Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5295.pdf: 1433477 bytes, checksum: 3b6ce879c42cc230da03d945fedcfc38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-14 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The analytical capability of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers (ICPMSs) and their wide use in different fields of science are well known. However some drawbacks, such as the occurrence of isobaric and polyatomic interferences and ionic suppression effects are commonly related to this method, mainly for ICP-MSs with quadrupole analyzers (ICP-QMS). Consequently, some elements as Cr and V are negatively affected due to polyatomic interferences caused by Ar, C, Cl, N, O and S species. Along the development of this method, different strategies were proposed such as dynamic reaction cell technologies (DRC) and collision-reaction interface (CRI) in order to correct for these effects. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the application of CRI and DRC interfaces for polyatomic interferences correction affecting Cr and V determination. Solutions containing from 1000 up to 10000 mg L-1 of C, Cl, N and S were employed in order to evaluate polyatomic formation and correction of their effects with both devices. Helium and H2 were used as collision reaction gases through the skimmer cone in the ICP-QMS-CRI whereas NH3 was introduced into the DRC-ICP-QMS. These solutions contained 5 Sg L-1 of Cr and V. The figures of merit evaluated were: limits of detection (LOD, ng L-1), background equivalent concentration (BEC, ng L-1) and signal-to-background ratio (SBR) for instrument optimization and sample preparation based on microwave-assisted digestion (MAD), microwave induced combustion (MIC) and sample dilution with internal standardization for different samples were investigated. It was observed that the collision and reaction devices employed led to improvements of SBR, BEC and LOD values for Cr and V from 5 to 100-fold when compared with measurements without using either CRI or DRC. However, signal intensities for Cr and V with both devices decreased when compared with signal intensities obtained with pure analytical solutions. Losses of signal intensities were more critical in ICP-QMS-CRI, independently on the gas (20 mL min-1 He or H2), than in DRC-ICP-QMS (0.5 mL min-1 NH3). Consequently, better LOD and BEC values were achieved for DRC than CRI for Cr and V determinations in crude oil samples from three different sources and lubricant oil. Finally, it could be pointed out that both systems presented advantages and disadvantages that will depend on the analytical task but spectral interferences caused by concomitants could be solved using both devices. / A capacidade analítica do espectrômetro de massa com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-MS) e sua ampla utilização em diferentes setores científicotecnológicos é bem conhecida. No entanto alguns inconvenientes, tais como a ocorrência de interferências isobáricas e poliatômicas e efeitos de supressão iônica são comumente relacionados com esse método, principalmente para o ICP-MS com analisador quadrupolar (ICP-QMS). Consequentemente, alguns elementos como Cr e V são negativamente afetados devido a interferências causadas por espécies poliatômicas contendo Ar, C, Cl, N, O e S. Ao longo do desenvolvimento deste equipamento, diferentes dispositivos e estratégias foram propostos para minimização dessas interferências. O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar o desempenho analítico da interface de colisão-reação (CRI) e da cela dinâmica de reação (DRC) para a correção de interferências poliatômicas para Cr e V e determinação desses analitos em diferentes amostras. Essas soluções continham 5 Sg L-1 de Cr e V. Soluções contendo de 1000 a 10000 mg L-1 de C, Cl, N e S foram empregadas visando avaliar a formação de espécies poliatômicas e correção de seus efeitos usando CRI e DRC. Hélio e H2 foram utilizados como gases colisional e reacional, respectivamente, através do cone skimmer no ICP-QMS-CRI. O emprego do gás NH3 foi avaliado para DRC-ICP-QMS. Concentração equivalente ao sinal de fundo (BEC, ng L-1), limites de detecção (LOD, ng L-1) e a razão sinal analítico / sinal de fundo (SBR) foram empregados para avaliação do desempenho analítico dos diferentes procedimentos de preparo de amostras (digestão assistida por microondas MAD, combustão induzida por micro-ondas MIC e diluição e calibração externa com padronização interna). Ao empregar os dispositivos de reação-colisão foram observados aperfeiçoamentos dos valores de LOD de 5 e 100 vezes para Cr e V, respectivamente, quando comparada com as medições sem o emprego da DRC ou CRI. No entanto, as intensidades de sinal para Cr e V foram reduzidas para ambos dispositivos quando comparadas com as intensidades de sinal obtidas com soluções analíticas de calibração. As reduções de intensidade de sinal foram mais severas em ICP-QMS-CRI, independentemente do gás (20 mL min-1 He ou H2), do que na DRC-ICP-QMS (0,5 mL min-1 NH3). Consequentemente, melhores valores de LOD e BEC foram obtidos empregando DRC que para CRI na determinação de Cr e V em petróleo e óleo lubrificante. Finalmente, deve-se salientar que ambos os dispositivos e configurações de ICP-MS apresentam vantagens e limitações que dependerão da tarefa analítica, entretanto ambos dispositivos apresentaram capacidade analítica para resolver interferências espectrais.

