger companies are beginning to approach the Swedish major institutional stakeholders in size and reaching a size which makes them more competitive on the international capital markets. Access to funding will therefore increasingly depend on their size and vice versa. In line with previous studies, the listed property sector has a growing need for financing through the capital market due to regulations of the banking sector. Consequently, the distribution between bank and market financing in Sweden will change. Due to the current conditions on the corporate bond market, the  listed sector is unable to access the resources needed to support a strong growth of the property sector. The elementary conclusion of this study is that an access to various financing options will be more important than the capital cost. The result is therefore not support by the already established capital structure theories. To explain the growing need for a diversified capital structure and the importance of access to multiple markets, the results of this study suggests a new capital structure theory. The optimal capital structure is first and foremost a question of optimal access to various funding sources. Thereafter the company should regard the cost of capital and the impact on the rest of the capital structure. / Den svenska ekonomin präglas idag av en lågräntemiljö, vilket har bidragit till en välmående fastighetssektor i Sverige. Fastighetsbolagens finansiella kostnader är extremt låga och på grund av investerarnas jakt på avkastning har intresset för fastighetsinvesteringar ökat. Till följd av den höga efterfrågan på fastighetsmarknaden har det behovet av finansiering ökat. Historiskt sett har balansräkningen i de svenska börsnoterade fastighetsbolagen utgjorts av stamaktier och en stor andel banklån. På senare år har dock fastighetsbolagen diversifierat sin kapitalstruktur och användningen av obligationer och preferensaktier har blivit allt vanligare. Examensarbetet syftar till att undersöka utvecklingen av kapitalstrukturen inom den noterade fastighetssektorn i Sverige och de bakomliggande faktorerna. Vidare är studiens syfte att identifiera och analysera drivkraften bakom användningen av olika finansieringsalternativ i framtiden. Följaktligen kommer den framtida kapitalstrukturen i de noterade fastighetsbolagen att undersökas. Studien är främst baserad på intervjuer med aktörer verksamma inom fastighetssektorn, banksektorn, institutionella och icke-institutionella investerare. Studien visar att det finns en tydlig trend med växande fastighetsbolag. Portföljen hos ett antal större bolag börjar närma sig de svenska stora institutionella aktörer i storlek och på så sätt börjar dessa bolag uppnå en storlek som gör att de är slagkraftiga på internationella kapitalmarknader. Tillgången till finansiering kommer därför i större utsträckning att vara beroende av företagens storlek och vice versa. I linje med tidigare studie har den börsnoterade fastighetssektorn ett växande behov av finansiering genom kapitalmarknaden på grund av regleringar av bankerna. Följaktligen kommer fördelningen mellan bank- och marknadsfinansiering i Sverige att förändras. Emellertid har studien identifierat ett antal hinder på företagsobligationsmarknaden, såsom bristande likviditet. På grund av de nuvarande förhållandena på företagsobligationsmarknaden, kommer den noterade sektorn inte kunna tillgå de medel som krävs för att stödja en stark tillväxt i fastighetssektorn. Den grundläggande slutsatsen i denna studie är att en tillgång till olika finansieringsalternativ kommer att vara viktigare än kapitalkostnaden. I resultatet finns därmed inte stöd för de etablerade kapitalstruktursteorierna. För att förklara det växande behovet av en diversifierad kapitalstruktur och vikten av tillgång till flera marknader finner denna studie grund för en ny teori avseende kapitalstruktur. Den optimala kapitalstrukturen är först och främst en fråga om optimal  tillgång till olika finansieringskällor. Därefter bör ett bolag se till alternativets kostnad och påverkan på den övriga kapitalstrukturen.