In this research, we found out that the cruel government officials not only have the stereotype of ¡§cruelity¡¨ but also have the image of ability. ¡§cruel¡¨ and ¡§ability¡¨ can be said to attributed to the every cruel government officials. Besides ¡§cruel¡¨ and ¡§ability¡¨, cruel government officials may probably have some characteristics that are rare. For example, honest, selfish, and end up in miserable conditions. In addition to these characteristics, the writer also writes from 1. the relationship between cruel government officials and the empire 2. cruel politics 3. the contrast between cruel politics and cruel government officials 4. the fate of the cruel government officials 5. Records of Historian and The Book of Han (Han-shu) write the different image of cruel government officials. The writers found that Records of Historian talked about the imaegs of the cruel government officials are much uglier than The Book of Han (Han-shu) and post The Book of Han (Han-shu). The reason of this is not the authors of thesse books rewrite the history,but the materials the authors choose are various and different. The difference between the cruel government officials imply that the history itself is objective- cruel government officials and their associated things change through the time. We can also found out the different associations from the author¡¦s motivations, grew up backgrounds. However, no matter how different of the cruel government officials image there are, the Records of Historian ,The Book of Han (Han-shu) and post Book of Han (Han-shu) writes form the same point of view. Perhaps it is because the different taste of the authors that cause the different images of the e cruel government officials. But from their abundant writing skills , we can know that theses authors are indulged in the portray of the cruel government officials. Also, since the cruel government officials means the certain types of government officials, their political states can not be neglected. Three history of cruel officials often given by the court fight against tyrannical¡A dignitaries, monitoring Baiguan, princes, dignitaries, and the fight against bandits task, These tasks usually require law enforcement thorough, competent officials for any object not be wide margin, has excellent political to have, Three history of cruel officials consistent both " cruel " and " ability¡¨, natural the court easily be assigned to these tasks. As the author of three history, are certainly cruel officials not small or even a significant contribution to the country, even certainly some cruel officials personality, but equally that the benevolent government of the people-oriented, long-term reliance on cruel officials of the lack of political.

This thesis explores how visions of the good life, as understood by Lauren Berlant, communicate through advertising for home cleaning services in a Swedish context. With an ambition to map out how life is portrayed in these commercials this thesis wants to shed light on how these portrayals of life can be understood as the good life and in turn, how they reproduce structures of power. In relation to research on the debate of the Swedish Rutavdrag, work/life balance and the perception of cleaning in Sweden the thesis continues to look into how paid cleaning service is constructed and understood. It draws on theories about work, emotion/affect and temporality that is tied together in an understanding of the good life as dependent of all of these to become possible. A promotion of happiness and feelings of intimacy, work induced with emotional value and a productivist temporality are all parts of what makes up the good life, that is what I pay attention to in my analysis. Through a multimodal critical discourse analysis, the material is analyzed in three steps where the first two steps is focused on one individual commercial/ad and the third connects several of them to analyze how the good life is depicted. The analysis is divided into two main themes: time for relationships and Win win. The first theme shows an emphasis on close family relationships that appears to be threatened by cleaning or mainly conflicts about cleaning, the service smooth over the frictions and makes an intimate life enjoyable and improved. The good life here is closely linked to good relationships and busy schedules. The second theme Win win analyses material that focuses on how the work and the workers situation. In this theme a picture emerges of the employer as someone who does a good deed by employing someone through a good company that has good conditions. This theme implicitly addresses the tension that surrounds cleaning services in Sweden and dissolves it with smiles. While wrapping the service good feelings and the promise of good deeds the unequal exchange changes into something natural and good. The good life is not as obvious in this theme, the focus on the good conditions rather promotes home cleaning as a possible part of the good life since it does not disturb the narrative of the good life as a moral good. In order to have an opportunity to move towards the good life, time is needed.