La collision entre les plis vocaux lors de la phonation, phénomène physiologique essentiel pour la synchronisation de la vibration des plis, est également une composante du phonotraumatisme. Le rôle du phonotraumatisme dans la physiopathologie des dysphonies est communément admis mais sa nature reste mal définie et sa quantification difficile. Ce travail propose d’aborder cette question au moyen d’approches in vivo sur des sujets sains et ex vivo sur des larynx humains excisés. L’objet de ce travail est l’étude du comportement laryngé lorsque le larynx est soumis à des conditions de pression sous-glottique extrêmement élevées. In vivo, l’étude de la voix criée reposait sur la mesure constante de la pression sous-glottique. Ex vivo, cette dernière était manipulée en dehors de toute modification des autres paramètres de contrôle. Le volet ex vivo a nécessité un développement méthodologique (modernisation et adaptation au larynx humain) du banc expérimental utilisé pour des larynx animaux. Les résultats ont montré l’existence chez les locuteurs sains d’un « plafonnement » dans l’intensité vocale et le signal électroglottographique pour les très hauts niveaux de pression sous-glottique. Les études sur larynx humains excisés mesuraient la force de collision entre les plis vocaux sous l’effet de la pression sous-glottique et ont mis en évidence l’existence, ici aussi, d’un « plafonnement » de cette force lorsque la pression sous-glottique est très élevée. Les observations rapportées par ce travail ont un intérêt clinique important même si les phénomènes physiques sous-jacents restent à préciser. / The collision between the vocal folds during phonation is a physiological phenomenon with a powerful role in the synchronization of their vibration. This collision is also a component of the phonotrauma. The role of phonotrauma in the pathophysiology of dysphonia is commonly accepted but its nature still unclear and its quantification remains difficult. This work proposes, an in vivo study in healthy subjects, and an ex vivo one on excised human larynges. The purpose of this work was to study of the laryngeal behavior when the larynx is subjected to extremely high subglottic pressure. In vivo, it is studying the shouted voice with constant measure of subglottal pressure. Ex vivo, the subglottic pressure is directly manipulated. The ex vivo study required a methodological development to modernize the experimental bench used for animal larynges studies and to adapt it to the human larynx. The results showed, in healthy speakers the existence of a "plateau" in the vocal intensity and in the electroglottographic signal for very high levels of subglottic pressure. The excised larynx studies measured the collision force between the vocal folds and its changes depending on other acoustic and electroglottographic parameters. They highlighted the existence, here too, of a "plateau" in the level of the collision force when the subglottic pressure was very high. The observations presented in this work are, to our knowledge, unprecedented. They have important clinical interest for understanding the concept of phonotrauma. Their interpretation in physical terms remains very incomplete.

