A fase da vida adulta entre 35 e 60 anos, também denominada de meia idade, compreende o período em que os principais sistemas biológicos apresentam importantes declínios funcionais. Nas mulheres, especificamente, é a fase marcada pelo climatério que tem como principal evento a ocorrência da menopausa. Esse evento fisiológico de importância hormonal e reprodutiva está associado em muitas mulheres ao expressivo aumento da prevalência de doenças cardiovasculares, muitas vezes associadas e precedidas por prejuízos na função autonômica cardiovascular. Nesse sentido, a avaliação da funcionalidade autonômica cardíaca é muito importante como conduta para estratificação de risco cardiovascular. De fato, a análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) é muito utilizada, entretanto a metodologia segue um protocolo padrão que não leva em consideração situações fisiológicas importantes, como é o caso da reorganização da modulação autonômica cardíaca após o estresse induzido pelo exercício. Adicionalmente, a literatura tem optado por ferramentas lineares em detrimento das não lineares na avaliação da VFC. Nesse caso, a proposta do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar a função autonômica cardíaca em mulheres jovens (GJ: 21 a 30 anos) e de meia idade pósmenopausa (GMI: 45 a 60 anos) por meio da análise linear (análise espectral) e não linear (análise simbólica) da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em três momentos distintos (em repouso na posição supina, durante o tilt teste e durante o período de recuperação pós teste cardiopulmonar submáximo). O GMI apresentou menores valores de VO2pico (24 ± 1.0 vs 39 ± 1.3 ml.kg. min-1) frequência cardíaca basal (71 ± 2 vs 81 ± 2 bpm) e maiores valores da pressão arterial média (91 ± 2 vs 81 ± 1 mmHg) em relação ao GJ. Também apresentou maior modulação simpática e menor modulação vagal da FC na posição supina, entretanto somente evidenciado pela análise linear. Durante o tilt test as respostas do GMI foram menos proeminentes quando comparado com o GJ. Nesse caso, as avaliações linear e não linear apresentaram resultados semelhantes. Por fim, a análise da VFC durante o período de recuperação mostrou que o GMI apresentou recuperação da modulação autonômica vagal mais rápida evidenciada em ambas análises, linear e não linear. Em conclusão, a avaliação da modulação autonômica cardíaca mostrou que em repouso as mulheres jovens apresentam um predomínio do componente autonômico vagal, enquanto as mulheres de meia idade pós-menopausa apresentam um predomínio simpático. Por sua vez, o tilt test mostrou que a resposta autonômica das mulheres jovens é mais intensa, entretanto na reorganização após o exercício físico as mulheres de meia idade apresentaram maior velocidade no reestabelecimento da modulação vagal. As causas são incertas, porém podem ser decorrentes da redução dos hormônios ovarianos, bem como do processo de envelhecimento por estabelecimento de uma menor complexidade nos sistemas fisiológicos envolvidos. / The stage of adulthood between 35 and 60, also known as middle-aged, covers the period in which the main biological systems have important functional decline. In women, specifically, it is the stage marked by climacteric whose main event the occurrence of menopause. This physiological event of hormonal and reproductive importance is associated in many women to the significant increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, often associated and preceded by losses in cardiovascular autonomic function. In this sense, the evaluation of cardiac autonomic functionality is very important as practice for cardiovascular risk stratification. In fact, the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is widely used, however the methodology follows a standard protocol that does not take into account important physiological situations, such as the reorganization of cardiac autonomic modulation after exercise-induced stress. Additionally, the literature has opted for linear tools instead of linear no evaluation of HRV. In this case, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the cardiac autonomic function in young women (GJ: 21 to 30 years) and half postmenopausal age (GMI: 45-60 years) through the linear analysis (spectral analysis ) and non-linear (symbolic analysis) of heart rate variability at three different times (at rest in the supine position during the tilt test and during the recovery period after submaximal cardiopulmonary test). The GMI showed lower values of peak VO2 (24 ± 1.0 vs 39 ± 1.3 ml.kg. min-1) basal heart rate (71 ± 2 vs 81 ± 2 bpm) and higher mean arterial pressure (91 ± 2 vs 81 ± 1 mm Hg) compared to GJ. Also showed higher sympathetic modulation and lower vagal modulation of HF in the supine position, however only evidenced by linear analysis. During the tilt test responses GMI were less prominent compared to GJ. In this case, the linear and nonlinear tools showed similar results. Finally, the analysis of HRV after submaximal cardiopulmonary test showed that the GMI recovered faster autonomic modulation, shown in both analyzes, linear and non-linear. In conclusion, the evaluation of cardiac autonomic modulation showed that resting young women have a predominance of vagal autonomic component, while women half postmenopausal age present a sympathetic predominance. In turn, the tilt test showed that the autonomic response of young women is more intense, but the autonomic reorganization after exercise, the middle-aged women have faster the reestablishment of vagal modulation. The reasons are unknown, but may be due to the reduction in ovarian hormones, as well as the aging process by establishing less complex physiological mechanisms.

