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Dr. Humberto Calderón Berti, experto petrolero y político. Ocupó altos cargos gubernamentales en Vennezuela en la década de los 80-90 y fué Presidente de la Conferencia de la Organización de Países Esportadores de Petróleo (OPEP) en 1979. / La conferencia hace un recorrido por varios tópicos. La formación geológica del petróleo, métodos de extracción y su evolución, así como las principales zonas geográficas donde se encuentran los yacimientos petrolíferos. Un recorrido histórico- reflexivo del mercado petrolero mundial, que incluye referencias a crisis políticas en el Medio Oriente y su impacto en el precio del crudo: 1973, la Guerra Yom Kippur, cuyo impacto significó un salto del precio del barril de $1 a $10; y en 1979, el derrocamiento del Shah de Persia, cuya consecuencia repercutió en otro importante salto de los precios, pasando éstos de $12 a $24 el barril. La tecnificación y mejora de la producción petrolera aunado al no control absoluto de los precios y la producción mundial por parte de la Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo (OPEP) dieron como resultado el surgimiento de nuevos e importantes productores de crudo. Vaivenes en el mercado petrolero tras la caída de los precios del crudo iniciada en 2013 condujeron a acciones conjuntas. En el 2016, Países OPEP junto Rusia, México y otros (OPEP +) acordaron medidas para estabilizar el mercado petrolero; pero la falta de nuevos compromisos en 2019 ha conducido, inexorablemente, a una nueva caída de los precios. Esta problemática estructural unida a l coyuntural, producida por el COVID-19, acentuaron las condiciones críticas del debilitado mercado petrolero al que luego se le ha sumado la casi paralización de la economía mundial. La conferencia concluye con reflexiones en cuanto al qué harán las naciones, en el cuándo se prevé la salida a la crisis y a la estabilización del mercado petrolero mundial.

Boletín que incluye información científica sobre el COVID-19, incluye artículos científicos y artículos preprint actualizados al 03 de Junio de 2020.

Análisis de la Aceleración digital en los Negocios Internacionales. Experiencia y casos reales en la pandemia COVID-19 / Uso de la inteligencia de Mercados en la generación de estrategias comerciales. Isabel Mansilla. National Key Account Manager. Skechers Perú / Grandes cambios en el uso de la información comercial en los Negocios Internacionales. Christian Neuhaus. Fundador y presidente de Veritrade / Aceleración de la transformación digital en el transporte internacional. Daniela Mora. Senior Business Development & Digital Coordinator. Hapag-Lloyd AG

La videoconferencia “Passport Euromonitor: midiendo el impacto del covid-19 en los mercados globales” fue organizada por el Sistema de Bibliotecas, y contó con la participación de docentes y estudiantes de los diversos programas académicos. La expositora Fanny Contreras (Business Development Account Executive - Euromonitor) mostró las principales funcionalidades y contenidos de Passport Euromonitor. Además, dio a conocer importantes herramientas como el “Search Dashboards” que permite consultar información visual e interactiva, y el módulo Covid-19 que nos muestra el impacto del Covid-19 en las industrias, consumidores y sectores económicos.

Background. Physical activity (PA) in children and youth is a necessary behaviour for health across the lifespan. Play and leisure time PA has also been declared as a right for children under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Canadian levels of inactivity are highly concerning, with only 25% of children and youth aged 10-17 meeting national guidelines for PA behaviours in Canada. In 2020, COVID-19 pandemic regulations have additionally reduced the engagement of children and youth with leisure time PA. Rationale. Understanding key theoretical models of motivations and behavioural regulations for PA is necessary to developing appropriate interventions and strategies for targeting inactivity and ultimately changing PA behaviour for a healthier life. There is a gap in the literature regarding motivation for leisure time PA of children and adolescents, based on self-determination theory (SDT), and potential age and gender moderation or mediation. Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate motivations for PA of children and youth, and any interactions between age and gender, utilizing Organismic Integration theory (OIT), a sub-theory of SDT. Design. The study was a cross-sectional design. Participants. Participants were children and youth aged 11-14 years, living in Canada at the time of questionnaire completion. The questionnaire was distributed from April 2020 to August 2020, and COVID-19 pandemic restrictions were in place during this period. Methods. Motivations and regulations were assessed online using the Behavioural Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire version 3 (BREQ-3) and PA was assessed using the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ). Results. Higher levels of PA intensity were correlated with more autonomous forms of regulations and motivation, whereas lower levels of PA intensity were not significantly correlated with more controlled forms of motivation. No BREQ-3 variables predicted PA intensity after controlling for age and gender, therefore mediation analysis was not completed. Gender moderated the relationship between integrated regulation and PA, explaining 7-8% of the variance. Males had significant prediction from integrated regulation (ß= 5.80, p<.01), whereas females did not (ß= 1.34, p=.210). Sub-analyses revealed no BREQ-3 variables significantly predicted different levels of strenuous or moderate PA, yet greater scores of the relative autonomy index (RAI), a general measure of autonomous motivation, predicted higher levels of PA intensity. Conclusion. The study supported some facets of SDT theory. Autonomous forms of motivation correlated with higher levels of PA behaviour, and a generalized measure of autonomous motivation predicted PA intensity levels. However, controlled forms of motivation did not predict lower levels of PA intensity, which is not consistent with theory but somewhat consistent with empirical findings. Gender was the key predictor of PA outcomes, indicating other variables beyond motivation and regulations should be further explored regarding children and youth’s motivations for leisure time PA, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. / Graduate / 2022-03-04

