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Viruset SARS-cov-2 som kallas Covid-19 klassades som en pandemi i början på år 2020. Smittspridningen satte hälso- och sjukvården runt om i världen på sin spets och inte minst sjuksköterskornas arbetsförhållanden. Syftet är att undersöka sjuksköterskors upplevelser av arbetsmiljön under Covid-19 pandemin relaterat till arbetet med patienter drabbade av Covid-19. Studien är en litteraturöversikt och inkluderar 10 kvalitativa artiklar. Artiklarna har sökts fram genom databaserna CINAHL och Pubmed och har analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet presenteras i fyra huvudkategorier och elva subkategorier har identifierats. De huvudkategorier som identifierades var vårdande under pandemin med subkategorierna utmaningar i omvårdnadsprocessen, den vårdande relationen, samarbete med den egna och andra professioner, sedan organisationens påverkan i vården med tillhörande underkategorier upplevelser av stöd från ledningen, snabba förändringar i organisationen, hygienens påverkan i vården, därefter påverkan på sjuksköterskans profession och subkategorierna status i samhället, lärdomar och erfarenheter, etiska dilemman och till sist huvudkategorin sjuksköterskans utmaningar med subkategorierna emotionell påverkan och utmaningar i privatlivet. Slutsatsen visar att utökad forskning och spridning av den kunskap som finns krävs för att förbättra sjuksköterskors arbetsmiljö i händelse av en ny pandemi men även för att uppnå en bättre arbetsmiljö utan någon pandemi.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13512号 / 論医博第2262号 / 新制||医||1061(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 川上 浩司, 教授 近藤 尚己, 教授 長尾 美紀 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Background: High rates of burnout among medical students have been shown in meta-analysis pre-COVID-19. The burnout syndrome is a stress-induced condition with a close connection to the work environment. The COVID-19 pandemic had a great impact on the medical education setting in terms of additional stressors as suspended clinical practice and the introduction of digital learning. Aim: This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on burnout among medical students. Methods: Free-text words combined with MeSH words were used to systematically search the PubMed database. Full-text articles were screened against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Search words and eligibility criteria were constructed using the PICO-format. All original studies which had performed a burnout-assessment among medical students pre- and post-COVID-19 were selected. Reference-lists of included articles were screened manually. Results: Six out of fifty-two studies were found eligible and were included in the review. Regarding overall general burnout two articles found a statistically significant increase, one found a significant decrease and the remaining three found no significant difference when comparing pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 levels. Conclusions: The results of this review were inconclusive. Findings suggests that COVID-19 may in some ways have improved burnout and in other ways impaired burnout among medical students. More research is needed in order to determine the possible consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical student’s burnout levels.

The COVID-19 vaccine was developed only two months after it was identified in December 2019 and was subsequently tested and approved in November 2020. This expedited timeline was unprecedented for any therapy for a novel disease, and the factors that contributed to this accelerated development were explored. Through a comprehensive literature review, an analytical search of social media influences and policy documents/legislation, and the discovery of an extraordinary movement of scientific collaboration, it was concluded that the COVID-19 vaccine production in under a year was the consequence of a new social, political, and scientific landscape. Social media was the dominant form of information exchange for both public health and scientific research. In the wake of a pandemic, countries and institutions created avenues of collaboration and incentivized research and development through lucrative initiatives and grants. In the future, pandemic responses are likely to consist of these three domains of social, political, and scientific efforts, and each domain can have a vital role in a proper and effective development of a therapy.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the working remote setup has become the norm for many employees worldwide, who have been struggling to adjust in the new ways of working and collaborating with their colleagues remotely. The recent remote setup swift has impacted their productivity and collaboration either positively or negatively. Through this thesis, we try to identify the main factors that have impacted these two values, according to previous research, and identify new ones. In terms of methodology, an online survey has been conducted in order not only to rate the significance of each factor that was reported in previous research during the pandemic years but also to understand in which way they have affected these two values. Any additional factor that had not been identified through the literature review but was reported on our survey, was collected and documented. The results of the survey have been outlined and analyzed, taking the infographics into consideration and afterward, by using the average of the Net Promoter Score values as well as by using Regression Analysis models. From the statistical methodology used, the most significant factors were identified, such as the dedicated workspace, employee empowerment, social bonding with other colleagues, etc. Besides, the majority of the factors documented through the literature review seem to be consistent with the findings of the survey. Given certain limitations of the master thesis, due to both time constraints and certain samples (177 respondents), we encourage the additional factors documented through the survey, to be further investigated as part of future research. Moreover, the personality traits could be taken into consideration as well as examine the role of leadership and how it could affect both productivity and collaboration. Finally, another aspect that could be considered as part of future research is diversity and how this impacts productivity and collaboration, as well as other political or social factors.