A fase da vida adulta entre 35 e 60 anos, também denominada de meia idade, compreende o período em que os principais sistemas biológicos apresentam importantes declínios funcionais. Nas mulheres, especificamente, é a fase marcada pelo climatério que tem como principal evento a ocorrência da menopausa. Esse evento fisiológico de importância hormonal e reprodutiva está associado em muitas mulheres ao expressivo aumento da prevalência de doenças cardiovasculares, muitas vezes associadas e precedidas por prejuízos na função autonômica cardiovascular. Nesse sentido, a avaliação da funcionalidade autonômica cardíaca é muito importante como conduta para estratificação de risco cardiovascular. De fato, a análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) é muito utilizada, entretanto a metodologia segue um protocolo padrão que não leva em consideração situações fisiológicas importantes, como é o caso da reorganização da modulação autonômica cardíaca após o estresse induzido pelo exercício. Adicionalmente, a literatura tem optado por ferramentas lineares em detrimento das não lineares na avaliação da VFC. Nesse caso, a proposta do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar a função autonômica cardíaca em mulheres jovens (GJ: 21 a 30 anos) e de meia idade pósmenopausa (GMI: 45 a 60 anos) por meio da análise linear (análise espectral) e não linear (análise simbólica) da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em três momentos distintos (em repouso na posição supina, durante o tilt teste e durante o período de recuperação pós teste cardiopulmonar submáximo). O GMI apresentou menores valores de VO2pico (24 ± 1.0 vs 39 ± 1.3 ml.kg. min-1) frequência cardíaca basal (71 ± 2 vs 81 ± 2 bpm) e maiores valores da pressão arterial média (91 ± 2 vs 81 ± 1 mmHg) em relação ao GJ. Também apresentou maior modulação simpática e menor modulação vagal da FC na posição supina, entretanto somente evidenciado pela análise linear. Durante o tilt test as respostas do GMI foram menos proeminentes quando comparado com o GJ. Nesse caso, as avaliações linear e não linear apresentaram resultados semelhantes. Por fim, a análise da VFC durante o período de recuperação mostrou que o GMI apresentou recuperação da modulação autonômica vagal mais rápida evidenciada em ambas análises, linear e não linear. Em conclusão, a avaliação da modulação autonômica cardíaca mostrou que em repouso as mulheres jovens apresentam um predomínio do componente autonômico vagal, enquanto as mulheres de meia idade pós-menopausa apresentam um predomínio simpático. Por sua vez, o tilt test mostrou que a resposta autonômica das mulheres jovens é mais intensa, entretanto na reorganização após o exercício físico as mulheres de meia idade apresentaram maior velocidade no reestabelecimento da modulação vagal. As causas são incertas, porém podem ser decorrentes da redução dos hormônios ovarianos, bem como do processo de envelhecimento por estabelecimento de uma menor complexidade nos sistemas fisiológicos envolvidos. / The stage of adulthood between 35 and 60, also known as middle-aged, covers the period in which the main biological systems have important functional decline. In women, specifically, it is the stage marked by climacteric whose main event the occurrence of menopause. This physiological event of hormonal and reproductive importance is associated in many women to the significant increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, often associated and preceded by losses in cardiovascular autonomic function. In this sense, the evaluation of cardiac autonomic functionality is very important as practice for cardiovascular risk stratification. In fact, the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is widely used, however the methodology follows a standard protocol that does not take into account important physiological situations, such as the reorganization of cardiac autonomic modulation after exercise-induced stress. Additionally, the literature has opted for linear tools instead of linear no evaluation of HRV. In this case, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the cardiac autonomic function in young women (GJ: 21 to 30 years) and half postmenopausal age (GMI: 45-60 years) through the linear analysis (spectral analysis ) and non-linear (symbolic analysis) of heart rate variability at three different times (at rest in the supine position during the tilt test and during the recovery period after submaximal cardiopulmonary test). The GMI showed lower values of peak VO2 (24 ± 1.0 vs 39 ± 1.3 ml.kg. min-1) basal heart rate (71 ± 2 vs 81 ± 2 bpm) and higher mean arterial pressure (91 ± 2 vs 81 ± 1 mm Hg) compared to GJ. Also showed higher sympathetic modulation and lower vagal modulation of HF in the supine position, however only evidenced by linear analysis. During the tilt test responses GMI were less prominent compared to GJ. In this case, the linear and nonlinear tools showed similar results. Finally, the analysis of HRV after submaximal cardiopulmonary test showed that the GMI recovered faster autonomic modulation, shown in both analyzes, linear and non-linear. In conclusion, the evaluation of cardiac autonomic modulation showed that resting young women have a predominance of vagal autonomic component, while women half postmenopausal age present a sympathetic predominance. In turn, the tilt test showed that the autonomic response of young women is more intense, but the autonomic reorganization after exercise, the middle-aged women have faster the reestablishment of vagal modulation. The reasons are unknown, but may be due to the reduction in ovarian hormones, as well as the aging process by establishing less complex physiological mechanisms.

