Heritage tourism and the concept of sustainability have some certain intrinsic associations between each other. They both possess the characteristics of inheritance and continuance. In 2015, World Heritage Convention has stated that it is critical to consider present and future needs from economic, societal and environmental aspects when conserving the heritage resources. The Great Wall is one of the most popular and well-known heritage tourism destinations throughout the world, which was designated on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1987. Badaling Great Wall, as the study case in the thesis, is one of the eight sections of the Great Wall being located in Beijing. Based on the review of previous literature, there are a lot of research studying on heritage tourism within the context of sustainability from the aspect of local resident. However, there is little research studying from the perspective of tourist, who are the major consumers, financial support and a key group of stakeholders in heritage tourism. Hence, this thesis puts emphasis on exploring the current challenges to sustainability at Badaling Great Wall site, through investigating its current situation of sustainability from a tourist perspective. The research findings are that Badaling Great Wall site has confront several management-related challenges. Lack of commercial appeal and promotion, absence of cooperation between stakeholders, the negative effects caused by excessive visitors, lack of efficient energy, water and waste management, and absence of a sound scheme for monitoring the situation of heritage conservation and supervising negative tourist behaviors.

Aggression is a phenomenon which acquired a substantial share on attention of biological literature, especially since the beginning of 20th century. In this thesis, various approaches to the problem from the field of biology are summarized. Intensified attention is dedicated to the theoretical concepts of aggression, especially the concepts consulting the problem of aggression from the evolutionary point of view and to the research on the field of hormonal regulation of aggression, stressing out the role of the hormone testosterone, and to particular hypothesis, which take account on its mutual relationship with behavior. The empirical part of the thesis is dedicated to verification of premises of the challenge hypothesis according to the relationship between testosterone and aggressive behavior. Significant findings of the empirical part refer to the existence of a link between basal level of testosterone and aggressive tendencies and to the existence of a negative link between basal level of testosterone and its increase in reaction to a competitive situation.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Computer Science / David A. Gustafson / In this paper we evaluate a general form of image classification algorithm based on dense SIFT sampling. This algorithm is present in some form in most state-of-the-art classification systems. However, in this algorithm, numerous parameters must be tuned, and current research provides little insight into effective parameter tuning. We explore the relationship between various parameters and classification performance. Many of our results suggest that there are basic modifications which would improve state-of-the-art algorithms. Additionally, we develop two novel concepts, sampling redundancy and semantic capacity, to explain our data. These concepts provide additional insight into the limitations and potential improvements of state-of-the-art algorithms.

A prova de carga com cristaloides é uma das intervenções mais comumente realizadas diante da hipotenção trans-anestésica, contudo, nem todo animal que apresenta hipotensão é responsivo a fluidoterapia. Por esta razão, na ultima década, vários índices que avaliam a responsividade a fluido foram desenvolvidos com o intuito de otimizar o emprego da fluidoterapia no paciente hemodinamicamente instável. . O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar três diferentes índices de responsividade, quais sejam: a variação da integral velocidade-tempo (ΔIVT), variação da velocidade de pico do fluxo aórtico (ΔVFAO) e variação da pressão de pulso (VPP) no que tange a sua capacidade diagnóstica. Para tanto, foram utilizados 40 cães submetidos a anestesia inalatória associada a anestesia epidural. Em caso de detecção de pressão arterial média < 65 mmHg, foi realizado uma prova de carga com cristalóde de 15 ml/kg durante 15 minutos. Volume sistólico (VS) obtido por meio da ecocardiografia transesofágica foi