As the speed of change increases, federal agencies are challenged more often to develop and implement improvements to existing programs, new programs to meet new needs, or adjustments to programs based on changed circumstances of delivery. Built on the foundation of systems theory, expectancy theory, and field theory, this research seeks to explain why some managers do not propose changes in their organizations---even when the very survival of the organization is at risk. By measuring the fields of influence encountered by managers, we find that the chain of command is supportive of change initiatives. Other organizational elements--human resources and legal staff were measured in this research--are, in general, indifferent about the managers' effort to change. Employees, on the other hand, are strongly opposed to any change with even minimal impact on their work habits and conditions. Based on a survey of 201 managers of Army morale, welfare and recreation activities worldwide, this research views the climate for change from the perspective of the activity manager. There are general findings, along with detailed analysis, that support the need for a change to the environment itself. Executives charged with reviewing and approving activity-initiated changes may find this study useful in developing implementation strategies. Managers may take comfort in knowing that their environment is highly consistent with the experiences of other managers. Support staff--particularly legal and human resources offices--may find the perceptions of managers to be incongruent with the service objectives. We hope that everyone can find enlightenment, or perhaps confirmation of their own experiences, in the responses of these managers, and can use this information productively in the management of their areas of responsibility.

The aim of this study was to explore the role of feedback in managing resistance to organisational change. A general systems theoretical model of individual resistance to change was developed. It describes the origin, function and outcomes of individual resistance to planned organisational change. The role of feedback within this process was identified as a central one and feedback was therefore identified as an important point of leverage in managing resistance to change. The survey feedback approach was adopted in a retail organisation undergoing significant change. Staff were asked to respond to a survey on their experience of the change. Results were analysed and then fed back to them during group discussions. The process was repeated. It was concluded that the survey feedback approach significantly contributed to a reduction in resistance to change and that both survey feedback approach and the model of individual resistance to change merit further investigation. / Industrial Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

The aim of this study was to explore the role of feedback in managing resistance to organisational change. A general systems theoretical model of individual resistance to change was developed. It describes the origin, function and outcomes of individual resistance to planned organisational change. The role of feedback within this process was identified as a central one and feedback was therefore identified as an important point of leverage in managing resistance to change. The survey feedback approach was adopted in a retail organisation undergoing significant change. Staff were asked to respond to a survey on their experience of the change. Results were analysed and then fed back to them during group discussions. The process was repeated. It was concluded that the survey feedback approach significantly contributed to a reduction in resistance to change and that both survey feedback approach and the model of individual resistance to change merit further investigation. / Industrial Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

Bakgrund: Flera aktörer anses vara förändringsledare respektive förändringsmottagare, såväl som att föremål för förändringsmotstånd kan tolkas olika. Detta kan i sin tur påverka hur de inblandade hanterar situationen. Primärvårdens situation under Covid-19 pandemin föranledde att tidigare konkurrerande aktörer, tvingades samarbeta för att uppnå ett gemensamt mål. Förevarande uppsats undersöker bland annat hur konkurrenter samspelar när det krävs och hur detta i sin tur kan påverka ledarskap och tidigare paradigm. Vidare utreds vilka utmaningar förändringsledare ställs inför under en omfattande förändring som orsakas av kris, i relation till den undersökta förändringens speciella förutsättningar. Uppsatsen har genomförts ur ett nyanserat perspektiv på förändringsmotstånd där alla dess orsaker och konsekvenser, positiva som negativa, belyses. Det nyanserade perspektivet på motstånd av vikt för att skapa en djupare förståelse kring förändringsledning genom fokus på hur förändringsledaren kan tolka förändringsmottagares intryck och reaktion på en förändring, samt använda förändringsmotstånd som en konstruktiv kraft.Syfte: Studiens syfte är att bidra med en ökad förståelse angående ledarskapets roll under förändringsprocesser som orsakas av kris i primärvården.Metod: Förevarande studie är en fallstudie med en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi, iterativ forskningsansats samt ett hermeneutiskt forskningsperspektiv. Studiens empiri utgörs av åtta semi-strukturerade intervjuer med klusterledare från Region Stockholm.Slutsats: Uppsatsen redogör för att krisen föranlett ett paradigmskifte inom primärvården som har lett till positiva och bestående konsekvenser för vårdgivare och vårdtagare. Vidare konstateras att kriser kräver att ledare hittar en balans mellan olika ledarskapsbeteenden. Uppsatsen redogör även för att en kris ställer krav på en ökad tillgänglighet hos ledaren och det är av vikt att ledare i en krissituation förmedlar ett lugn till medarbetarna. Uppsatsen visar att en ledares inställning till förändringsmottagares åsikter är avgörande i hanteringen av förändringsmotstånd. / Background: Several actors are considered change leaders and change recipients, as well as the subject of resistance can be interpreted differently. This can affect how those involved handle the situation. The situation within primary health care during the Covid-19 pandemic necessitated that previously competing actors were forced to collaborate in order to achieve a common goal. This essay examines how competitors interact when required and how this, in turn, can affect leadership and previous paradigms. Furthermore, it investigates the challenges faced by change leaders during a comprehensive change caused by a crisis, in relation to the specific conditions of the investigated change. The essay has been conducted from a nuanced perspective on resistance to change, where all its causes and consequences, both positive and negative, are illuminated. The nuanced perspective on resistance is important for creating a deeper understanding of change management by focusing on how the change leader can interpret the impressions and reactions of change recipients to a change, and use resistance to change as a constructive force.  Purpose: The purpose of the study is to contribute to an increased understanding of the role of leadership during change processes caused by crises in primary healthcare. Method: The present study is a case study with a qualitative research strategy, iterative research approach, and a hermeneutic research perspective. The empirical data of the study consists of eight semi-structured interviews with cluster leaders from Region Stockholm. Conclusion: The essay explains that the crisis has prompted a paradigm shift in primary care, which has led to positive and lasting consequences for healthcare providers and patients, as well as the emergence of new work methods. Furthermore, it is noted that crises require leaders to find a balance between different leadership behaviors and also explains that a crisis demands increased accessibility from leaders, and it is important for leaders in a crisis situation to convey calmness to their employees. The essay demonstrates that a leader's attitude towards the opinions of change recipients is crucial in managing resistance to change