Ce travail a été réalisé en cotutelle. / Le syndrome du surentraînement survient généralement suite à un haut degré de stress, associé ou non, au stress de l’entraînement et à un manque certain de repos et de récupération. La manifestation d’un tel syndrome peut être lourd de conséquences tant sur le plan médical que sur le plan social et économique. Il est donc important à ce jour, de valider des outils de prévention pertinents. Plusieurs théories ont donc tenté de déterminer l’avènement du surentraînement et d’en extraire des outils de prévention valides. Néanmoins, nos connaissances à ce sujet restent encore parcellaires. Malgré tout, deux axes de recherches nous permettraient d’accéder à des outils non-invasifs et accessibles. Les mesures de la régulation autonome du myocarde semblent être, depuis les résultats très encourageants de Bosquet et al (2008), des outils très prometteurs. De même, l’utilisation des performances cognitives pourraient être des outils très intéressants dans la prévention du surentraînement (Nederhof et al. 2006, Dupuy et al. 2010). Dans une perspective holistique, le modèle de Thayer et al (2009), nous permettrait d’intégrer l’utilisation combinée des performances cognitives aux indices de la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque. Dans une démarche de validation il est également nécessaire de connaitre la sensibilité de ces techniques. Or à ce jour la reproductibilité des indices de la réactivation parasympathique ; technique relativement récente, ne sont pas connues. De même, il est important de faire la distinction entre la fatigue aiguë induite par une séance d’entraînement et une fatigue plus chronique. Si les relations entre fatigue aiguë et régulation autonome du myocarde sont bien connues, les relations avec la cognition, sont relativement moins claires. Les deux premières études de cette thèse, vont donc s’intéresser à connaitre la reproductibilité de indices de la réactivation parasympathique et les effets de la fatigue aiguë induite par un exercice sur la cognition associée au contrôle autonome du cœur. Les résultats nous montrent que les indices de la réactivation parasympathique sont moyennement reproductibles, nécessitant une attention toute particulière sur la standardisation de leurs mesures. Par ailleurs, bien que la fatigue induite par l’exercice, produise des désordres d’ordre physiologique, les performances cognitives semblent relativement stables. Apres avoir vérifié ces points d’ordre technologique et méthodologique, il était intéressant de vérifier l’effet d’une surcharge d’entraînement sur les outils retenus, afin d’apprécier leur sensibilité aux effets d’une fatigue chronique. Les résultats nous montrent à la fois l’intérêt d’utiliser les mesures de la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque ainsi que les mesures de la réactivation parasympathique. Ces deux mesures semblent sensibles aux variations de la charge d’entraînement ainsi qu’à l’état de fatigue des sportifs. Tout aussi intéressant, les performances cognitives semblent également nous permettre de prévenir un état d’intolérance à l’entraînement. Ce travail de thèse trouve toute sa légitimité car il s’inscrit dans une logique d’amélioration de la santé et de prévention du dépassement voire du surentraînement chez le sportif. Les résultats issus de ce travail de thèse, nous permettent d’apporter de nouveaux outils de prévention ainsi que des recommandations quant à leur utilisation. / Overtraining syndrome usually occurs due to a high degree of stress, associated or not, the stress of training and a certain lack of rest and recovery. The demonstration of such a syndrome can have serious consequences both medically and socially and economically.It is therefore important to date to validate relevant prevention tools. Several theories have attempted to determine the advent of overtraining and extract valid prevention tools.Nevertheless, our knowledge on this subject are still patchy. Nevertheless, two lines of research would allow us to access non-invasive tools and accessible. Measures of autonomic regulation of the myocardium seem to be, from the very encouraging results of Grove et al (2008), tools very promising. Similarly, the use of cognitive performance could be very interesting tools in the prevention of overtraining (Nederhof et al. 2006, Dupuy et al. 2010). From a holistic perspective, the model of Thayer et al (2009), we would integrate the combined use of cognitive performance indices of heart rate variability. In a process of validation is also necessary to know the sensitivity of these techniques. Yet to date the reliability of the indices of parasympathetic reactivation; relatively new technique, are not known. Similarly, it is important to distinguish between acute fatigue induced by a workout and more chronic fatigue. If the relationship between acute fatigue and autonomic regulation of the myocardium are well known, the relationship with cognition, are relatively less clear. The first two studies in this thesis are therefore interested to know the reproducibility of indices of parasympathetic reactivation and effects of acute fatigue induced by exercise on cognition associated with the autonomous control of the heart. The results show that the indices of parasympathetic reactivation are moderately reproducible, requiring special attention on the standardization of measurements. Moreover, although fatigue induced by exercise, produce physiological disorders, cognitive performance appear relatively stable. After checking these points technological and methodological, it was interesting to test the effect of overload training on the tools used in order to assess their sensitivity to the effects of chronic fatigue. The results show both the value of using measures of heart rate variability and measures of parasympathetic reactivation. These two measures appear sensitive to changes in training load and to the fatigue of athletes. Equally interesting, cognitive performance also appear to us to prevent a state of intolerance in training. This thesis finds its legitimacy because it is a logical improvement of health and prevention of overtraining or even exceeded in athletes. The results of this thesis, we can provide new tools for prevention and recommendations for their use.