utilizado para definir a responsividade a fluido, sendo que os cães responsivos foram aqueles em que um aumentou no VS igual ou superior a 15% foi observado após o desafio com o cristalóide. Os dados foram avaliados pela análise da curva ROC para comparação dos testes diagnósticos, assim como a análise da curva cinzenta e também pela probabilidade pré e pós-teste. Trinta cães (75%) foram responsivos a fluidoterapia e 10 (25%) não eram responsivos. Tanto a ΔVFAO quanto a ΔIVT apresentaram boa capacidade discriminativa pela análise da Área sob a curva (0.89 e 0.93), assim como a VPP (0.88). Além disso, a análise da área cinzenta e da probabilidade pós-teste sugeriram uma melhor capacidade em diagnosticar os animais responsivos a fluido do que não-responsivos. Os valores de corte que distinguem responsivos a fluidoterapia de não-responsivos foram semelhantes aos observados na literatura. Sobe ventilação controlada e após a anestesia epidural, os índices ecocardiográficos de responsividade a fluido apresentaram boa capacidade discriminativa. / Intravenous fluid resuscitation is the first therapeutic choice used against arterial hypotension, however, not every animal with arterial hypotension is responsive to fluids. In the past decade, many indices of fluid responsiveness were introduced and plenty of studies covering many scenarios on the surgery context have been published. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of velocity-time integral variation (ΔTI), peak aortic velocity variation (ΔVpeak) and pulse pressure variation (PPV). Forty dogs were included in this study. Whenever a mean arterial pressure < 65 mmHg, a 15 ml/kg fluid challenge with crystalloids over 15 minutes was administered. Responders to fluids were defined by means of transesophageal echocardigraphy if an increase equal to or greater than 15% in stroke volume was observed after the fluid challenge. For the statistical evaluation, ROC curve analysis, gray zone approach, and pre-test, post-test probability were used to estimate the diagnostic capability of each index. Thirty (75%) dogs were responders and 10 (25%) were non-responders. Both velocity-time integral variation (ΔVTI) and aortic blood velocity variation (ΔVpeak) showed a good diagnostic capability according to the Area under curve analysis (0.89 e 0.93), as well as PPV (0.88). Moreover, the gray zone approach and the post-test probability suggests a greater ability to detect fluid responders. The optimum cutoff value to discriminate responders from non-responders for all dynamics indices were similar to that observed in the literature. After the epidural anesthesia and under mechanical ventilation, all dynamic índices showed good diagnostic ability in predicting fluid responsiveness.

Deux objectifs centraux sont au cœur de cette thèse menée sur la compréhension de récits chez des enfants d'école élémentaire (i.e., de 6 ans à 10 ans). S'agissant du premier objectif, la compréhension des différentes facettes de la dimension émotionnelle d'une histoire (i.e., émotion désignée, expression comportementale de l'émotion et émotion à inférer) est examinée ainsi que le type d'informations émotionnelles que les enfants privilégient pour produire des inférences prédictives (i.e., c'est-à-dire la capacité à anticiper sur ce qu'il va se passer dans la suite d'une l'histoire). Deux supports de présentation des histoires de littérature jeunesse ont été comparés (i.e., auditif vs. audiovisuel). Trois principaux résultats sont à considérer. Premièrement les enfants de 6 ans ont le plus de difficulté à se représenter la dimension émotionnelle ainsi qu'à produire des inférences prédictives. Deuxièmement, les émotions à inférer sont difficilement représentées par rapport aux émotions explicitées dans l'histoire (i.e., émotions désignées et comportementales). Troisièmement, le caractère généralisable des habiletés de compréhension de la dimension émotionnelle a été confirmé. S'agissant du deuxième objectif, il consiste en l'étude de l'appréciation (i.e., c'est drôle/c'est non drôle) et de la compréhension (i.e., niveau d'interprétation de l'information humoristique) des informations humoristiques et non humoristiques des histoires de littérature jeunesse. Deux types d'informations humoristiques ont été considérés : l'humour de situation (i.e., comique de situation) et un humour plus complexe qui nécessite la production d'une inférence (i.e., interpréter un jeu de mots). Les principaux résultats montrent que les enfants discriminent mieux les évènements non humoristiques que les événements humoristiques. Pour les évènements humoristiques, ils