The dissertation discusses the impact of change management during the implementation of an IT system. The theoretical part of the dissertation is aimed at gaining information about human performance, and the implications during the implementation of the system, and also post-implementation. Literature suggests that the human factor is the key to the successful implementation of system projects. The study, which is qualitative in nature, makes use of face-to-face interviews for the collection of evidence, as well as questionnaires as add-on tools to support the underlying constructs and research questions posed within the study. The use of data obtained from the research interviews, as well as survey data, has provided the research study with the necessary validity, reliabilityand trustworthy data to support the research results, findings – and to be able to make some recommendations. The reason for the failure of system implementation projects is often due to poor implementation during the project. It is important to place the importance of people on a par with technology and processes. A holistic approach would be the most likely to result in the acceptance – and the efficient and effective use of the implemented system. Communication, training and management participation are common means of addressingany fears of change, and to build trust. This information should be utilised by project teams during implementation projects, as it should help to provide the necessary framework to ensure the success of the change initiatives.

Inledning: Digitaliseringen utvecklas och förändras konstant och är en process som påverkar organisationer och har förändrat samhället mest sedan industrialiseringen. En organisation som fyller en viktig funktion är skolan då en av skolans uppgifter är att bidra till att alla kan dra nytta av digitaliseringen. Förändringar skapar ofta både möjligheter och förutsättningar men de skapar även ett motstånd. I skolorganisationer är det vanligt att lärare motsätter sig förändringar på grund av rädsla för det okända, till exempel att gamla rutiner bryts. Då digitalisering anses vara en vanligt förekommande förändringsprocess ställer det krav på individer såväl i ledande befattningar men likväl i operativa befattningar. Förändringar som rör digital teknik kan motsägas av lärare på grund av sviktande acceptans till användandet av digital teknik i undervisningen. Studiens frågeställning är: - Hur kan rektorer i gymnasieskolor hantera förändringsmotstånd gällande digital teknik i undervisningen? Teoretisk referensram: Den teoretiska referensramen utgörs av centrala komponenter för uppsatsens problemområde såsom förändringsarbete, förändringsmotstånd, kommunikation och förändringsledning. Metod: Denna uppsats bygger på en kvalitativ metod där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med åtta rektorer och en lärare på sex olika gymnasieskolor i Skaraborg. Slutsats: Uppsatsen ger förslag på en modell som tagits fram som ett stöd för rektorer inom skolorganisationer. Modellen är användbar i en förändringsprocess i syfte att undvika men även hantera ett förändringsmotstånd. / Introduction: Digitalisation is constantly evolving and changing and is a process that affects organisations and has changed society most since industrialisation. An organisation that fulfills an important function is the school as one of the school's tasks is to help everyone to benefit from the digitalisation. Changes often create both opportunities and prerequisites, but they also create resistance. In school organisations, it is common for teachers to resist change because of fear of the unknown, for example that old routines are broken. Since digitalisation is considered to be a commonly occurring change process, it places demands on individuals both in leading positions as well in operational positions. Changes related to digital technology can be contradicted by teachers because of failing acceptance of the use of digital technology in teaching. The study's question is: - How can principals in upper secondary schools handle change resistance regarding digital technology in teaching? Theoretical frame of reference: The theoretical frame of reference consists of central components of this paper’s problem area such as change work, change resistance, communication and change management. Method: This paper is based on a qualitative method in which semi-structured interviews are conducted with eight principals and a teacher at six different upper secondary schools in Skaraborg. Conclusion: The paper proposes a model that has been developed as a support for principals within school organisations. The model is useful in a change process in order to avoid but also handle a change resistance.