Einleitung: Es wird angenommen, dass die zyklusbedingten, hormonellen Änderungen die vegetative Ansteuerung des Herzens bei normotensiven Frauen beeinflussen. Die Herzfrequenzvariabilität (HRV) stellt einen der am häufigsten untersuchten, nicht-invasiven Parameter des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems dar. Deshalb war es das Ziel dieser Studie, den Verlauf der HRV Parameter bei ausdauertrainierten als auch untrainierten normotensiven Frauen in Abhängigkeit vom Menstruationszyklus zu untersuchen. Methode: Normotensive, untrainierte als auch trainierte Frauen nahmen an der Studie teil. Die Athletinnen absolvierten individuell abgestimmte Trainingspläne (>5h/Woche) während der Studie. Die HRV Messungen wurden in den folgenden fünf Zyklusphasen aufgezeichnet: In der Menstruation (M), der Mitte der Follikel- (MidF), der Ovulations- (O), der Mitte der Luteal- (MidL) und der Pre-Menstruationsphase (PreM). Die Basaltemperatur als auch die Hormonanalysen des Luteinisierenden (LH) und des Follikelstimulierenden Hormons (FSH), des β-17 Östrogens (E2) und des Progesterons (P) dienten der Verifizierung der Zyklusphasen. Die HRV Messungen wurden bei Spontanatmung im Liegen (20 min) wie auch während eines Orthosthase Tests aufgezeichnet. Parameter der Zeit als auch der Frequenzdomäne für Kurzzeitmessungen wurden ausgewertet. Resultate: Alle Frauen hatten einen normotensiven Menstruationszyklus mit typischen hormonellen Schwankungen und einem signifikanten Verlauf (p / Introduction: The autonomic control of the heart is assumed to be affected by endogenous hormonal fluctuations in normal ovulatory females. Analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) had become a tool for the noninvasive measurement of cardiac autonomic control. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the course of the HRV parameters in moderately active as well as in long time endurance trained women during the menstrual cycle. Methods: Normal ovulatory females, untrained and trained were enrolled. Female athletes were involved in individually different training patterns (>5h/week) during the study. HRV recordings were obtained during five different menstrual cycle phases: menstruation (M), middle of follicular (MidF), ovulation (O), middle of luteal (MidL) and pre menstruation phase (PreM). Phases were verified by basal body temperature and analysis of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicular stimulation hormone (FSH), β-17 estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P). HRV measurements took place at subjects’ spontaneous breathing frequency in supine position (20 min) as well as during an orthostatic test. Parameters of short-term recording were calculated in time and frequency domain. Results: All women had normal ovulatory menstrual cycles including typical endogenous hormonal fluctuations; levels of LH, FSH, E2 and P were significantly different (p

Le syndrome du surentraînement survient généralement suite à un haut degré de stress, associé ou non, au stress de l’entraînement et à un manque certain de repos et de récupération. La manifestation d’un tel syndrome peut être lourd de conséquences tant sur le plan médical que sur le plan social et économique. Il est donc important à ce jour, de valider des outils de prévention pertinents. Plusieurs théories ont donc tenté de déterminer l’avènement du surentraînement et d’en extraire des outils de prévention valides. Néanmoins, nos connaissances à ce sujet restent encore parcellaires. Malgré tout, deux axes de recherches nous permettraient d’accéder à des outils non-invasifs et accessibles. Les mesures de la régulation autonome du myocarde semblent être, depuis les résultats très encourageants de Bosquet et al (2008), des outils très prometteurs. De même, l’utilisation des performances cognitives pourraient être des outils très intéressants dans la prévention du surentraînement (Nederhof et al. 2006, Dupuy et al. 2010). Dans une perspective holistique, le modèle de Thayer et al (2009), nous permettrait d’intégrer l’utilisation combinée des performances cognitives aux indices de la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque. Dans une démarche de validation il est également nécessaire de connaitre la sensibilité de ces techniques. Or à ce jour la reproductibilité des indices de la réactivation parasympathique ; technique relativement récente, ne sont pas connues. De même, il est important de faire la distinction entre la fatigue aiguë induite par une séance d’entraînement et une fatigue plus chronique. Si les relations entre fatigue aiguë et régulation autonome du myocarde sont bien connues, les relations avec la cognition, sont relativement moins claires. Les deux premières études de cette thèse, vont donc s’intéresser à connaitre la reproductibilité de indices de la réactivation parasympathique et les effets de la fatigue aiguë induite par un exercice sur la cognition associée au contrôle autonome du cœur. Les résultats nous montrent que les indices de la réactivation parasympathique sont moyennement reproductibles, nécessitant une