Att vara lärare är komplext men många gånger kan det vara mycket svårare att vara elev. NärCovid-19 klassades som pandemi 2020 av WHO, bestämde regeringen att svenska grundskolorfick lov att övergå till distansundervisning. När detta inträffade påverkades elever och läraresamtidigt av förändringen. Syftet med denna studie är att utröna hur elevernas lärande påverkadesunder distansundervisningen, vad som gick fel och vad eleverna tyckte var bra. I denna studiebehöver elevernas insikter och erfarenheter tolkas. Det medförde att en fenomenografisk ansatsvar den bästa metoden. eftersom djupintervjuer är ett vedertaget sätt att få insikter om hur elevertänker, förstår och tycker. Intervjuerna baserades på frågor utifrån ett allmänt perspektiv och in idetalj. Först fick eleverna beskriva och tycka allmänt om distansundervisningen och därefter fickde tre frågor som hörde ihop med varandra. Dessa handlade om hur en vecka fungerade underdistansutbildningen, hur en dag fungerade under distansutbildningen och slutligen hur en lektionfungerade under distansutbildningen. Efter det fick eleverna en följdfråga om det var något detyckte saknades i frågeställningarna eller borde lägga till. Denna ansats blev sedan granskad av denlärandeteori, som Knud Illeris har beskrivit i sin bok ”Lärande” (2019). Den tidigare forskningenhar visat att det är väldigt viktigt med enkelhet och tydlighet under distansundervisning. Isamband med fenomenografi och Knud Illeris ”Lärande”(2019) kan denna studie visa på atteleverna har utvecklat sin förståelse för sitt eget lärande men inte alltid kunnat implementeradenna i sitt eget lärande. När det gäller elevernas lärande har distansundervisningen påverkatdenna kraftigt negativt och eleverna anser att de tappat kunskap mot om de hade varit i en normalklassrumsmiljö. Slutligen vill jag i detta arbete påvisa att de intervjuade eleverna inte påverkades avsin socioekonomiska miljö utan att det snarare var att samhället stängt ner under pandemin somvar det huvudsakliga problemet

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka motiven bakom, processen fram till, samt konsekvenserna av olika individers beslut att ta eller avstå covid-19-vaccin i en svensk kontext. Studien baserades på grundad teori och datainsamling har skett genom ostrukturerade, öppna intervjuer av 14 deltagare, vilka rekryterades och valdes ut från forskarnas sociala nätverk och genom snöbollsurval. Deltagarnas ålder varierade från 25 till 74 år, majoriteten var i 20- och 30-årsåldern. Av deltagarna var 4 kvinnor och 10 män, 10 deltagare var vaccinerade mot covid-19 och 4 var ovaccinerade. Deltagarna var sysselsatta som studenter, pensionär, serviceanställda och vård- och omsorgsanställda. Resultat: Kärnkategorin – som hade en central roll i deltagarnas beslutsprocess var: Upplevt hot mot den egna personen. Underkategorierna som identifierades var: Vaccin mot covid-19 som upplevt hot, Covid-19 som upplevt hot, Upplevt integritetshot och Samhällsdiskussion, samt förklarar hur underkategorierna samspelar och påverkar varandra under beslutsprocessen. Diskussion: Resultatet bekräftar delvis tidigare forskning kring bidragande faktorer till vaccinationsvilja och -intention. Resultatet motsäger andra tidigare forskningsresultat; att tidigare vaccinationserfarenheter påverkar vaccinationsviljan. Studien bekräftar också variationen kring om kunskap om vaccinet bidrar till vaccinationsviljan. Studien bidrar meden unik inblick i individers subjektiva uppfattningar om sina egna beslutsprocesser.

Thesis advisor: Raquel Muñiz / Trust is never more important than during a crisis. For years, researchers have been studying trust in organizations and schools, focusing on the principal and teacher relationship and its impact on school climate. The literature has been less focused, however, on the superintendent and principal relationship—and the role trust plays within that relationship. Moreover, given the recency and continually evolving nature of COVID-19, there is little research about the actions superintendents and principals are taking to lead their school communities through this pandemic and even less research on how this crisis impacts the relational trust between the superintendent and the principal. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to examine how trust impacts the relationship between the superintendent and the principals in their district. Accordingly, this study will address the following research questions: 1) How do principals view their relationship with the superintendent and their schools during a crisis? and 2) What practices influence the role of trust in this relationship? To understand how principals view their relationships with their superintendent, as well as practices that influence trust, I conducted six interviews with five principals and the superintendent, and I observed a School Committee meeting where a principal presented on behalf of all principals in support of the superintendent. Principals highlighted how working for a benevolent, competent, and reliable superintendent over a long period of time helps them build trust in their superior while also leading a school during a time of crisis. Practices that appeared to build and sustain trust during the COVID-19 crisis and that support a trusting relationship between the superintendent and principals include length of time working together; perceived trust from the superintendent in the principals’ competence, which led to reciprocal trust; the ability to advocate for systems-wide change; and acts of benevolence. This research emphasizes that the relationship between principals and the superintendent matters. It is essential that trust is developed between principals and the superintendent to ensure a stable working environment for staff, ultimately leading to greater consistency for students during trying times in school and beyond. / Thesis (EdD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

In this thesis, I consider the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on small businesses, as they are acutely at risk due to the lack of implicit government insurance that would be available to larger corporations. I will discuss insurance's characteristics using the basic theory of insurance, analyze pandemic insurance's viability in the private market, and critique alternative solutions. While the theory suggests that pandemics are not insurable in the private market, I will perform specific analysis to determine if this is the case or not. Using a simulation of the economic landscape firms face, business owners with varying levels of risk aversion evaluate whether or not to buy pandemic insurance. Specifically, I use the CRRA utility function to model risk aversion and calculate the demand for insurance and the insurance company's viability. I find that while the demand exists for a pandemic insurance product, being the counterparty is a losing proposition in the wholly private insurance market. Future research evaluating alternative solutions, including catastrophe bonds and potential public-private partnerships, is needed to determine the most effective financing for small businesses for future pandemic events.