In her 1929 essay "A Room of One's Own," Virginia Woolf famously asserts that "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction" (4). This concept places an immediate importance on the role of the Modernist female subject as an artist and as an architect, constructing the places and spaces that she exists within. With Woolf's argument as its point of departure, this thesis investigates the theme of female space in two Modernist texts: Nella Larsen's Quicksand (1928) and Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar (1963). The respective protagonists of Quicksand and The Bell Jar, Helga Crane and Esther Greenwood, each undertake journeys to obtain spaces that are purely their own. However, this thesis positions each space that Helga and Esther occupy as both male-constructed and male-dominated in order to address the inherent gendering of space and its impact on the development of feminine identities. This thesis focuses specifically on the roles of the mother, the muse, and the female mentor, tracking the spaces in which Helga and Esther begin to adhere to these roles. Expanding on Lauren Berlant's theory of cruel optimism, this thesis will use the term "cruel femininity" to support its intervening claim that the respective relationships that Helga and Esther each have with their own feminine identities begin to turn cruel as they internalize the male-dominated spatial structures surrounding them. Overall, this thesis argues that there is no space in existence where Helga and Esther can realize their full potential as human beings, as long as the spatial structures within their communities continue to be controlled by hegemonic, patriarchal beliefs.

Den här uppsatsen handlar om döva flyktingar och har tre huvudteman: dövhet och asylprocessen för döva flyktingar, och för att förstå det i en svensk kontext är det tredje temat dövhet historiskt i Sverige och internationellt. Fältarbetet är gjort under en månads tid i början av 2018 på en folkhögskola i Sverige och metoder som tillämpats är deltagande observation och intervjuer. Folkhögskolan har i samarbete med Migrationsverket sedan 2009 i uppgift att utbilda döva asylsökande i svenskt teckenspråk, som i många fall blir det första språket, för att de ska kunna uppge skäl för asyl. Frågeställningen berör hur dessa personer upplever sin identitet och hur den förändras och produceras. Det är två av folkhögskolans grupper, en grupp med och en grupp utan uppehållstillstånd, som jämförs och ligger till grund för denna uppsats. / This essay is about deaf refugees and has three main themes: deafness and the asylum process for deaf refugees, and to understand it in a Swedish context, the third theme is deafness historically in Sweden and internationally. The fieldwork has been done for a month at the beginning of 2018 at a school in Sweden and methods used are participant observations and interviews. The school has since 2009, in cooperation with the Swedish Migration Board, been responsible for training deaf asylum seekers in Swedish sign language, which in many cases becomes the first language in order to give reasons for asylum. The question concerns how these people perceive their identity and how it is changed and produced. The study is mainly based on two groups. One group with and one group without a residence permit are being compared and form the basis for this essay.

This thesis deals with the prohibition of torture in international law. The prohibition of torture is considered one of the fundamental values of democratic states, it is an absolute right and a part of customary international law and such a rule of conduct from which we can under no circumstances deviate. Although it might seem that this topic is not too current, the opposite is true. The violation of the prohibition of torture is almost worldwide. The inspiration and impetus to select this topic for me was the situation about the U.S. war against terror and torture of prisoners at U.S. military bases. The work is divided into two blocks. The first part is a theoretical question, which aims to define the very concept of torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment and their relationship and to map the universal and particular international mechanisms in which the prohibition of torture is established. In this respect, the important document is the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, which is the only universal document that provides a precise definition of torture. The aim of the first part was also to describe how the control mechanisms checked in compliance with the prohibition of torture in the world. The second...