attention toute particulière sur la standardisation de leurs mesures. Par ailleurs, bien que la fatigue induite par l’exercice, produise des désordres d’ordre physiologique, les performances cognitives semblent relativement stables. Apres avoir vérifié ces points d’ordre technologique et méthodologique, il était intéressant de vérifier l’effet d’une surcharge d’entraînement sur les outils retenus, afin d’apprécier leur sensibilité aux effets d’une fatigue chronique. Les résultats nous montrent à la fois l’intérêt d’utiliser les mesures de la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque ainsi que les mesures de la réactivation parasympathique. Ces deux mesures semblent sensibles aux variations de la charge d’entraînement ainsi qu’à l’état de fatigue des sportifs. Tout aussi intéressant, les performances cognitives semblent également nous permettre de prévenir un état d’intolérance à l’entraînement. Ce travail de thèse trouve toute sa légitimité car il s’inscrit dans une logique d’amélioration de la santé et de prévention du dépassement voire du surentraînement chez le sportif. Les résultats issus de ce travail de thèse, nous permettent d’apporter de nouveaux outils de prévention ainsi que des recommandations quant à leur utilisation. / Overtraining syndrome usually occurs due to a high degree of stress, associated or not, the stress of training and a certain lack of rest and recovery. The demonstration of such a syndrome can have serious consequences both medically and socially and economically.It is therefore important to date to validate relevant prevention tools. Several theories have attempted to determine the advent of overtraining and extract valid prevention tools.Nevertheless, our knowledge on this subject are still patchy. Nevertheless, two lines of research would allow us to access non-invasive tools and accessible. Measures of autonomic regulation of the myocardium seem to be, from the very encouraging results of Grove et al (2008), tools very promising. Similarly, the use of cognitive performance could be very interesting tools in the prevention of overtraining (Nederhof et al. 2006, Dupuy et al. 2010). From a holistic perspective, the model of Thayer et al (2009), we would integrate the combined use of cognitive performance indices of heart rate variability. In a process of validation is also necessary to know the sensitivity of these techniques. Yet to date the reliability of the indices of parasympathetic reactivation; relatively new technique, are not known. Similarly, it is important to distinguish between acute fatigue induced by a workout and more chronic fatigue. If the relationship between acute fatigue and autonomic regulation of the myocardium are well known, the relationship with cognition, are relatively less clear. The first two studies in this thesis are therefore interested to know the reproducibility of indices of parasympathetic reactivation and effects of acute fatigue induced by exercise on cognition associated with the autonomous control of the heart. The results show that the indices of parasympathetic reactivation are moderately reproducible, requiring special attention on the standardization of measurements. Moreover, although fatigue induced by exercise, produce physiological disorders, cognitive performance appear relatively stable. After checking these points technological and methodological, it was interesting to test the effect of overload training on the tools used in order to assess their sensitivity to the effects of chronic fatigue. The results show both the value of using measures of heart rate variability and measures of parasympathetic reactivation. These two measures appear sensitive to changes in training load and to the fatigue of athletes. Equally interesting, cognitive performance also appear to us to prevent a state of intolerance in training. This thesis finds its legitimacy because it is a logical improvement of health and prevention of overtraining or even exceeded in athletes. The results of this thesis, we can provide new tools for prevention and recommendations for their use. / Ce travail a été réalisé en cotutelle.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The consumption of foods high in sodium and saturated fat but low in fiber in other essential nutrients is known as Western Diet and is directly associated with metabolic and autonomic changes and the emergence of cardiovascular disease. In addition, studies have shown that eating disorders such as lack or excess food in early life promotes structural and functional adaptations in the fetus culminating in the emergence of diseases in adulthood. The resistance training (RT) has been used as a non pharmacological therapy in the treatment of various diseases, including, cardiovascular, however, the effect of RT on the cardiovascular control mechanisms have not been fully explored. The present study investigated the effects of low intensity TR autonomic modulation and the biochemical profile of rats exposed to a Western diet during the perinatal period. Wistar rats received control diet or Western during