Cette étude propose d’examiner deux traits caractéristiques concernant les relations tutélaires chez les Innus et les Naskapis de l’est du Canada. Par contraste avec l’ethnographie d’autres groupes autochtones de la famille algonquienne, celle des Innus, d’un côté, est élusive quant aux relations tutélaires avec les animaux, tandis que de l’autre côté, les relations avec une entité anthropomorphe, Mishtapeu, y sont omniprésentes. Par l’analyse de récits traditionnels, des mythes, ce travail vise à évaluer si cet état singulier des relations tutélaires chez les Innus et Naskapis découlerait de transformations cosmologiques ayant opéré dans un passé plus ou moins récent, et qui auraient eu comme conséquence, premièrement, l’affaiblissement graduel des relations tutélaires avec des animaux, et deuxièmement, l’émergence et la consolidation de Mishtapeu. L’analyse d’un premier groupe de récits, à travers une approche structuraliste syntagmatique, tente d’y repérer la charpente d’un rituel d’obtention d’une entité tutélaire animale afin de démontrer la profonde influence du complexe de l’animal tutélaire chez les Innus. Ce sont les relations avec Mishtapeu que l’analyse d’un deuxième groupe de récits tente d’éclaircir. Les analyses diffusionnistes et symboliques tentent alors de déterminer un moment et un lieu d’émergence de l’entité ainsi que de proposer des pistes conceptuelles crédibles de son origine. / This study proposes to examine two characteristic features of guardian relationships among the Innu and Naskapi of eastern Canada. In contrast to the ethnography of other Aboriginal groups of the Algonquian family, the Innu ethnography, on the one hand, is elusive with respect to guardian relationships with animals, while on the other hand, relationships with an anthropomorphic entity, Mishtapeu, are omnipresent. Through the analysis of traditional narratives, also myths, this work aims to evaluate whether this singular state of guardianship relations among the Innu and Naskapi stems from cosmological transformations that took place in the more or less recent past, and that would have resulted, firstly, in the gradual weakening of guardianship relations with animals, and secondly, in the emergence and consolidation of Mishtapeu. The analysis of a first group of stories, through a syntagmatic structuralist approach, attempts to identify the framework of a ritual for obtaining an animal tutelary entity in order to demonstrate the profound influence of the complex of the tutelary animal among the Innu. It is the relationship with Mishtapeu that the analysis of a second group of stories attempts to clarify. Diffusionist and symbolic analyses then attempt to determine a time and place of emergence of the entity as well as to propose credible conceptual tracks of its origin.

Organic semiconducting materials have received a lot of attention in recent years and can now be found in many applications. One of the applications, the light emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) has emerged due to its flat and lightweight device structure, low operating voltage, and possibility to be fully solution processed. Today LECs can emit light of various colors, but to be applicable in the lighting industry, white light need to be produced in an efficient way. White light on the other hand, is one of the toughest "colors" to achieve in an efficient way, and is of particular interest in general lighting applications, where high color-rendering index devices are necessary. In this thesis I show that blue light can be partially converted, into white light, by utilizing the photoluminescence of color conversion layers (CCLs). Furthermore, I show that a high color-quality white light can be attained by adopting a blue-emitting LEC with a CCL. Particularly, three different color-conversion materials were embedded onto a blue bottom-emitting LEC, to study the resulting spectrum. One of the materials, MEH-PPV, have good absorption compatibility with the electroluminescence of the blue emitters, but the materials photoluminescence do not cover the red to deep-red range of the spectrum. These parts of the spectrum are necessary to obtain high color rendering indices (≥80). A single layer of MEH-PPV adapted onto a blue-emitting LEC, led to a cold white LEC with CIE-coordinates x = 0.29, and y = 0.36, color-rendering index = 71, and correlated color temperature = 7200 K. These properties makes it potentially useful in outdoor-lighting applications. The photoluminescence of another studied color-converting material, polymer red, covers the red to deep-red range of the spectrum but the material lacks absorption in the green parts of the blue emitters electroluminescence spectrum. Thus it is necessary to combine it with MEH-PPV to be able to absorb all wavelengths from the blue-emitter and get a broad light-spectrum out of the device. In order to preserve a part of the blue light, a new device configuration was designed. It features a top-emitting blue LEC with a dual-layer CCL which reach an impressive color rendering index = 89 at a correlated color temperature = 6400 K (CIE-coordinates x = 0.31, y = 0.33). The color-rendering index is the highest reported for a white LEC. The absence of UV-, and IR-radiation, together with the high color rendering properties make the white LEC a possible candidate for even the most demanding lighting-applications, such as art galleries, and shop display windows, together with indoor lighting. In this thesis, I show that the CCLs function well. However, for the LECs to be worthy competitors, the efficiency and lifetime of the blue emitter need improvements.