apprécient mieux l'humour de situation que l'humour qui requiert la production d'une inférence et ce d'autant plus qu'ils sont jeunes. Aussi, la situation audiovisuelle favorise l'appréciation de l'humour alors que la situation auditive favorise la représentation des informations non humoristiques. Enfin, pour interpréter l'humour, les jeunes enfants favorisent des explications de haut niveau alors que les plus grands n'ont pas de préférence. Les résultats seront interprétés à la lumière de la littérature existante sur ces deux domaines d'investigation. / The aim of this thesis was double. First, we explored how children aged 6 to 10 years monitor and represent the emotional dimension of stories. Three types of emotional information were distinguished: emotional label, emotional behavior and emotion requiring an inference. The two first studies examined the representation of these types of emotional information usually encountered in natural stories both in auditory and audiovisual context. The third study focused on children's ability to use emotional information to make predictive inferences (i.e., children had to anticipate what would happened next in a story). The main results indicated that young children (i.e., 6 years old) encountered more difficulties to make emotional inferences and predictive inferences than the olders. Moreover, results showed that children more accurately represented emotional label and emotional behavior than emotional inference. Finally, the results revealed that the ability to understand the emotion was generalizable across different media. The second purpose of this thesis was to study how children aged 6 to 10 years identify, appreciate and understand humorous and nonhumorous passages in auditory and audiovisual natural stories. Two types of humorous information were considered: protagonist's humorous behaviors (i.e., explicit humor) and implicit humorous information that required the ability to make an inference. The main results revealed that children more easily identified nonhumorous passages compared to humorous ones. Furthermore, the audiovisual situation favored the identification of humorous passages and auditory situation promoted the identification of nonhumorous passages. Finally, to interpret humorous situations, young children use more often high explication level and old children use similarly high and low explication levels. These findings were discussed regarding literature.

O experimento associando probióticos no aleitamento e creche utilizou 144 leitões do nascimento até aos 62 dias de idade no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos (FMVZ USP). No aleitamento, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e na creche em blocos casualizados formando o esquema fatorial 2x3 com seis tratamentos. A unidade experimental no aleitamento foi a baia maternidade constituída de grade de parição e na creche gaiola suspensa com 3 animais cada, constituindo, 8 repetições por tratamento. Aos 35 dias de idade os animais da creche foram inoculados com cepa de Salmonella Typhimurium via oral. Na maternidade os tratamentos foram: Placebo (PLA), 1mL de água destilada e Probiótico A (ProbA), 5g em 15mL de água destilada. O ProbA foi aplicado em duas ocasiões, ao nascimento e 12 horas antes do desafio e os animais que não receberam ProbA, receberam PLA. Os tratamentos na creche foram: Probiótico A Probiótico B (ProbA ProbB) 30g/tonelada de ProbB na ração; Controle Probiótico B (CTL ProbB): 30g/tonelada de ProbB na ração; Probiótico A Probiótico A(ProbA ProbA); Controle Controle (CTL CTL); Probiótico A Desafio (ProbA DES); Controle Desafio (CTL DES). As variáveis; peso, consumo, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, foram analisadas em medidas repetidas no tempo com contrastes e o escore de fezes submetido à análise de variância pelo teste de Tukey. Foi utilizado o programa computacional Statistical Analysis System SAS. Na maternidade o peso médio do ProbA foi superior ao PLA, não observando-se diferenças no ganho de peso. Na creche o ProbA mostrou-se significativamente melhor em comparação aos demais tratamentos na conversão alimentar. No escore fezes, os animais desafiados apresentaram mais diarréia, e mais eliminação de S. Typhimurium, evidenciando o efeito positivo do desafio programado. A avaliação histológica aos 63 dias revelou aspecto similar nos diferentes grupos com e sem desafio. A eficiência econômica destacou o CTL ProbB.. O estudo indicou ação positiva dos probióticos quando aplicado logo ao nascimento, por influenciar diretamente na formação da microbiota