År 2020 kommer gå till historien som året då en pandemi härjade i världen och gymnasieskolorna rekommenderades att ställa om till distansundervisning. Denna studie undersöker lärares tankar, åsikter och erfarenheter kring distansundervisningen som bedrevs till följd av covid-19 pandemin vårterminen 2020 samt hur det kan användas i framtida undervisning. Studien genomfördes som enkätstudie där enkäten bestod av sju öppna frågor som besvarades av 14 lärare från två olika skolor. Dessa enkätsvar sammanställdes genom att en fenomenologisk analys genomfördes och presenteras i följande nio teman: tidsaspekten, oinspirerande arbetssätt, nya digitala verktyg, fusk, kommunikation, det sociala, strategier för undervisning, utvecklingsmöjligheter och möjligheter för framtiden. Resultatet visar en mångfald av svar från 14 medverkande lärare som beskriver lärarnas syn på möjligheterna och problemen som distansundervisning medför och hur dessa problem kan lösas. Lärarnas tankar, åsikter och erfarenheter av distansundervisning visar på svårigheter att få alla elever delaktiga i undervisningen samt att göra rättvisa bedömningar. En liknande undersökning i större skala, gärna i kombination med elevers tankar och erfarenheter, skulle vara en intressant fortsättning för att belysa de samlade erfarenheterna av distansundervisning.

During the Covid-19-pandemic, many organizations have reorganized into teleworking to reduce the spread of the virus. The work is moved to the home, which requires the individual to carry out the same work remotely. The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate whether, and if so how, a transition to full-time teleworking can affect the traditional managerial role based on managers and employees’ experiences. Central questions that are asked are whether the managers control and support of employees change during telework. This study is based on responses from six interviewees in white-collar work in the technology, banking, finance and insurance industries. The study's theoretical framework consists of Allvin's concept of flexibility through empowerment and Snell's theory of control systems. The results of the study indicate that teleworking does not have to lead to major changes in the managerial role. On the other hand, relationship-oriented leadership becomes of great importance in teleworking, as employees become isolated and experience feelings of not belonging to the workgroup. The flexibility that can arise in teleworking means that employees have increased control and independence over the work which means that they make their own decisions to a greater extent. Finally, it emerges that the managers play a more supportive role in teleworking and that communication between managers and employees becomes more open. / Under Covid-19-pandemin har många organisationer varit tvungna att göra en omorganisering till distansarbete för att minska smittspridningen. Arbetet har förflyttats till hemmet vilket ställt krav på individen att fortfarande genomföra samma arbete, men nu på distans. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att undersöka om, och i så fall hur, en övergång till distansarbete på heltid har påverkat den traditionella chefsrollen utifrån chefers och anställdas upplevelser. Centrala frågor som ställts är om chefers kontroll och stöttning av anställda förändras vid distansarbete. Studien baseras på svar från sex intervjupersoner inom tjänstemannayrken i teknik-, bank-, finans- och försäkringsbranschen. Studiens teoretiska ramverk består av Allvins begrepp flexibilitet genom förtroende samt Snells teori om kontrollsystem. Studiens resultat har visat att distansarbete inte behöver leda till större förändringar av chefsrollen. Däremot har det visat sig att relationsorienterat ledarskap är av stor betydelse vid distansarbete, när de anställda blir isolerade och upplever känslor av bristande samhörighet till arbetsgruppen. Det har också framkommit att flexibiliteten som kommer av distansarbetet gör att anställda får en större kontroll över arbetsuppgifterna och upplever en högre grad av eget beslutsfattande än tidigare. Slutligen visar studien att cheferna intar en mer stöttande roll vid distansarbete och att kommunikationen mellan chefer och anställda därmed blir öppnare.

In the individual employment relationship, the employer has a management right and the employee an obligation to work. This balance of interest become difficult in relation to infection. Employers, on the one hand have the interest in having the work performed and a work environment responsibility to take all necessary measures to ensure that the employee is not exposed to ill health. While on the other hand the employee has a duty to work but may feel anxious about performing work that may involve danger for the workers own life and health. In this essay you will be reading about what legal obligations both from an international and national level an employer has in conjunction with infection, and what legal obligations in combination with the right to refuseto perform dangerous work an employee has. This is to enable an analysis of whether the different interest should and can be weighed between and against each other when it comes to infection. The essay will also draw parallels to covid-19 as it is relevant in connection with infection. This essay is namely written during the current pandemic of corona and the disease covid-19.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how caregivers in elderly care perceive their work situation because it is a professional group that will become more important over time and which was not highlighted in previous research. The method used is qualitative with a hermeneutic approach where the empirical data was collected from eight semi-structured interviews with caregivers who work in elderly care. The results that emerged were that the caregivers experienced a lack of time, stress, and staff shortages in their profession as caregivers in elderly care. Furthermore, the results show that the caregivers would like to have some form of shorter theoretical training before the work begins. The most important factors that were pointed out for a good work environment were associated with the manager and colleagues. It also emerged that there is a problem associated with the introduction to the work where the caregivers are expected to have a deeper knowledge and understanding than they have. The questions concerning covid-19 showed that there has been no major staff shortage during the pandemic. The main negative impact of the pandemic was that there were too many guidelines that did not always reach all employees, which in turn created insecurity in the workplace. Overall, there was much that the caregivers felt could be improved in the profession, but that they were generally satisfied with their work and workplace.