Paul Alexis (1847-1901) est souvent cité comme le meilleur ami de Zola, c’est là sa principale caractéristique. Presque son unique définition. On a tendance à oublier qu’il est aussi un écrivain engagé dans une cause qui est le principe même de son existence : le naturalisme. Ce travail tente d’explorer cette double perspective. En étudiant un certain nombre d’ouvrages et d’articles de journaux de cet auteur, il essaie de comprendre d’un côté ses rapports avec Zola, et de l’autre, ses conceptions personnelles, ses convictions profondes ainsi que ses relations avec les autres membres du mouvement. Pour cela, il scrute, tout d’abord, ses liens à la fois littéraires et intimes avec Zola. Il montre le quotidien d’une amitié qui connaît tumultes et mutations. Il analyse les moments marquants qui ont rythmé le cours de leur vie. Il note les convergences et tente de mettre en lumière les divergences entre le rédacteur de Germinal et celui de Madame Meuriot qui se présentait comme le tenant quasi ultime des thèses naturalistes. Ensuite, il s’efforce d’exposer précisément les idées personnelles de cet écrivain à partir de ses prises de position théoriques et de ses ouvrages de fiction. Il observe son implication dans ses domaines de prédilection : le journalisme, les arts, le théâtre, la politique... Enfin, il décrit son action menée au côté de Zola, au cœur du cercle de Médan, mais aussi d’une façon autonome, face aux grands événements qu’il a rencontrés, face aux grands problèmes qu’il a affrontés, comme l’émergence du naturalisme ou l’Affaire Dreyfus, par exemple. Le but ultime de cette thèse est de s’intéresser à ce personnage décrié souvent, parfois négligé, qui fut plus qu’un compagnon de route de Zola. / Paul Alexis (1847-1901) is mainly known as the closest friend of Zola. This is quoted as his main characteristic, almost as his unique definition. He is usually forgotten to be mentioned as also a writer who was very dedicated to a cause which had a huge significance in his life : Naturalism. This thesis tries to explore this double perspective. By studying books and newspaper articles written by this author, this work aims on the one hand, to explore his relationship with Zola, and, on the other hand, to focus on his personal designs, his deep convictions, as well as his connections with the other members of the movement. Primarily, in order to achieve this, this thesis scrutinises his personal and literary links with Zola. It shows the everyday life of a friendship which went through many challenges and changes. It analyses the striking moments which occurred during the course of their lives. It emphasises their common points of thought and tries to highlight the differences between the author of Germinal and the writer of Madam Meuriot, the last appearing to be the ultimate upholder of the naturalistic theories. Then, this project strives to precisely explain the personal ideas of this novelist, according to his theoretical views and to his works of fiction. It observes his restless involvement and the fights he led for the sake of his favourite topics such as : journalism, arts, theatre, politics... Finally, this work describes the actions Alexis carried out at the side of Zola, at the heart of the circle of Médan, but also in a more autonomous way, during major events in which he participated. This paper aims to clarify the huge issues he faced, such as the rise of naturalism or the Dreyfus affair, for example. The ultimate purpose of this PhD is to consider this character often slandered, sometimes neglected, a man who was more than a fellow traveller of Emile Zola.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:47:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Emilia Duarte Ferreira.pdf: 1386891 bytes, checksum: 8f87ec03146467f008e28de6be74e24d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-27 / This study aims to contribute to the reflection on strategic management in public organizations and its possible implementation by government agencies, taking as a model of application the Reference Center for the Elderly "Antonio Ermirio de Moraes , in São Paulo City s east area, an institution associated with the São Paulo State Department of Health. To address the topic of this study, Strategic Management in Public Management a necessity for comprehensive care of elderly persons in the 21st century, we wrote this essay in three chapters as follows: In Chapter I, we provide the conceptual foundation originated from Business Administration to introduce Strategic Planning in Management as part of administrative management activities at all levels of the organization and the sphere of government to which it belongs. In Chapter II, we describe the activities undertaken by the chosen institution the Reference Center for the Elderly "Antonio Ermírio de Moraes via a case study to provide a historical evidence of its existence from its inception in 1999 until its extinction in 2009. In Chapter III, we present an analysis of strategic thinking turned into planning and its praxis, commenting on the problems encountered by policy makers to create a culture for permanent strategic management and achieve their goals. The importance of this study goes beyond the bounds of law, government policies and the conceptual foundation of strategic thinking in public administration and its awareness as it tells the story of an idea and its transformation into reality, which led to the