intestinal, em fases mais adiantadas como na creche os efeitos são menos diretos. / The experiment involving probiotics in lactation and nursery were used one hundred and forty four piglets were used from birth to 62 days of age at Swine Research Laboratory (USP FMVZ). In the lactation, the experimental design was randomized with two treatments and in the nursery were randomized blocks forming a 2x3 factorial, consisting of six treatments. The experimental unit considered was the pen with 3 animals, with 8 repetitions per treatment. At 35 days of age the nursery animals were inoculated with a Salmonella Typhimurium strain orally. The treatments in the maternity were: Placebo (PLA): 1mL of distilled water and Probiotic A (ProbA): 5g in 15ml of distilled water. The ProbA was applied twice, at birth and 12 hours before the challenge and the animals that received no ProbA, received PLA. At the nursery twelve hours before the challenge, the same group of piglets that received ProbA and PLA in the maternity, received reinforcement for ProbA and PLA. In the nursery: Probiotic A Probiotic B (ProbA ProbB): 30g/ton of diet; Control Probiotic B (ProbB CTL): 30g/ton of diet; Probiotic A probiotic A (ProbA probA) Control Control (CTL CTL) Probiotic Challenge (DES ProbA) Control Challenge (CTL DES).The variables analyzed were weight, consumption, weight gain and feed conversion. The variables were analyzed with repeated measures contrasts and fecal score variable was subjected to analysis of variance by Tukey test. We used the computer program Statistical Analysis System SAS. In maternity, ProbA was superior to PLA treatment and did not observe differences in weight gain. At nursery the ProbA ProbA was significantly better compared to the other treatments in feed conversion. In the feces score, challenged animals showed high scores and greater elimination of S. Typhimurium, showing the effects of the programmed challenge. Histological evaluation at 63 days showed similar appearance within different groups (challenged or not). Economic evaluation shows CTL ProbB. The study indicated positive action of probiotics applied shortly after birth, by directly influencing the formation of the intestinal tract and in nursery as the effects are less direct.

O estudo fundamentou-se na utilização de probióticos como promotores de crescimento alternativos na alimentação de suínos dada a proibição, por parte da União Européia, do uso de alguns antibióticos, que podem causar resistência aos antimicrobianos e riscos à saúde humana pelo consumo da carne. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos (LPS), com 160 leitões desmamados aos 23 dias de idade até os 138 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em função do peso e sexo, sendo a unidade experimental considerada a baia com 4 animais, constituindo, portanto, 5 repetições por tratamento. Aos 51 dias de idade os animais foram inoculados com uma cepa de Salmonella Typhimurium via oral. Os tratamentos foram: PA 44: Probiótico A: 4 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 dias de idade; PB 44: Probiótico B: 2 Kg/ tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 dias de idade; PA 65: Probiótico A: 4 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 e 2 kg/tonelada de ração dos 45 aos 65 dias de idade; PB 65: Probiótico B: 2 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 e 1 kg/tonelada de ração dos 45 aos 65 dias de idade; PA 138: Probiótico A: 4 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 e 2 kg/ tonelada de ração dos 45 aos 138 dias de idade; PB 138: Probiótico B: 2 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 e 1 kg/tonelada de ração dos 45 aos 138 dias de idade; controle positivo: ração com antimicrobiano e sem probióticos e controle negativo: ração sem antimicrobiano e sem probióticos. Foram analisados os parâmetros peso, ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. Aspectos clínicos e sanitários também foram avaliados, incluindo freqüência de diarréia, temperatura retal, swabs retais para verificação da freqüência da salmonela nas fezes e parâmetros sanguíneos. As variáveis foram analisadas por medidas repetidas no tempo com contrastes. Foi utilizado o SAS 9.0. Em relação ao peso médio, observou-se, no período de creche, que o controle positivo se sobressaiu frente aos probióticos, mas no período de crescimento, por volta dos 106 dias de idade, os grupos se igualaram, não havendo diferenças significativas. No período total de creche e crescimento/terminação, o ganho de peso dos animais do controle positivo foi numericamente superior comparativamente