Magistro baigiamojo darbo objektas – baudžiamosios atsakomybės už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais samprata ir teisinis reglamentavimas Lietuvos ir užsienio įstatymuose bei teismų praktikoje. Magistro baigiamajame darbe apžvelgiama gyvūnų apsaugos įstatymų ir žiauraus elgesio su gyvūnais kriminalizavimo istorinė raida. Analizuojami pasirinktų užsienio šalių (JAV, Rusijos Federacijos, Vokietijos Federacijos ir Europos Sąjungos) teisės aktai numatantys baudžiamąją atsakomybę už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais, aptariamos tų šalių teisinės bazės spragos. Darbe nagrinėjami šiuo metu Lietuvoje galiojantys ir gyvūnų gerovę reglamentuojantys įstatymai ir tarptautinės sutartys. Atliekama detali LR Baudžiamojo kodekso 310 straipsnio, numatančio baudžiamąją atsakomybę už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais sudėties sisteminė analizė. Pasitelkiant teismų praktikos pavyzdžius loginio-analitinio ir lingvistinio (verbalinio) teisės aiškinimo metodų pagalba išryškinami šios teisės normos dispozicijos trūkumai ir pateikiami pasiūlymai kaip tuos trūkumus būtų galima pašalinti. Pateikiami pamąstymai ir pasiūlymai gyvūnų numarinimo (eutanazijos) problemos sprendimui bei nagrinėjamos LR Gyvūnų gerovės ir apsaugos įstatymo projekto nuostatos reglamentuojančios žiauraus elgesio su gyvūnais sampratą. Įvertinus šiame darbe formuluojamos problemos aspektus ginama hipotezė, kad dėl nepakankamai detalios teisinės reglamentacijos kyla praktinių baudžiamosios teisės normų taikymo už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais problemų. / Subject of Master's thesis is the criminal responsibility for cruelty to animals and the concept of legal regulation in the Lithuanian and foreign laws, and in court practice too. The Master's thesis gives the historical review of evolution of criminalization of the legislation on protection of animals and ill treatment of them. In the Thesis the analysis of legal acts of selected foreign countries (USA, Russia, Germany and European Union) is made. Are analyzed the legal acts providing criminal sanction for ill treatment of animals, and are discussed the gaps of legal base of mentioned countries. In the Master's thesis the laws existing now in Lithuania and also international treaties which regulate welfare of animals are considered. It is made the detailed analysis of the contents of the Article 310 of the Criminal code of the Republic of Lithuanian, which provides the criminal responsibility for cruelty to animals. On examples of court practice by means of analytical and verbal methods of statutory interpretation of rules of law the shortcomings of a disposition of this legal norm come to light, and also ways of their emendation are offered. In the Master's thesis the suggestions for a solution of the problem of euthanasia of animals are provided, and also provisions of draft of the Republic of Lithuania Law on welfare and protection of animals regulating a concept of ill treatment of animals, are considered. Considering aspects of the problem formulated in this Master's... [to full text]

The crime of torture and other inhuman and cruel treatment Abstract This master thesis concerns itself with a concept of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and how is this concept perceived through the international, regional and last but not least national system of law. Not to mention particular efforts aiming at the eradication of torture and other forms of ill treatment in the context of all the systems of law mentioned above. At the very beginning I am trying to deal with very specific historical approaches towards the torture and other forms of ill treatment themselves. Through this I am trying to provide for more comprehensive view on the given problematics as well as better understanding of why are torture and other forms of ill treatment still subject to controversy. Following chapter is dedicated to legal anchoring of the prohibiton on torture and other forms of ill treatment, especially within the international and regional system of law including particular attempts to define torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment throughout these systems mentioned above. Next chapter concerns itself with the conception of prohibiton on torture and other forms of ill treatment as a part of the system of fundamental human rights and freedoms followed by thorough...