creation of the first Reference Center for the Elderly in Brazil, which might otherwise be forever cast into oblivion / Nesta dissertação apresentamos uma reflexão sobre a administração estratégica em organizações publicas e a sua implementação possível por parte de seus Órgãos. Tomamos como modelo de sua aplicabilidade, uma instituição do âmbito estadual vinculada a Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, o Centro de Referência do Idoso Antonio Ermírio de Moraes , mais conhecido publicamente como CRI Zona Leste, ou CRI de São Miguel. Para tratar do objeto deste trabalho: Administração Estratégica na Gestão Pública uma necessidade para o atendimento integral ao Idoso do século XXI, escrevemos esta dissertação em três capítulos. Primeiramente, no Capítulo I, apresentamos o embasamento conceitual proveniente da área de Administração de Empresas, introduzindo o Planejamento Estratégico na Administração como parte da ação de gestão administrativa, em todos os níveis da estrutura da organização em si e da esfera governamental a qual esta pertença. Nele também apresentamos as questões relativas aos fatores influenciadores das decisões governamentais e como são orientadas, em consequência das políticas públicas. No segundo momento, o da construção do Capítulo II, que versa sobre a implantação de um projeto estratégico público, usando a metodologia de estudo de caso, apresentamos a instituição organizacional escolhida. Demonstramos que o projeto de sua criação iniciou-se com claros objetivos estratégicos. Ao contar sobre seu percurso histórico, narramos sua origem desde a concepção do projeto de seu ideário em 1999, relatamos os seus sete anos de atuação efetiva, abordando os atos legais de sua criação e organização, passamos pelos aspectos de seu desenvolvimento e transformações e, finalmente, discorremos sobre o ato de sua extinção, quando nasce em seu lugar, outra instituição para viabilizar um novo projeto público estratégico. Por último, no Capítulo III, após conhecermos a história do CRI, analisamos o percurso do pensamento estratégico, transformado em planejamento e realizado através de sua implementação. Estudamos, pelo exame de uma instituição pública no exercício de sua missão, seu desenvolvimento e o alcance ou não de seus objetivos. Comentamos os fatos que implicam em dificuldades para os gestores públicos garantirem uma administração estratégica permanente. Elegemos as questões de gestão de pessoas e as da falta de uma gestão através de redes, como dois eixos mobilizadores destas dificuldades, que impedem a articulação adequada dos órgãos governamentais entre si e no ambiente externo em que atuam. A importância deste estudo ultrapassa os ditames da legislação, das políticas públicas e do embasamento conceitual que inspiram, obrigam ou viabilizam o pensamento público estratégico e sua concretização. Ele, conta a história de uma idéia transformada em realidade, ao dar origem ao primeiro Centro de Referência do Idoso, CRI Zona Leste, que com o passar dos anos, dado sua extinção, poderia ser perdida para sempre

Cette recherche est attachée à l'étude des environnements sonores, en prenant l'exemple des Quartiers Espagnols, quartier populaire du centre de Naples. Se voulant une participation à la mise en place d'une anthropologie sonore, elle s'inscrit dans une approche pluridisciplinaire en abordant des aspects relevant de l'anthropologie sociale, la microsociologie, l'anthropologie urbaine, l'anthropologie de la communication, la sociolinguistique, l'anthropologie sensorielle et la prosodie. En observant la vie quotidienne et ses différentes « manières de faire », la mise au jour des pratiques d'habitation à l'œuvre dans la rue révèle une prévalence de la polyvalence des espaces intimes et collectifs. La rue apparaît dans la pluralité de ses usages, des usagers, de son organisation spatiale et temporelle. Devant la diversité des stratégies d'appropriation de l'espace urbain et la porosité dont l'habitat fait preuve sur un plan à la fois social et sensoriel, la dimension sonore se révèle centrale. D'une part, en tant que production sonore mettant en avant la relation à l'autre, la vocalité est au centre de la vie sociale du quartier. En confrontant cris de marchands et communications domestiques à distance, l'observation des actes de voix haute permet de dégager ce que révèlent socialement ces « voix publiques ». D'autre part, en tant qu'elles s'imposent dans l'espace urbain comme un plaisir du bruit, les sonorités des pétards et des feux d'artifice révèlent quant à elles, dans les discours attachés à leurs représentations, une volonté d'investir l'environnement sonore de la ville en même temps qu'elles questionnent des enjeux socioculturels propres à l'espace napolitain. L'analyse révèle enfin que ces deux sonorités peuvent être considérées comme constituant des environnements sonores qui, pour autant qu'ils peuvent diviser à certains égards, rassemblent les habitants qui se sentent en faire partie, et témoignent de la vie sociale qui se joue dans les Quartiers Espagnols. L'exemple d'un quartier populaire napolitain permet d'insister sur un aspect central des environnements sonores, qui est que ces derniers peuvent être vecteurs de lien social. Pointant la pertinence anthropologique de l'observation et la documentation du fait sonore, cette étude met en évidence les corrélations entre les modes d'habitation, les relations sociales et les environnements sonores.