aos probióticos (p=0,0876 para o probiótico A e p=0,0635 para o probiótico B). O consumo de ração foi menor para o controle negativo em relação aos probióticos. A conversão alimentar foi melhor para o controle positvo em relação aos probióticos, na fase de creche. Na freqüência de diarréia o efeito do desafio programado foi evidenciado, mostrando no controle negativo maior freqüência, ressaltada principalmente pela classificação em fezes líquidas, em comparação aos probióticos e controle positivo. A temperatura retal e a presença do agente nas fezes não se mostraram diferentes nos tratamentos, o mesmo ocorrendo com relação aos parâmetros sanguíneos. Portanto, as evidências encontradas quanto aos parâmetros clínicos e sanitários demonstraram de uma maneira geral, que os probióticos e os antimicrobianos podem agir de forma diferenciada, mas apresentando as mesmas respostas que repercutem em desempenhos semelhantes até o final da fase de terminação. Concluiu-se na avaliação de desempenho associada aos aspectos econômicos, que o probiótico A, dentre os tratamentos, foi mais viável, com a administração até 44 e 65 dias de idade dos leitões. A continuidade dos estudos com probióticos é necessária, dada a variabilidade de fatores que interferem no seu melhor aproveitamento como promotor de crescimento. / The study was based on the use of probiotics as growth promoter in the swine feeding due to the prohibition, by the European Union, on the use of some antibiotics by its possibility of causing antimicrobial resistance and risks for human health by meat consumption. The experiment was conducted in LPS, with 160 piglets weaned at 23 days of age until 138 days of age. The experimental design was a randomized block according to weight and sex, the experimental unit considered was the pen holding 4 animals each, thus with 5 repetitions per treatment. At 51 days of age the animals were inoculated with a strain of Salmonella Typhimurium orally. The treatments were: PA44= Probiotic A: 4 kg/ton of ration, from 23 to 44 days of age; PB44= Probiotic B: 2 Kg/ton of ration, from 23 to 44 days of age; PA65= Probiotic A: 4 kg/ton of ration from 23 to 44 days of age and 2 kg/ton of ration from 45 to 65 days of age, PB65= Probiotic B: 2 kg/ton of ration, from 23 to 44 days of age and 1 kg/ton of ration from 45 to 65 days of age; PA138= Probiotic A: 4 kg/ton of ration from 23 to 44 days of age and 1 kg/ton of ration from 45 to 138 days of age; PB138= Probiotic B: 2 kg/ton of ration from 23 to 44 days of age and 1 kg/ton of ration from 45 to 138 days of age; Positive Control= ration with antimicrobial and no probiotics and Negative Control= ration with no antimicrobials nor probiotics. The parameters analyzed were weight, weight gain, ration intake and feed conversion. Clinical and sanitary aspects were also evaluated, diarrhea frequency, rectal temperature, rectal swabs for salmonella verification and blood parameters. The variables were analyzed by repetitive measures on time with the established contrasts. SAS 9.0 was used. Regarding average weight, it was observed, during the nursery period, that the positive control stood out compared to the probiotics, but during growing, around 106 days of age, the groups equaled, with no significant differences. During the total period of nursery and growing/finishing, the weight gain from the animals of the positive control was numerically superior compared to the probiotics (p=0,0876 for probiotic A and p=0,0635 for probiotic B). Feed intake was lower for negative control when compared to probiotics. In the nursery period feed conversiom was better than the positive control in relation to probiotics. In the diarrhea frequency the effect from the programmed challenge was evidenced; showing a higher frequency in the negative control, emphasized mainly for the liquid feces classification in comparison to the probiotics and positive control. The rectal temperature and the presence of the agent in the feces did not differ between treatments, as well as the blood parameters. Therefore, the evidence found regarding clinical parameters and health in general demonstrated that probiotics ant antiotics may act differently, but with the same answer that echo in similar performaces until the end of the finishing period. In conclusion, the evaluation of performance associated with economic aspects, among the treatments, with the probiotics A, both 44 and 65, was better than the positive control. The continuation of studies with probiotics is necessary, given the variability of factors that interfere with its best use as growth promoter.