pregnancy and lactation. The rats were divided into three groups: control (C), sedentary Western Diet (WS) and Western diet + TR (WTR). After 60 days, the animals began the protocol with TR 5 times a week for 4 weeks. After the animals were surgery to evaluate pulse interval variability and blood pressure, and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. The RT reduced mean arterial pressure (WTR= 108.2±3.7 vs WS= 121±2.5 mmHg, p <0.05), systolic arterial pressure (WTR= 135.2±3.1 vs WS= 151.5±3.4 mmHg, p <0.05), diastolic blood pressure (WTR= 89.1±2.8 vs 99.4±2.3 WS= mmHg, p <0.05). An increase in the BRS (WTR= 1.9±0.23 vs WS= 1.1±0.14 ms/mmHg, p <0.05). Furthermore, it was observed that the RT was able to reduce vascular sympathetic modulation when compared to the WS group (WTR= 5.48±1.033 vs WS= 8.25±1.018 mmHg2, p <0.05). Biochemical parameters, found difference in blood glucose (WTR= 116.2±4.6 vs WS= 153.8±6.3 mg/dL, p <0.05), total cholesterol (TC) (WTR= 67.0±3.8 vs WS= 85.6±3.4 mg/dL, p <0.05) and high (HDL) lipoproteins (WTR= 57.2±3.5 vs WS= 41.8±2.8 mg/dL, p <0.05) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) (WTR= 14.2±2.2 vs WS= 31.0±3.2 mg/dL, p <0.05). These results suggest that low-intensity TR promotes adaptations beneficial to the cardiovascular system, mediated by adjustments in the autonomic control mechanisms and improved biochemical profile of these animals. / O consumo de alimentos ricos em sódio e gordura saturada, mas pobre em fibras em outros nutrientes essenciais é conhecido como Dieta Ocidental e está diretamente associado a alterações metabólicas, autonômicas e o surgimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Além disso, estudos tem mostrado que distúrbios alimentares como a falta ou excesso de nutrientes no início da vida promove adaptações estruturais e funcionais no feto culminando no surgimento de doenças na fase adulta. O treinamento resistido (TR) vem sendo utilizado como terapia não farmacológica no tratamento de diversas doenças, dentre elas, as cardiovasculares, porém, o efeito do TR sobre os mecanismos de controle cardiovascular nao foram completamente explorados. O presente estudo investigou os efeitos do TR de baixa intensidade na modulação autonômica e no perfil bioquímico de ratos expostos a uma dieta ocidental durante o período perinatal. Ratas Wistar receberam dieta controle ou ocidental durante a gravidez e lactação. Os filhotes foram divididos em três grupos: Controle (C), Dieta ocidental sedentário (OCS) e dieta ocidental + TR (OCTR). Aos 60 dias de vida, os animais iniciaram o protocolo de TR realizado 5 vezes por semana durante 4 semanas. Ao fim, os animais foram cirurgiados para posterior registro da variabilidade do intervalo de pulso e da pressão arterial, bem como a sensibilidade do barorreflexo (SBR). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para análise bioquímica. O TR reduziu a pressão arterial média (OCTR= 108,2±3,7 vs OCS= 121±2,5 mmHg, p<0,05), pressão arterial sistólica (OCTR= 135,2±3,1 vs OCS= 151,5±3,4 mmHg, p<0,05) e pressão arterial diastólica (OCTR= 89,1±2,8 vs OCS= 99,4±2,3 mmHg, p<0,05). Houve aumento na SBR (OCTR= 1,9±0,23 vs OCS= 1,1±0,14 ms/mmHg, p<0,05). Além disso, observou-se que o TR foi capaz de reduzir a modulação simpática vascular quando comparado ao grupo OCS (OCTR= 5,48±1,033 vs OCS= 8,25±1,018 mmHg2, p<0,05). Nos parâmetros bioquímicos, foi observada diferença na glicemia (OCTR= 116,2±4,6 vs OCS= 153,8±6,3 mg/dL, p<0,05), colesterol total (CT) (OCTR= 67,0±3,8 vs OCS= 85,6±3,4 mg/dL, p<0,05) e lipoproteínas de alta (HDL) (OCTR= 57,2±3,5 vs OCS= 41,8±2,8 mg/dL, p<0,05) e baixa densidade (LDL) (OCTR= 14,2±2,2 vs OCS= 31,0±3,2 mg/dL, p<0,05). Estes resultados sugerem que o TR de baixa intensidade promove adaptações benéficas ao sistema cardiovascular, mediadas por ajustes nos mecanismos de controle autonômico e melhora no perfil bioquímico destes animais.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:18:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2946.pdf: 2432239 bytes, checksum: 38088e144c053efcf31c8e90a089b74f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-07 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) present significant exertional dyspnea. The peripheral muscle dysfunction appears to be the greatest impact on the inability to perform physical exercise. Additionally, there is respiratory muscle weakness caused by a limited supply of O2 and alteration of mechanical ventilation. In this context, in order to better understand the manifestations of these disorders and to establish management strategies, we have proposed the development of three studies. The first study was entitled Deep breathing heart rate variability is associated with respiratory muscle weakness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the influence of respiratory muscle strength on autonomic control of heart rate variability (HRV) in these patients. Ten COPD patients (69±9 years; forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) 59±12% and FEV1 41±11% predicted) and nine age-matched healthy