[pt] É bem conhecido o alto peso que o coque representa no custo final do ferro-gusa, além do que, as suas propriedades estão intimamente ligadas à performance dos altos-fornos. Portanto, buscar uma qualidade do coque compatível com as necessidades do alto-forno e com o menor custo possível, se transforma em uma tarefa difícil senão se dispuser de ferramentas que permitam uma correta seleção de carvões e testes prévios em fornos pilotos. Dentre as propriedades utilizadas pelos altofornistas para qualificar o coque, se destacam a CSR - resistência mecânica após reação com CO2, e a CRI - índice de reatividade, por serem, respectivamente, uma medida direta da reação de Boudouard - solution loss, e da associação desta com a resistência do coque. Com isso se torna possível prever o consumo desta matéria prima nos altos fornos e, devido a sua grande influência nos custos da operação, mensurar seu impacto na economicidade do processo. A unidade de coqueificação do processo heat recovery da ThyssenKrupp Companhia Siderúrgica do Atlântico - TKCSA, possuindo uma concepção diferente do tradicional by product coking process, utiliza um forno piloto próprio, especificamente projetado pela empresa, com o qual se procura simular as condições operacionais das unidades de coqueificação. Entretanto, essa unidade de coqueificação ainda carecia de um estudo experimental especifico capaz de permitir uma análise comparativa confiável entre o coque produzido e o das baterias industriais. O objetivo principal desta dissertação foi desenvolver um modelo de previsão da CSR -resistência mecânica do coque após reação com CO2, e do CRI através da coqueificação de misturas de carvões, obtidas por diferentes metodologias, em no forno escala piloto e sua comparação estatística com os dados obtidos em escala industrial na ThyssenKrupp Companhia Siderúrgica do Atlântico - TKCSA. O modelo de previsão para o CSR quando obtido através de escala piloto se mostrou bastante aderente aos dados obtidos em escala industrial. Portanto, os procedimentos utilizados e este modelo desenvolvido mostraram-se adequados, e podendo assim ser usados como ferramenta para auxiliar na seleção e compra de carvões. / [en] It is well known that coke has a major importance on the final cost of the Hot Metal and besides this fact its properties are closely connected with the performance of blast furnaces. Therefore, seeking a type of coke compatible with the blast furnace technical requirements and at the lowest possible price may become a hard challenge if neither a prediction tool is available to accomplish a correct selection of coals nor previous test were made on coke test facility. Among the properties used by the Blast Furnace specialists to qualify the coke, it can be highlighted CRI - Coke Reaction Index and CSR - Coke Strength after Reaction with CO2, because they represent a direct measure of the Boudouard reaction – solution loss, and its association with the coke strength, respectively. Based on them it is possible to predict the consumption of this raw material in the Blast Furnaces and, due to its high influence on the operational costs, measure its impact on the overall process economy. The Coke Plant unit at thyssenkrupp Companhia Siderurgica do Atlantico - TKCSA follows the coking process known as heat recovery and its concepts differ from the traditional one, by product. This unit uses its own coke test facility, specifically designed by the company s experts to simulate the operational conditions at the coke plant industrial furnaces. However, the coke test facility still required further specific experimental study capable of making a reliable comparison analysis between