Através dos procedimentos da moderna história oral, formulados e discutidos no Núcleo de Estudos em História Oral da Universidade de São Paulo (Neho-USP), foi estabelecido um corpus documental sobre a cantoria de viola nordestina. São narrativas de repentistas e amantes (apologistas, pesquisadores, promoventes) da tradição do desafio poético oral, constituídas a partir de entrevistas individuais e gravações de alguns encontros coletivos. A pesquisa atentou sobre os efeitos das migrações de repentistas sertanejos para a cidade de Fortaleza: seu processo de adaptação e as negociações de identidades no curso de entrada na modernidade. As narrativas serão destinadas a uma posterior análise para decomposição do tema e resolução das questões levantadas. / Using the procedure of modern oral history, developed and discussed on the Oral History Research Office at the History Department of the University of São Paulo (NEHO), was made a documental work about the cantoria de viola from the northeast of Brasil. They are narratives from repentistas and lovers (researchers, apologists, promoters) of the traditional poetic oral challenge, built based on personal interviews and recordings of some collective meetings. The research looked into the effects of migration of repentistas from the sertão to the city of Fortaleza: their adaptation process and negotiations of identities in the course of entry into modernity. The narratives will be used for subsequent analysis for decomposition of the issue and also to respond the problems raised.

Orientador: Pedro Angelo Pagni / Resumo: Após as diversas reivindicações sociais na história brasileira, e em especial aos pais/familiares, professores e pesquisadores, emergiram as políticas de Inclusão Escolar, principalmente depois da Constituição de 1988. A história da Educação Especial ocorreu em consonância a configuração da biopolítica neoliberal, pois, foi a partir do pressuposto de liberdade econômica que novos sujeitos foram agregados a formação, alargando o espaço para os indivíduos com algum tipo de deficiência adentrarem ao mercado de trabalho e ser ativo economicamente, bem como participar da vida pública. Mas, este modelo norteador educacional permaneceu com os velhos costumes de centralidade no aluno, fazendo com que as práticas de inclusão se tornasse um lugar pautado na formação especializada, para suprir a formação do professor da sala comum, com o objetivo de preparar especificamente para participar da economia. O problema que esse modo de situar a relação com esses novos integrantes da escola focou no enquadramento dessas diferenças para possíveis correções de seus déficits, desempenhando um olhar negativo sobre seus acidentes. Esta dissertação pretende, a partir do diagnóstico foucaultiano sobre o modo como encaramos a vida na modernidade, em particular, os problemas de uma vida baseada na biopolítica neoliberal, levantar os possíveis desdobramentos que nos fizeram crer que esse modo de incluir seja inclusivo. Ao debruçarmos sobre os principais norteadores da perspectiva inclusiva, como a Decla... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: After several social demands through the Brazilian history, specially from parents/relatives, teachers and researchers, School Inclusion politics emerged, mainly after the 1988 Constitution. The history of Special Education develops in line with the neoliberal biopolitics configuration, because it was from the assumption of economic freedom that new subjects were aggregated in the traditional school system, widening the possibility for some individuals with some sort of disability to enter the job market and be economically active, as well as take part in the public life. But this guiding education model kept the old costumes of focusing on the student, making inclusive practices to be a point of discussion in the specialized formation, to supply the formation of the ordinary class teacher, with the goal of preparing them specifically to participate in the economy. The issue is that this way of developing the relationship with these new school members focused on delineating their differences for possible corrections of deficits, bringing a negative perspective about their accidents. This dissertation intends, from the Foucaultian diagnosis about the way we face life in modernity, in particular the issues with a life based on neoliberal biopolitics, to raise the possible unfoldings that make us believe this way of inclusion is inclusive. When looking at the inclusive perspective guiding principles, like the Salamanca Declaration and more recently the PNEEPEI, it was noticed th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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