Gigekonomin är ett växande fenomen på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Gigarbete har både hyllats som en möjlighet att komma in på arbetsmarknaden och kritiserats för sin prekära natur. I den här studien undersöks den sociala konstruktionen av gigarbetare utifrån ett ideologiskt perspektiv. Den empiriska basen är intervjuer med sex gigarbetande matbud. Studiens övergripande argument är att gigföretagens nyliberala strukturer driver fram exploaterande relationer på arbetsmarknaden, samt att genusassociationer och ond optimism används för att kamouflera dessa exploaterande relationer. Tidigare forskning har lagt vikt vid att synliggöra hur femininitet används för att driva fram den nyliberala utvecklingen, men mindre uppmärksamhet har givits till maskulinitet. Den här studien illustrerar hur maskulinitet används för att interpellera gigarbetarna genom associationer till frihet och entreprenörskap. Därtill skildras hur ond optimism – en falsk förhoppning om uppåtgående social mobilitet – bidrar till att locka gigarbetarna att kontinuerligt eftersträva otillgängliga ideologiska drömmar. Vidare behandlas även socialt motstånd till gigekonomin och ideologi. Det teoretiska ramverket vilar på Althussers begrepp ideologi och interpellation. Ett begreppsligt bidrag i studien är formuleringen av dubbelbindande interpellation. Begreppet avser interpellationer som har en dubbelbindande natur, det vill säga situationer där individer anropas på motstridiga vis, exempelvis hur gigarbetare omväxlande tilltalas som servicearbetare och entreprenörer, vilket orsakar osäkerhet och väcker frågan: Vem är jag för er? Genom att undersöka och identifiera ideologiska konstruktioner av arbetare kan framväxande orättvisor och ojämlikheter på arbetsmarknaden belysas ur förbisedda perspektiv. / The gig economy is a growing phenomenon in the Swedish labor market. Gig work has been hailed as an opportunity to enter the labor market, but it has also been criticized for its precarious nature. This study examines the social construction of gig workers from an ideological perspective. Interviews with six food delivery workers form the empirical basis. The overall argument of the study is that the neoliberal structure of the gig companies propels exploitative relations in the labor market, and that gender associations and cruel optimism are used to camouflage these exploitative relations. Previous research has emphasized the importance of femininity in propelling the neoliberal development, but less attention has been given to masculinity. This study illustrates how masculinity is used to interpellate the gig workers through associations to freedom and entrepreneurship. In addition, it depicts how cruel optimism – a false hope of upward social mobility – contributes to attracting the gig workers to continuously pursue inaccessible ideological dreams. Moreover, social resistance is discussed in relation to the gig economy and ideology. The theoretical framework rests on Althusser's concepts of ideology and interpellation. A conceptual contribution in the study is double-binding interpellation. The concept refers to interpellations that have a double-binding nature, meaning situations where individuals are interpellated in contradictory ways. The food delivery workers are exposed to a double-binding interpellation when they are alternately interpellated as service workers and entrepreneurs, which causes uncertainty and raises the question: Who am I to you? By examining and identifying ideological constructions of workers, emerging injustices and inequalities in the labor market can be highlighted from overlooked perspectives.

<p>I attempt to analyze South Africa&rsquo / s legal position pertaining to torture, in relation to the international legal framework. Since it has been established that torture and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment (CIDT) usually occur in situations where persons are deprived of personal liberty, I examine legislation, policies and practices applicable to specific places of detention, such as correctional centres, police custody, repatriation centers, mental health care facilities and child and youth care centers. I establish that although South Africa has ratified the UNCAT and is a signatory to the OPCAT, our legal system greatly lacks in structure and in mechanisms of enforcement, as far as the absolute prohibition and the prevention of torture and other forms of cruel and degrading treatment or punishment are concerned. I submit that South Africa has a special duty to eradicate torture, since many of its citizens and several of its political leaders are actually victims of torture, who suffered severe ill treatment under the apartheid regime. I argue that the South African legal system is sufficiently capable of adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward torture and to incorporate this with the general stance against crime. In many respects, South Africa is an example to other African countries and should strongly condemn all forms of human rights violations, especially torture, since acts of torture are often perpetrated by public officials who abuse their positions of authority. I conclude by making submissions and recommendations for law reform, in light of the obstacles encountered within a South African context.</p>

<p>I attempt to analyze South Africa&rsquo / s legal position pertaining to torture, in relation to the international legal framework. Since it has been established that torture and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment (CIDT) usually occur in situations where persons are deprived of personal liberty, I examine legislation, policies and practices applicable to specific places of detention, such as correctional centres, police custody, repatriation centers, mental health care facilities and child and youth care centers. I establish that although South Africa has ratified the UNCAT and is a signatory to the OPCAT, our legal system greatly lacks in structure and in mechanisms of enforcement, as far as the absolute prohibition and the prevention of torture and other forms of cruel and degrading treatment or punishment are concerned. I submit that South Africa has a special duty to eradicate torture, since many of its citizens and several of its political leaders are actually victims of torture, who suffered severe ill treatment under the apartheid regime. I argue that the South African legal system is sufficiently capable of adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward torture and to incorporate this with the general stance against crime. In many respects, South Africa is an example to other African countries and should strongly condemn all forms of human rights violations, especially torture, since acts of torture are often perpetrated by public officials who abuse their positions of authority. I conclude by making submissions and recommendations for law reform, in light of the obstacles encountered within a South African context.</p>