the cokes produced in it with the one from the industrial coke batteries. The main goal of this dissertation is to develop model to predict the CRI - Coke Reaction Index and CSR - Coke Strength after Reaction with CO2, through the coking process of coal blends, generated by different methodologies, charged on the coke test facility statistically compared with the ones from the industrial Coke plant at thyssenkrupp Companhia Siderúrgica do Atlântico - TKCSA. The prediction of CSR represented when generated through the coke test facility showed good adherence with the values obtained with the industrial scale. Therefore, the current procedures used on the developed model has proved to be adequate and may be used as a predicting tool to help the purchase of coals.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la participation locale des Cris de Waswanipi lors de consultations à propos de l’exploitation forestière de leur territoire ancestrale. Depuis la signature de l’Entente concernant une nouvelle relation entre le gouvernement du Québec et les Cris du Québec, communément appelée la Paix des braves en 2002, les Cris d’Eeyou Istchee ont obtenu des dispositions de consultation distincte concernant la gestion du territoire forestier. Entre autres, le régime forestier adapté assure la mise en place de Groupes de travail conjoints, où le gouvernement du Québec et les Cris négocient la planification forestière sur une base territoriale. Ce mécanisme de mise en oeuvre de la Paix des Braves fait suite aux nombreuses revendications des Cris. Toutefois, plus de dix ans après la signature de l’entente, il est pertinent de se demander si les processus de consultation orchestrés par les Groupes de travail conjoints répondent aux besoins et aspirations des Cris. Cette recherche sociologique réalisée dans la communauté de Waswanipi s’efforce de mettre en lumière l’expérience des tallymen, intendant du territoire familial et représentant de la famille aux Groupes de travail conjoints, lors des processus de consultation. À l’aide d’une douzaine d’entretien avec des tallymen, ce mémoire cherche à soulever l’impact que ces derniers possèdent dans la planification territoriale ainsi que la place accordée aux savoirs traditionnels lors des rencontres de consultation. / This thesis focuses on the local participation of the Waswanipi Cree during consultation meetings concerning forestry operations on their ancestral territory. Since the signing of the the Agreement Concerning a New Relationship Between le Gouvernement du Québec and the Crees of Québec, commonly called Paix des Braves Agreement in 2002, the Crees of Eeyou Istchee have gained distinct consultation provisions related to forest land management. Among other things, the adapted forestry regime ensures the establishment of Joint Working Groups, where the Quebec government and the Crees negotiate territorially-based forest planning. This mechanism for implementing the Paix des Braves falls in line with the initial demands made by the Crees. Acknowledging this, it is pertinent to ask whether the consultation processes orchestrated by the Joint Working Groups meet the needs and aspirations of the Crees more than a decade after the signing of the agreement. This sociological research conducted in the community of Waswanipi strives to highlight the experience of tallymen, stewards of traditional family lands and family representatives in Joint Working Groups, during consultation processes. Through a dozen interviews with tallymen, this thesis seeks to highlight the impact tallymen have on territorial planning as well as the place given to traditional knowledge during consultation meetings.