male volunteers (64±5 years) participated in this study. The maximal inspiratory pressure was obtained in the sitting position. Then, electrocardiography signal was obtained in three conditions: 1) lying position for 15 min; 2) lying position during the respiratory sinusal arrhythmia maneuver (RSA-M) for 4 min; and 3) sitting position for 15 min. Data was analyzed by the time (RMSSD and SDNN indexes) and the frequency domains, in total power, low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) absolute (ab) and normalized (nu) units and LF/HF ratio. Regarding the RSA-M indexes, the expiratory/inspiratory ratio (E/I) and the inspiratory/expiratory difference (&#916;IE) were calculated. The patients with COPD demonstrated significantly impaired cardiac autonomic modulation at rest and during RSA-M when compared with healthy subjects (ratio E/I: 1.1±0.06 vs. 1.2±0.1 e &#916;IE: 7.0±3.5 vs 12.7±4.2, respectively). Moreover, significant and positive correlations between maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and the inspiratory-expiratory difference (&#916;IE) (r = 0.60, p<0.01) were found. In conclusion, patients with COPD presented impaired sympathetic-vagal balance at rest and during RSA-M. In addition, cardiac autonomic control of heart rate was associated with inspiratory muscle weakness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Based on this evidence, future research applications of respiratory muscle training may bring to light a potentially valuable target for rehabilitation. The second study was entitled to Deep breathing heart rate variability xviii is able to reflect the respiratory muscle weakness in chronic heart failure . The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the influence of respiratory muscle strength on autonomic control in these patients. Ten CHF (62 ± 7 years left ventricle eject fraction of 40 ± 5% and NYHA class I-III) and nine matched-age healthy volunteers (64±5 years) participated in this study. Heart rate variability (HRV) was obtained at rest and during RSA-M by electrocardiograph (as previously described). CHF patients demonstrated impaired cardiac autonomic modulation at rest and during RSA-M when compared with healthy subjects (p<0.05). Moreover, significant and positive correlations between MIP and IE-differences (r: 0.79), E/I ratio (r: 0.83), RMSSD (r: 0.77), SDNN (r: 0.77), LFab (r: 0.77), HFab (r: 0.70) were found during RSA-M. At rest, significant correlations were also found. Patients with CHF presented impaired sympathetic-vagal balance at rest. In addition, cardiac autonomic control of heart rate was associated with inspiratory muscle weakness in CHF. Based on this evidence, recommendations for future research applications of respiratory muscle training can bring to light a potentially valuable target for rehabilitation. Finally, the third study: "Behavior of heart rate on determination of anaerobic threshold in healthy men: comparison with cardiopulmonary exercise testing and near-infrared spectroscopy" aimed to identify the anaerobic threshold (AT) obtained from the V-slope method , visual method on oxihemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxihemoglobin (HHb) and compare the method with heteroscedastic (HS) applied to VCO2, HR and HHb data. Secondly, to assess the degree of agreement between the methods for determination of AT. Fourteen healthy men were subjected to incremental cardiopulmonary test (CPT) in the electromagnetic cycle-ergometer until physical exhaustion. At the same time they obtained the following biological signals: (i) ventilatory and metabolic variables - a breath to breath - measured by the Cardio2 System (Medical Graphics Corporation, St. Paul, MO, USAI), (ii) spectroscopy, quasiinfrared rays - NIRS (NIRO 300 - Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan), and (iii) heart rate through cardiofrequencymeter (Polar S810i). We observed temporal equivalence and similar values of power (W), absolute O2 consumption (mL/min) and relative O2 consumption (mL/kg/min) and HR (bpm) on determination of AT by the methods performed. In addition, by the Bland-Altman plot, HR (bpm) confirmed the good agreement between the methods with biases between -1.3 and 3.5. In conclusion: (i) all methods were sensitive in identifying the AT1, including the HS applied to FC, and (ii) the methods showed a good correlation in the identification of AT1. Thus the xix results support the FC, a methodology that is simple and economically feasible, seems to be a valid parameter in determining the AT of the individuals in our study. Therefore it remains to be clarified if these results can be replicated in patients with chronic cardiopulmonary disorders, contributing in safe, individualized and adequate prescribing physical exercise in rehabilitation programs. / Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca crônica (ICC) e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) apresentam significativa dispnéia exercional. A disfunção muscular periférica parece ser a causa de maior impacto na incapacidade de realização de