samband med att den studerade myndigheten genomgick enomorganisation där organisationsstrukturen förändrades och styrochledningsfilosofin tog en ny riktning påbörjades resan mot attbli en ”lärande organisation”. Som ett led i förändringsarbetetimplementerades en ny arbetsmetod; reflektion i vardagen (RÌV).RIV syftar till att utveckla medarbetarna i deras yrkesroll, till ökadkunskapsöverföring, att väcka den medarbetardrivna innovationenoch bidra till utveckling av den lärande organisationen. Denhermaneutiska spiralen har genomsyrat studien som har enabduktiv ansats och en mixad undersökningsdesign. Studiens syfteär att undersöka om RIV har bidragit till yrkesmässig utvecklingför medarbetarna samt hur RIV bidragit till den lärandeorganisationen. Material har inhämtats via en enkätundersökningsamt tre intervjuer med chefer från en myndighet inom offentligsektor. Kvalitativa data har strukturerats och tolkats medsläktskapsdiagram. Resultatet tyder på att RIV har positivpåverkan på yrkesmässig utveckling och bidrar till den lärandeorganisationen, men inga generella slutsatser kan dras frånstudien. Det finns hinder och motstånd som måste identifieras ochelimineras innan RIV ger större effekt. För att öka förståelsen ochintresset för yrkesrelaterad reflektion föreslår författaren attorganisationer börjar med att se över om medarbetarnas basbehovär tillfredsställda, att verka för ett ökat engagerat ledarskap samtsatsningar på utbildning till medarbetarna. / In connection with a state organization undergoing areorganisation in which the organisational structure was changedand the governance- and management philosophy took a newdirection, the journey to become a “learning organisation” started.As part of the organisation´s work with improvements, a newmethod was implemented; refection in everyday life (RIV). RIVaims to develop the employees in their professional role, increaseknowledge transfer, awaken the power of innovation fromemployees and contribute to the development of the learningorganisation. The hermeneutical spiral has permeated the studywhich has an abductive approach and a mixed design. The purposeof the study is to investigate whether RIV has contributed toprofessional development for the employees and whether RIV hasserved as a contribution to the learning organisation. Data havebeen obtained through a quantitative / qualitative survey andthrough three qualitative interviews with managers. The resultshows that RIV has a positive impact on employees´ professionaldevelopment and that RIV contributes to the learning organisation.However, there are obstacles that must be crossed and resistancesthat must be dealt with before RIV gives greater effect. The author8. Handledare9. Examinator10. Termin11. Övrigt/Anmärkningbelieves that organisations need to identify and satisfy basic needsof the employees before they are invited to engage in organisationaldevelopment and improvement. The organisational structure needsto be explained so it´s clear to all employees, including managers,where, in the organisation, improvements are relevant. Engagedleadership needs to be strengthened and education efforts needs tobe implemented to make both managers and employees understandthe purpose, value and benefits of reflective conversations in thelearning organisation. / <p>2020-11-26</p>

The Master Thesis deals with a proposal of algorithm of a protective function for assymetric faults location in resistance-grounded medium voltage networks with decentralized measurement of instantaneous voltage and current values. The theoretical part describes a single pole fault in the resistance-grounded network including the network analysis using the symmetric component method. Furtherly follows brief reserse of nowadays considered possibilities of faults location in the medium voltage networks. The proposed algorithm which works on the principle of negative sequence changes and change differencies of voltage and current is described by mathematical operations and flowchart, and it is furtherly tested in the PSCAD simulator on the proposed network model. Also the algorithm is tested in the Matlab program using the real data from the local distribution network Pod Palackeho vrchem where the initial pilot implementation is assumed. The last part of the thesis includes also the algorithm sensitivity analysis.