Cette étude vise à identifier les effets des changements climatiques sur les activités de subsistance traditionnelles des chasseurs cris de la Baie-James. De nombreuses études se penchent sur les changements climatiques, mais relativement peu d’entre elles traitent de leurs effets socio-économiques et socioculturels sur les populations dans le Subarctique du Québec. Cette thèse explore les mécanismes d’intégration des connaissances scientifiques au savoir écologique traditionnel (SET) ; une intégration prônée par de nombreux chercheurs comme l’évolution souhaitable dans la recherche sur le SET et sur ses applications. L’étude de cette intégration se fait ici à l’aide d’une analyse des perceptions des chasseurs de l’Association des Trappeurs Cris concernant les effets des changements climatiques, avec l’accent sur les activités de subsistance traditionnelles en lien avec la bernache du Canada et le caribou des bois, deux espèces importantes culturellement. Une approche combinant l’aspect théorique de l’ethnoécologie et l’aspect pratique de l’étude de cas a été utilisée. Diverses sources de données ont été employées : l’analyse documentaire et cartographique, les questionnaires et les entrevues ouvertes et semi-dirigées. Cette recherche met en évidence des variations dans l’observation des changements climatiques et dans la perception de leurs effets par les chasseurs cris selon la localisation de leur communauté. Certains effets sont ressentis de la même façon par tous. Ainsi, les participants de toutes les communautés s’inquiètent des dangers liés à une fragilité accrue de la glace sur les lacs et les rivières. Cependant, ce sont surtout les membres des communautés côtières qui s’alarment du déplacement des bernaches vers l’intérieur du territoire. Ils sont aussi les seuls à ne pas percevoir de baisse du nombre de caribous des bois sur leurs lignes de trappe. Les effets des changements climatiques paraissent avoir un impact sur le mode de vie traditionnel cri en lien avec la bernache du Canada et le caribou des bois et affecter la transmission du savoir traditionnel vers les nouvelles générations quant au caribou des bois. Les résultats montrent aussi que la combinaison du SET et des données scientifiques permet de compléter le portrait de l’évolution du climat et des espèces (par ex. : variation du climat entre la côte et l’intérieur du territoire, apparition du cerf de Virginie et du coyote sur le territoire) et d’élaborer de nouvelles pistes de recherches et des hypothèses qui n’auraient pas été autrement identifiées (par ex. : causes d’un changement dans la structure de la gla ce, évolution des aires de répartition des sous-espèces de bernaches, impact des insectes suceurs-piqueurs sur la santé des caribous). Elle facilite également l’identification et la compréhension des enjeux et des processus d’adaptation qui ont lieu dans les communautés cries de la Baie-James (par ex. : diminution de la consommation du caribou, maintien de la consommation de la bernache, dangers accrus dans les déplacements liés à la fragilité de la glace ou à la difficulté à prévoir les schèmes climatiques). L’utilisation combinée du SET et du savoir scientifique permet de mieux appréhender les effets des changements climatiques et les dynamiques socioculturelles et environnementales complexes du territoire de la Baie-James. / This thesis intends to identify the effects of climate change as it relates to the traditional activities of the Eastern James Bay Cree. Numerous studies have analysed climate change, however relatively few have studied its socioeconomic and socio-cultural effects on the subarctic populations of Quebec as does this one. Exploring the integration mechanisms between scientific knowledge and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), this combination of knowledge being presented by many researchers as the next step in TEK research, this thesis utilizes the various perceptions that the hunters of the Cree Trappers Association have of the impacts of climate change. Emphasis was placed on their traditional activities in connection with the Canada goose and the woodland caribou, two culturally important species The study uses an approach combining the theoretical aspects of ethnoecology with the practical aspects of case studies. Various methods of data collection were used: literary and cartography reviews, questionnaires and long and short interviews. The research demonstrates a variation in Cree observations of climate change and in their perceptions of the effects of these changes based on the location of the community in the James Bay region. Certain effects are perceived in all communities, for instance participants from all communities worried about the dangers associated with an increased fragility of the ice formed on lakes and rivers. However, it was primarily members of the coastal communities who worried over the Canada geese moving further inland. Members of the coastal communities were also the only ones to not notice a reduction in the numbers of woodland caribou on their traplines. Climate change seems to have an impact on the Cree’s traditional way of life associated with the Canada goose and woodland caribou and to affect the transmission of their traditional knowledge to the newer generations as it pertains to the woodland caribou. Also highlighted is the fact that a combination of TEK and scientific data allows for a broader picture of climate and species evolution (e.g.: climate variations between the coast and the interior of the territory, presence of white-tailed deers and coyotes on the territory) and suggests new research questions and hypothesis (e.g.: causes for a change in the ice structure, evolution in the range and distribution of Canada geese subspecies, impact of bloodsucking insects on caribou health). It also allows for a better identification and understanding of the stakes and adaptation processes currently going on in Eastern James Bay communities (e.g.: decrease in caribou consumption, maintenance of geese consumption, increased dangers during travel due to an increase in ice fragility or in unusual climatic events). The combined use of TEK and scientific knowledge allows for a better understanding of the effects of climate change and the complex sociocultural and environmental dynamics at play in the Eastern James Bay.