exercício físico. Adicionalmente, pode coexistir a fraqueza muscular respiratória provocada pela limitada oferta de O2 e a alteração da mecânica ventilatória. Neste contexto, com intenção de compreender melhor as manifestações dessas disfunções e estabelecer estratégias de manejo, foi proposto o desenvolvimento de três estudos. O primeiro intitulado por Deep breathing heart rate variability is associated with respiratory muscle weakness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease teve como objetivo, avaliar a influência da fraqueza muscular inspiratória sobre a o controle autonômico da frequência cardíaca (FC) de homens com DPOC. Foram estudados 10 pacientes (69±9 anos; FEV1/FVC 59±12% and FEV1 41±11% do predito) e 9 homens saudáveis (64±5 anos). Na posição sentada, foi medida a pressão inspiratória máxima (PIMax) dos voluntários. Na sequência, em repouso, o sinal eletrocardiográfico foi obtido em três situações: 1) 15 min na posição supina; 2) quatro min durante a manobra de acentuação da arritmia sinusal respiratória (MASR) na posição supina; e 3) 15 min na posição sentada. Os dados foram analisados no domínio do tempo (índices RMSSD e SDNN) e da freqüência, pela densidade espectral total (DET), bandas de baixa (BF) e alta freqüências (AF) - absolutas (ab) e normalizadas (un), e a razão BF/AF. Durante M-ASR foram calculadas a razão expiração/inspiração (E/I) e a diferença inspiração/expiração (&#916;IE). Os pacientes com DPOC apresentaram valores significativamente menores da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) quando comparados ao grupo controle em repouso e durante a M-ASR (razão E/I: 1,1±0,06 vs. 1,2±0,1 e &#916;IE: 7,0±3,5 vs 12,7±4,2, respectivamente). Adicionalmente, foi observado correlação positiva entre PIMax e &#916;IE (r = 0.60, p<0.01). Em conclusão: (i) pacientes com DPOC apresentam prejuízos da modulação autonômica da FC em repouso e durante a M-ASR; e (ii) a fraqueza muscular inspiratória parece influenciar no desbalanço simpato-vagal desses pacientes. Em similaridade, no segundo estudo, intitulado com Deep breathing heart rate variability is able to reflect the respiratory muscle weakness in chronic heart failure o objetivo foi avaliar a influência da PIMax no controle autonômico da FC de pacientes com ICC. Foram estudados 10 pacientes com ICC xv (62±7 anos Fração de Ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo de 40 ± 5% e classificação IIII da NYHA). Seguindo a metodologia descrita no estudo anterior, os resultados mostraram que os pacientes com ICC também apresentaram menores valores da VFC em repouso e durante a M-ASR e correlações positivas e significativas entre PIMax e diferença expiração-inspiração (r: 0,79), razão expiração/inspiração (r: 0,83), RMSSD (r: 0,77), SDNN (r: 0,77), BF (r: 0,77), AF (r: 0,70). Em conclusão: (i) pacientes com ICC apresentam prejuízos da modulação autonômica da FC em repouso e durante a M-ASR; e (ii) a fraqueza muscular inspiratória parece influenciar no desbalanço simpato-vagal desses pacientes. Por fim, o terceiro estudo: Comportamento da frequência cardíaca na determinação do limiar de anaerobiose em homens saudáveis: análise comparativa com o teste cardiopulmonar e a espectroscopia por raios quasi-infravermelhos objetivou identificar do limiar de anaerobiose (LA) obtido pelo método padrão-ouro, método visual pelo comportamento da oxihemoglobina (O2Hb) e deoxihemoglobina (HHb) e comparar com o método heteroscedástico (HS) aplicado aos dados de VCO2, HHb e da FC. Secundariamente, avaliar o grau de concordância entre os métodos de determinação do limiar de LA. Quatorze homens saudáveis foram submetidos ao teste cardiopulmonar (TCP) incremental em cicloergômetro de frenagem eletromagnética até a exaustão física. Concomitantemente foram obtidos os seguintes sinais biológicos: (i) variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas respiração a respiração - medida pelo sistema CardiO2 System (Medical Graphics Corporation, St. Paul, MO, USAi); (ii) espectroscopia por raios quasi-infravermelhos - NIRS (NIRO 300 Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan); e (iii) frequência cardíaca por meio do cardiofreqüencímetro (Polar S810i). Foram observadas equivalências temporais e das variáveis potência (W), consumo de O2 absoluto (mL/min) e relativo (mL/kg/min) e FC (bpm) na determinação do LA pelos métodos empregados. Em adição, pela análise de Bland-Altman, a FC (bpm) confirmou a boa concordância entre os médotos com viéses entre -1,3 e 3,5. Em conclusão: (i) todos os métodos mostraram-se sensíveis na identificação do LA1, inclusive o HS aplicado a FC; e (ii) os médotos apresentaram boa correlação na identificação do LA1. Assim os resultados suportam que a FC, uma metodologia mais simples e economicamente viável, parece ser um parâmetro válido na determinação do LA dos indivíduos do nosso estudo. Agora, basta saber se estes resultados podem ser replicados em pacientes com disfunções cardiorrespiratórias crônicas, contribuíndo na prescrição xvi segura, individualizada e adequada de exercício físico em programas de reabilitação.