This study is about Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and implementation of CRM systems. The study aims to identify and investigate which challenges are experienced during CRM implementation at a newspaper group and how those challenges have been handled. Through a case study at the newspaper group, the investigation has had an inductive and exploratory approach where the focus has been to achieve a deeper understanding of the implementation as well as the challenges experienced and managed. The data collection was carried out in the form of semi-structured interviews with managers, support staff and salespeople at the group. Through a thematization of the empirical findings, five different themes have been identified. These consist of resistance to change, the changed sales role, training and support, system limitations and the user perspective. These themes have then been analyzed and the challenges that have been experienced and how these have been handled emerge. The study found that various types of challenges emerged based on the identified themes, which further impacted different roles within the group. The results of the study indicate that some challenges were successfully addressed, while others were not. / Denna studie handlar om Customer Relationship Management (CRM) och implementering av CRM-system. Studien syftar till att identifiera och undersöka vilka utmaningar som upplevs vid CRM-implementering hos en tidningskoncern samt hur de utmaningarna har hanterats. Undersökningen har genom en fallstudie hos koncernen haft ett induktivt och explorativt tillvägagångssätt där fokus har varit att uppnå en djup förståelse för implementeringen samt de utmaningar som upplevts och hanterats. Datainsamlingen genomfördes i form av åtta semi-strukturerade intervjuer med chefer, supportmedarbetare och säljare vid koncernen. Genom en tematisering av den insamlade empirin har fem olika teman identifierats. Dessa utgörs av förändringsmotstånd, den förändrade säljarrollen, utbildning och support, systembegränsningar samt användarperspektivet. Dessa teman har sedan analyserats och där framkommer de utmaningar som har upplevts samt hur dessa har hanterats. I studien framkommer det att flera olika typer av utmaningar uppstått utifrån de teman som har identifierats som vidare påverkar olika roller inom koncernen. Resultatet av studien visar att vissa utmaningar har hanterats medan andra inte har det.

Change and adaptation to change has always been a part of human life. Some are more used to changes in their daily life and some are more resistant towards it. In big organizations all types of people are working together to create a better future. In manufacturing companies, change and implementation of digital transformation are more frequently occurring and in faster paces. This thesis aids to study how Change Management can be adapted in a manufacturing company regarding digital transformation by minimizing the resistance. This thesis is an inductive qualitative case study where both theoretical framework and data collections are provided. The theories brought up in this thesis are Change Management, psychological, social and organizational aspects of Change Management and how to adapt Change Management and Operator 4.0. To be able to compare theory with practice, a total of 10 interviews were held with 7 team leaders and 3 production leaders and 4 observations were held. The collected data and theory were analyzed and compared to each other and later on, gaps between theory and practice were identified. The results show that there is a lack of communication within the organization and a deficient communication chain. The results show that there is involvement of employees but mainly from the same type of department. There is an uneven distribution of implementation within the production where one part of the production is almost fully digitalized while the other has nothing digital at all. Depending on the shifts, there is a lack of support from the production engineers and top management. As a conclusion, adapting change management seems to be easy when reading about its theory but is in fact difficult when adapting it in practice, especially when the organization is big. To deal with the problem, the developers and managers should include employees from the very beginning of the formulation process and divide project teams in smaller groups in order to provide support to all departments and shifts. The developers and managers should also use Lewin´s three-step model for minor changes and consider using Kotter´s strategic eight-step model for changes made at a bigger scale. / Förändring och anpassning till förändring har alltid varit en del av människans liv. Vissa är mer vana vid förändringar i sitt dagliga liv och andra är mer motståndskraftiga mot det. I stora organisationer arbetar alla typer av människor tillsammans för att skapa en bättre framtid. I tillverkande företag sker förändring och implementering av digital transformation oftare och i snabbare takt. Detta examensarbete hjälper till att studera hur Change Management kan anpassas i ett tillverkande företag avseende digital transformation genom att minimera motståndet. Detta examensarbete är en induktiv kvalitativ fallstudie där både teoretiska ramar och datainsamlingar tillhandahålls. Teorierna som tas upp i detta examensarbete är Change Management, psykologiska, sociala och organisations aspekterna av Change Management samt hur man anpassar Change Management och Operator 4.0. För att kunna jämföra teori med praktik hölls totalt 10 intervjuer med 7 teamledare och 3 produktionsledare och 4 observationer genomfördes. Insamlade data och teori analyserades och jämfördes med varandra och senare identifierades luckor mellan teori och praktik. Resultaten visar att det råder brist på kommunikation inom organisationen och en bristfällig kommunikationskedja. Resultaten visar att det finns engagemang av medarbetare men främst från samma typ av avdelning. Det är en ojämn fördelning av genomförandet inom produktionen där en del av produktionen är nästan helt digitaliserad medan den andra inte har något digitalt alls. Beroende på skiften saknas stöd från produktionsingenjörerna och högsta ledningen. Sammanfattningsvis verkar det vara lätt att anpassa förändringsledning när man läser om dess teori men är faktiskt svårt när man anpassar den i praktiken, speciellt när organisationen är stor. För att komma till rätta med problemet bör utvecklarna och cheferna inkludera anställda redan från början av formuleringsprocessen och dela in projektteam i mindre grupper för att ge stöd till alla avdelningar och skift. Utvecklarna och cheferna bör också använda Lewins trestegsmodell för mindre förändringar och överväga att använda Kotters strategiska åttastegsmodell för förändringar som görs i större skala.